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Coordinate

Compared & Contrasted

Correlative

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1. What is parallelism?

2. What is a non-paralleled structure?

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Non-parallel structure is when the components of a sentence are not in the same grammatical form, making the sentence incoherent and difficult to understand.

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2. Use parallel structures for independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.

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2. Use parallel structures for independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.

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3. Avoid faulty parallelism with and who, and which.

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3. Avoid faulty parallelism with and who, and which.

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4. Use parallel constructions with ideas linked with correlative conjunctions

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4. Use parallel constructions with ideas linked with correlative conjunctions

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5. Use parallel structures in comparisons linked with THAN or AS

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5. Use parallel structures in comparisons linked with THAN or AS

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All items in a series should be in parallel form: all nouns, all prepositional phrases, all adverb clauses, and so on. Such parallelism makes a series both graceful and easy to follow.

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The quarter horse skipped, pranced, and absolutely sashayed onto the track. (verbs)

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Three subjects guaranteed to cause a fight are politics, religion, and money. (nouns)

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The car rolled down the hill, over the lawn, and into the swimming pool (prepositional phrases)

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Pushing a pen or pencil, pounding a typewriter, or punching a word processor just does not appeal to me. [gerund phrases]

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When parallel elements are NOT presented in parallel grammatical form, the result can be awkward and even difficult to follow.

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NONPARALLEL: The duties of the job included baby-sitting, house-cleaning, and the preparation of the meals.

PARALLEL: The duties of the job included baby-sitting, house-cleaning, and preparing the meals.

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In general, use the same grammatical structure on both sides of any of the coordinating conjunctions - and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

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When elements connected by a coordinating conjunction are not parallel in form, the relationship of the elements can be hard to see.

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We performed whenever folks would listen and wherever they would pay

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NONPARALLEL: Consult a friend in your class or who is good at math.

PARALLEL: Consult a friend who is in your class or who is good at math.

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Do not use an and who or an and which clause in a sentence unless you have already used a parallel who or which clause.

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FAULTY PARALLELISM: We met Abner Fulton, a brilliant biologist and who is also an excellent pianist.

REVISED: We met Abner Fulton, who is a brilliant biologist and who is also an excellent pianist.

REVISED: We met Abner Fulton, who is both a brilliant biologist and an excellent pianist.

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Use the same structure after both parts of a correlative conjunction - either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, both-and, whether-or.

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Correct: The organization provides both scholarships for young artists and grants for established ones.

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NONPARALLEL: You are either late or I am early.

(An adjective made parallel with a clause.)

PARALLEL: Either you are late or I am early.

(two parallel clauses.)

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NONPARALLEL: Jim not only has been outstanding in athletics, but also in his studies.

(A verb made parallel with a preposition.)

PARALLEL: Jim has been outstanding not only in athletics, but also in his studies.

(Two parallel phrases.)

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In comparisons linked with than or as, the elements being compared should be expressed in parallel grammatical structure.

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NONPARALLEL: My mother could not persuade me that giving is as much a joy as to receive.

PARALLEL: My mother could not persuade me that giving is as much a joy as receiving.

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1. Nguyễn Thị Trúc Linh-2212757

2. Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Duyên-2412307

3. Phạm Thủy Tiên-2412515

4. Bon Dơng Be Ka-2212740

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PARALLELISM is a method of ensuring that words, phrases, and clauses in a series are in the same grammatical form.

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Non-paralleled: She enjoys reading books, cooking meals, and to play the piano.

Non-paralleled: The project requires time, dedication, and working hard.