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Production costs include feed, labour, infrastructure, and energy.

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Productivity indicator: Efficiency metrics like feed conversion and output per - labor hour / unit of resource input.

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Productivity indicator: Efficiency metrics like feed conversion and output per - labor hour / unit of resource input.

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profit margin per unit of production, which measures the economic efficiency of producing a specific aquaculture species. This metric considers production costs (e.g., feed, labor, disease management) relative to the revenue generated from sales. It is a critical indicator of the financial viability of an aquaculture operation over time.

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Profitability per unit of production/ FCR

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water use efficiency is measured by the amount of freshwater used and recycled

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examining the ratio of the volume of water used to the biomass of fish or other aquatic organisms produced. Metrics like water use per kilogram of fish produced (liters/kg) help quantify efficiency. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), for instance, are considered highly water-efficient because they recycle and treat water, minimizing consumption compared to open or flow-through systems.

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Productivity indicator: Efficiency metrics like feed conversion and output per - labor hour / unit of resource input.

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Productivity indicator: Efficiency metrics like feed conversion and output per - labor hour / unit of resource input.

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ASC is to transform the industry towards environmental sustainability and social responsibility.

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Return On Investment (ROI): Measures profitability relative to investment costs.

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promote environmentally and socially responsible aquaculture practices. It sets rigorous standards for sustainable aquaculture, covering environmental impacts (e.g., water quality, habitat conservation) and social criteria (e.g., fair labor practices, community engagement). Certification by the ASC helps consumers identify responsibly farmed seafood and incentivizes producers to adopt sustainable practices.

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Fair wages for workers.

Safe working conditions to prevent labor exploitation.

Access to resources for small-scale farmers and local communities.

Gender equality in employment opportunities.

Community engagement in decision-making processes to ensure that aquaculture development benefits local populations and does not displace traditional livelihoods.

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NPI

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Aquaculture farms can support habitat preservation efforts by treating used water before releasing from the farm, as well as CSR where they donate part of their profits to support other environmental groups committed to protecting natural habitats and wildlife populations

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It measures the amount of freshwater usage and the overall recycling efficiency.

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Production efficiency measures the cost per kilogram of fish produced while considering inputs like feed, labour, and operational expenses.

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water use efficiency is evaluated by the amount of freshwater used and recycled. This is so we can look at how efficient the water usage is for environmental sustainability.

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water use efficiency (WUE) is evaluated by measuring how effectively water is used in relation to the output of aquaculture production

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Aquaculture farms being profitable with multi tropic implementation

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Energy consumption directly impacts the environment through their GHG emissions and resource consumption. Reducing energy consumption and switching to renewable energy is key to decreasing carbon emissions and minimising ecological impacts like air pollution and overexploitation of natural resources. 

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Energy consumption directly impacts the environment through their GHG emissions and resource consumption. Reducing energy consumption and switching to renewable energy is key to decreasing carbon emissions and minimising ecological impacts like air pollution and overexploitation of natural resources. 

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Cost-benefit Analysis (CBA) taking into account of both tangible and non tangible benefits vs investment cost and running cost. Discounting these into present values. If the net present value is positive then decide to go ahead with the project

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"a key goal of aquaculture development should be to create species-diverse and nutrient-diverse food sources that remain accessible and appropriate to people across regions and economies. Realising the potential of aquaculture to promote environmental sustainability requires integration of diverse goals, including food system stability, economic development and global equity"

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Time to rethink aquaculture sustainability indicators?

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A drive to produce a greater volume of species that are associated with low trophic levels in aquaculture systems “may be unhelpful” for making the sector more sustainable.

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Measurement of total freshwater use, the proportion of recycled or reused water, and the discharge quality.

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poorly planned aquaculture can lead to habitat destruction, such as mangrove deforestation for shrimp farming or damage to coral reefs from poorly placed fish cages. Healthy ecosystems provide essential services like water filtration and coastal protection, which are vital for aquaculture sustainability. Preserving habitats ensures long-term environmental health and supports biodiversity, which is essential for the resilience of aquaculture operations.

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·      Measures freshwater usage and recycling efficiency

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·      Pumps, lighting, machines, sensors etc needs electricity. Hence energy efficiency used is an important sustainability criteria

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NPV

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Energy consumption is a crucial sustainability criterion in aquaculture because it directly impacts both the economic and environmental sustainability of aquaculture systems.

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·      Inclusive growth

·      Food security

·      Community involvement

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Energy consumption is vital because it impacts the carbon footprint, operational costs, and reliance on non-renewable resources.

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Maintain healthy ecosystem and promote ecological balance. Preserve key species, and specialised species

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Production cost, Revenue and profitability and resource efficiency (FCR)

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·      It will prevents habitat degradation and ensure long term productivity by maintaining clean water and sustainable wild population

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Habitat preservation is crucial for sustainable aquaculture as it ensures ecosystem health, minimizes environmental impact, and supports long-term industry viability.

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Aquaponics done properly does not require to discharge water.

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Allows local wild fishes to be healthy and keeps the habitat in the ideal condition for the fishes to thrive.

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LCA evaluates the environmental impacts of aquaculture through the different stages of operations (i.e. production, waste management) so as to identify areas of improvement

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Using Water Use footprint by measuring freshwater usage and recycling efficiency

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Fair wages and safe working conditions, fostering community engagement, and contributing to food security by making aquaculture products affordable and accessible.

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Vol of recycle water / total fresh water

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Social equity in aquaculture refers to the fair distribution of benefits, opportunities, and risks among different stakeholders involved in or affected by aquaculture activities. Evaluating social equity in aquaculture practices involves considering a variety of factors that affect the well-being, livelihoods, and opportunities of communities, workers, and other stakeholders

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Cost-Benefit Analysis, where the costs and benefits of each project are compared

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Inclusive Growth: Creates jobs, fair wages, and economic opportunities, especially for local communities.

Food Security: Improves access to affordable, nutritious seafood and reduces reliance on overfished stocks.

Community Involvement: Ensures fair resource access and empowers local stakeholders in decision-making.

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Habitat preservation protects ecosystems like mangroves and coral reefs, which provide critical ecological services.

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. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Analyzes water usage and environmental impacts throughout the production cycle.

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low energy consumption means little impact to the environment such as carbon footprint

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Ecosystem Health: Prevents habitat degradation (e.g., mangroves, coral reefs), protecting vital ecosystems.

Sustainability: Ensures longterm productivity by maintaining clean water and sustainable wild populations.

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Aquaculture should prioritize fair labor practices, equitable benefit distribution, and community involvement.

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Inclusive growth - job creation, fair wages, economic opportunities. Food Security - access to affordable food. Community Involvement - fair resource access, empowerment of local stakeholders in decision making.

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Inclusive growth - job creation, fair wages, economic opportunities. Food Security - access to affordable food. Community Involvement - fair resource access, empowerment of local stakeholders in decision making.

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Habitat preservation is crucial in aquaculture because it ensures the long-term sustainability of both the aquaculture industry and the ecosystems in which it operates. Aquaculture, particularly large-scale operations, can have significant impacts on surrounding habitats, such as coastal wetlands, mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. These impacts can harm biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the resilience of the environment, which in turn affects the productivity and viability of aquaculture operations.

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unless it uses clean or green energy, energy generation produce CO2

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·      ASC will assess aquaculture farms on environmental and social standards. It include water pollution, cost efficiency and labor right.

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Profit and Losses, Running cost , FCR

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ASC Certification: Assesses aquaculture farms on environmental and social standards, including water quality, biodiversity, and labor practices.

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energy can be derived from numerous sources (i.e. solar, wind, burning of fuels / coal), and some of which can be directly harmful for the environment. by keeping track of energy consumption, farms can ensure that they are not wasting energy, which would in turn ensure that they are being sustainable

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amount of freshwater used by the recycled amount of water

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Evaluates environmental impacts of aquaculture from production to waste management, identifying improvement areas.

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·      LCA evaluates environmental impacts of aquaculture from production to waste management. Identifying improvement areas.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool used to quantify local, and global environmental impacts of systems and processes... Aquaculture systems vary in design and can be divided into two general categories linked to intensity of practice: extensive and intensive (Fig. 1). Intensive aquaculture systems, such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), in which 90–99 % of system water is recycled (Badiola et al., 2012), are commonly cited as a more sustainable option for aquaculture production due to localized reduction in water inputs and nutrient discharges. However, the high energy and material requirements for RAS, which can contribute to greater global impacts, such as global warming potential, are not usually included when discussing the sustainability of intensive systems. Alternatively, extensive systems often require fewer feed and energy inputs (Naylor et al., 2000; Wirza and Nazir, 2020). Extensive systems potentially have fewer global environmental impacts, although the open system boundaries can result in greater direct ecological impacts, such as degradation of water quality (Stickney, 1994).

Due to potential variation in environmental impact associated with aquaculture production methods, this review compares high input intensive systems to low input extensive systems. The aim of this review was to comparatively evaluate studies on intensive and extensive aquaculture systems, within a LCA framework, to develop a more complete picture of the environmental trade-offs incurred due to intensification of aquaculture systems.

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Example of Economic sustainability metric

Financial metrics such as cost/benefit analysis, internal rate of return (IRR), and return on investment (ROI) are examples of financial metrics that are essential to most organizations.

Environmental metrics typically include reduction of electricity usage, change in fuel consumption for company vehicles, carbon emissions reductions, gallons of water saved, and increased waste diversion.

Social metrics focus on employees and occupants, health & wellbeing, diversity & inclusion, supply chain management, and more.

Governance metrics are often determined by the existence of policies on a wide range of issues such as company values and business resilience plans

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Equal opportunities for the local communities to participate in the benefits of the aquaculture farms. In addition provision of training for communities to upskill on sustainable practices operated in the Sustainable Aquaculture farms.

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Aquaculture can play a role in supporting biodiversity conservation when it is practiced sustainably and integrated with conservation goals. While aquaculture has the potential to impact ecosystems negatively if poorly managed, it can also provide positive contributions to biodiversity conservation if done the correct way

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Energy consumption is an important sustainability criterion as aquaculture farms do require high amount of energy. Also with high energy consumption it will directly impact the environment. Hence, energy consumption is an important criterion for sustainability as famers need to evaluate the energy used and how they can cut down the wasted energy used.

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·      Aquaculture can support biodiversity conservation by reducing environmental impacts to the ecosystem.

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Energy consumption has significant economic costs, including production, transportation, and consumption costs.

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labour conditions (fair wages, safe environment to work, sufficient employment opportunities), food security (accessibility to food, in terms of proximity and affordability) and community impact (involvement to a certain extent, and income is more equally distributed)

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Energy consumption is a major concern for sustainability. High energy costs eat into farm's profits, and relying on fossil fuels harms the environment. By reducing energy use, the farm can lower operating costs, improve the profit, and contribute to a more sustainable future for the farm and the environment.

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statutes and wages on par with other jobs of same nature.

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The Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) is a non-profit organization that sets global standards for responsible and sustainable aquaculture practices. Its primary purpose is to promote the environmental and social sustainability of aquaculture, ensuring that the industry contributes to the production of seafood in ways that minimize negative environmental impacts, promote social equity, and safeguard animal welfare.

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The ASC certifies aquaculture operations that meet stringent environmental and social standards, promoting sustainable practices and providing consumers with transparency and assurance of responsible sourcing. - Similar to FSC...

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by using sustainable ways of energy consumption such as solar, biogas, etc will reduce the running cost and also reduce impact of climate change

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labor conditions

Community impact

food security

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Aquaculture directly impacts the ecosystem. Habitat preservation is necessary to minimise impact on the surrounding ecosystems by preventing habitat degradation, and ensuring long term productivity maintaining clean waters and reducing impacts on wild populations. 

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Aquaculture directly impacts the ecosystem. Habitat preservation is necessary to minimise impact on the surrounding ecosystems by preventing habitat degradation, and ensuring long term productivity maintaining clean waters and reducing impacts on wild populations. 

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Ensuring that the wild habitat continues to thrive even with the introduction of aquaculture farm.

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Habitat preservation is important so as to ensure that wild populations can thrive, and that there is fresh water. as aquaculture farms often still rely on natural resources for resources (i.e. site to grow farmed fish, wild fish for feed etc.), habitat preservation is necessary to ensure the survival of aquaculture farms too

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in aquaculture is a comprehensive method for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with the entire life cycle of an aquaculture product, from the production of feed and the farming process to the final product reaching the consumer. LCA provides a systematic way of assessing the sustainability of aquaculture systems by considering all stages of production and their associated environmental, social, and economic impacts.

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Ensure aquaculture practices prioritize food security for local communities.

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Conventional energy consumption always links to carbon footprint. for example conventional method to generate electricity is by using petroleum or coal in power station. Energy consumption also links to heat(waste) production.

hence, by using/consume less conventional energy or using renewable/green energy is an important sustainability criterion.

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Involving the local community

Fair wages

Safe and healthy working conditions

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in aquaculture is a comprehensive method for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with the entire life cycle of an aquaculture product, from the production of feed and the farming process to the final product reaching the consumer. LCA provides a systematic way of assessing the sustainability of aquaculture systems by considering all stages of production and their associated environmental, social, and economic impacts.

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maintain healthy ecosystem

Maintains the local biodiversity healthy

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ASC monitors cost efficiency, water pollution, and labour rights, which could in turn lead to improvements in resource use and labour equity should farms choose to follow its recommendations

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To prevent lost of nature inhabitants and protect the environment.

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ASC ensures sustainable aquaculture by conforming to standards ensuring responsibly sourced seafood. 

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ASC ensures sustainable aquaculture by conforming to standards ensuring responsibly sourced seafood. 

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energy consumption directly affects the environment as it links to carbon footprint of aquaculture operations.

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Preserving habitats helps support livelihoods of people dependent on aquaculture and fisheries.

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It evaluates the environmental impacts of the project/product throughout the entire life cycle from raw material sourcing to product disposal.

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set standards and encourage sustainable aquaculture practices.

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Job creation, wage fairness and worker safety

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water use/ production output

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Conserving biodiversity examples such as channeling farm's wastewater which may contain chemical, medication, antibiotics or even virus to sewage or treating it properly before discharging to the open sea or river.

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Aquaculture farms needs to evaluate the environmental impact it can cause to the surroundings. This way they can avoid causing environmental issues to its area. Hence, this could help keep the local biodiversity healthy.

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Aquaculture can support restoration of degraded habitats, such as mangroves or salt marshes.

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Evaluate the environment impact from beginning to end of cycle from resources consumption to waste production.

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Aquaculture can support biodiversity conservation by reducing pressure on wild stocks, restoring habitats, enhancing biodiversity, conserving genetics, and promoting sustainable feed sources.

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Maintains the ecosystem as well as the biodiversity in wild populations within the region. Supports ecosystem healths, and genetic diversity of the species

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An example is the expense-to-income ratio, which examines how production costs relate to generated revenue.

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It is an independent, non-profit organization that promotes responsible aquaculture by setting environmental and social standards for farmed seafood.

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ASC certification ensures that aquaculture products are safe for consumption and produced in a way that supports food security.