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Believed to have been smallpox or measles brought back by Roman soldiers from the Near East, the Antonine Plague decimated the Roman Empire, causing about 5 million deaths and significantly affecting Roman military and social structures.

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The Plague of Athens struck during the Peloponnesian War, claiming perhaps up to 100,000 lives. It altered the course of the war, devastating Athens' population and its ability to sustain the conflict against Sparta.

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The first pandemic of bubonic plague, it significantly impacted the Byzantine Empire, causing approximately 25 million deaths and contributing to the decline of the Roman Empire. The plague continued to recur until around 750 A.D.

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The Black Death, or bubonic plague, swept through Europe, Asia, and Africa, killing an estimated 75-200 million people. It drastically reduced the global population and profoundly changed the course of European history.

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One of the deadliest pandemics in modern history, the Spanish Flu infected a third of the world's population and killed an estimated 50 million people. Its impacts were global, influencing public health systems and societal structures.

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Originating in East Asia, this influenza pandemic spread across the world, causing approximately 1-2 million deaths. The rapid spread showcased the challenges of combating airborne viruses in a closely connected world.

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Another influenza pandemic, the Hong Kong Flu resulted in about 1 million global deaths. It highlighted the importance of international cooperation in disease prevention and control.

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2002–2003: SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

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2002–2003: SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

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With 774 deaths, SARS dramatically showed the world the threat of coronaviruses and the importance of global health surveillance and response systems.

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This pandemic infected more than a billion people worldwide in the first year alone and resulted in more than 18,000 deaths. It spurred advancements in vaccine development and pandemic preparedness.

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Caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 has affected millions globally, transforming societies, economies, and health care systems. It underscores the critical importance of global health cooperation and pandemic preparedness.