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Regina Fernández

Jaime Gutiérrez

Andrea Silva

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Events that shape the US foreign policy 

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Events that shape the US foreign policy 

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1. Permanent 1778 alliance with France:2 treaties commercial and political

2 Washington: no permanent alliance: sets tone for isolation

3. Jefferson Inaugural address: “kindly separated by nature and wide ocean from the exterminating havoc. National interest should determine FP

4.war of 1812: willingness to violate the policy of neutrality when it became advantageous

5. Monroe doctrine: European powers shouldn't be in America

6. Manifest destiny: “And that claim is by right of our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the

whole of the continent which the province has given us for the development of the

great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us… The god

of nature and of nations has marked it for our own'' John L. Sullivan (1845).

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64444dd3695a799f0eafefbd_Treaty of the Alliance with France

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Original US northwest territory 1783

Louisiana purchase 1803

British cession 1817

Spanish cession 1819 FL from SP

Texas annexation 1845

Oregon country 1846

Mexican cession 1848

Gadsden purchase 1853

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Expansionist Project: Implications for Natives

Resist, coexist, migrate

1795 Treaty of Greenville: Concluded hostilities between the United States and an Indian confederation

1830 Trail of Tears: Andrew Jackson ordered the Indian removal

Continuous warfare on Great Plains & West

1870s Movement to reserves

1876: Battle of Little Horn: One of the few Native American victories

1887: Dawes Act/ Severalty Act: Allowed the federal govt. to break up tribal lands

1890: Wounded Knee Massacre: Brutal defeat. Slaughter of hundreds of Indians.

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1848- 1854 Offer to purchase Cuba from Spain

1867 Alaska

1878 Pago-Pago

1884 Pearl Harbour

1898 Hawaii

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James K. Polk + Manifest Destiny = got strategic points like the San Francisco Port

1853: Gadsden Purchase

1898: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1) USA gained all of Texas to Rio Grande Rivers

2) Mexican cession: Ceded territory in the Southwest

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1898- 1900

1898 Maine Incident: Explosion that sank the battleship U.S.S Maine in the Havana

1) Yellow journalism

2) War fever

Cuba

US acquires: Phillippines, Puerto Rico and Guam

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Mckinley: Open Door policy: Trade with Chine open to all Western nations equally

Taft: Dollar Diplomacy: Private funds to pursue diplomatic funds

Roosevelt: Speak softly & carry a big stick

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1896: Philippine Revolution

1903: Platt Amendment: US agreement to protect Cuba´s independence from foreign intervention

Numerous LATAM interventions

US-Japan economic ties: Balancing Jpn´s growing dominance in Asia

Panama Canal

China: getting a toehold in trade

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Neutrality to Versailles

Challenges to neutrality

1915 Lusitania sank: U-boats. Americans died

1916 Wilson´s pledge: Keep US out of War

1917: Wilson´s pledge: make world safe for democracy

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1929-1939

1929:Stock Market Crash

Raise in interest rates to high and too late to lower

Surplus of goods

Consumer spending and investments drop

Decline in production

High unemployment rate

Dust bowl drought and high winds

Shortage of food

Decline in production

Hoover: Hoovervilles and Hooverflags

Roosevelt: New Deal: Federal programs for employment, agricultural adjustment, aid unemployed

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The US promises to stay out of the war and remain neutral, but will support the allies with supplies

December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. The next day the US declares war on Japan and enters WW2

June 6, 1944: D-Day, allied forces enter Europe through the northern beaches of France

May 8, 1945: Germany surrenders

August 15, 1945: After two nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders

Around 405,000 Americans died

The war had deep impacts for the US both in domestic and foreign affairs

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After the war, America's industry is transformed to produce consumer goods after being repurposed for war

Marshall Plan: Provide Europe with massive economic aid to rebuild their economies (and prevent the spread of Communism)

Truman Doctrine: the US would provide political, military, and economic support to countries threatened by communism to contain its spread

US economy is booming

Wages and credit are on the rise

Demographic explosion (baby boomers)

Many technological advancements are made, which will boost the industry

Women are forced to leave the workforce after men came back from WW2

The concept "the American Dream" is popularized, it refers the "ideal family", economic prosperity, homeownership, social mobility as well as the rise of consumerism and materialism

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Ideological differences and geopolitical tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union sparks the Cold War, a period of superpower-rivalry characterized by competition, espionage, and proxy conflicts, without direct military confrontation

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The US targets Communism as its main enemy and looks to prevent its spread

5 main components: ideology, politics, military, economy and technological

After WW2, the US fears the spread of Communism in the destroyed countries of Europe, so it began a speedy plan to rebuild those nations (Marshall Plan)

In 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is formed by the US, western Europe and Canada to defend themselves against communist attacks

In response, the Warsaw Pact is signed in 1955 by communist countries

Berlin is divided in West (US and allies) and East (USSR), in 1961 the Soviets build a wall to separate them

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Korean War (1950-1953): Korea is divided into North Korea (supported by China and the USSR) and South Korea (supported by the UN and US) by the 38th parallel

Vietnam War (1955-1975): North Vietnam (communist) and South Vietnam (West) fought a very long and bloody war, with the North eventually winning. This changed the American people's perspective on war

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961): The US (CIA) tries to overthrow Fidel Castro but fails

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): Soviet nuclear missiles are set on Cuba, tensions came to an all-time high with nuclear war becoming a significant threat.

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In 1989 the Berlin Wall was destroyed and by 1991 the Soviet Union disolved, marking the end of the Cold War. The US now stands as the sole super power of the world.

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1990-2022

The end of the Cold War marked by the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a redirection of many US goals and policy.

While this happened Gorbachev resigned and Yeltsin was the new Head of State of the new Russian Federation. Yeltsin and Bush got together in 1992.

Before the end of the Coldwar China opened economic wise but not politically which led to protests that were silenced.

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Domestic issues

Bush and Congress plan to save Saving Loans Industry

Early 1990’s Recession

1990 Bush agrees to tax hike to reduce federal deficit

Many bankruptcies because followed the 1980’s way of life

Fear and frustration grow among middle and working class Americans

Domestic issues cause his loss in the next elections despite of the "success" in Foreign Policy.

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Bush sent more than 2000 soldiers and marines to overthrow and arres general Manuel Noriega on charges of drug trafficking.

The main interest in this was not returning the Panama Canal

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Iran-Iraq War and operation dessert storm  1991

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Iran-Iraq War and operation dessert storm  1991

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Hussain claimed owning Kuwait and announced in 1990 that he would annex it to Iraq. In 1991 US held a massive air assaul against Iraq called Dessert Storm supported by an UN resolution that only allowed to free Kuwait. There was no ceasefire until one month later.

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Reagan supported CONTRAS. A group trying to defeat the sandinistas. After years of conflict peace was signed in 1990.

Free elections were hel and Violeta de Chamorra was elected president.

A lot of money was invested in this issue and the CIA had a mayor role. US sold arms to Iran and gave the money to CONTRAS

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Wins approval of budget that increases tax on wealthy, tries to help lift families out ofpoverty

Tries to end ban on gay men and women in the military

Whitewater affairs shady reals estate deal in 80’s

Fails to pass Healthcare bill

Impeached over Monica Lewinsky Affair

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Bill Clinton wins approval of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) brokered by Bush

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Bosnia civil war between Muslims, Croats and Seerbians

UN sends peacekeeping mission, but unsunseccful

Clinton launches aerial attack on Bosnian Serbs

Clinton sent Richard Holbrooke to forge peace; he negotiated ceasefire in 1995

Critics charge Clinton with not doing much and even sowing seed of future problems

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February 26 1993 orchestrated attack on World Trade Center

precedents:

US had trained bin laden in 1980’s to oust Soviets from Afghanistan

By late 1980’s, Bin Laden and al Qaeda turn on western world

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The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular

engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interests

The commitment should only be made with the clear intention of winning

It should be carried out with clearly defined political and military objectives

It must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary

It should have the support of the American people and their elected representatives

in Congress

It should be a last resort

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Refusal to sign many international traits

Signs of a new isolationism

The Bush Doctrine

1. Unilateralism

2. Preemptive warfare (Axis of Evil)

3. The USA as the leading nation in the world

4. Regime Change

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9/11 Terrorist attack on New York and Washington

US war against terrorism Support by the UN and NATO

2001 Bombing of Afghanistan to take Bin Laden

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No UN resolution Massive public protests

The excuse to invade Iraq was that they didn't let the UN inspector into Iraq to see if they had weapons of mass destruction

They used the previous UN resolution

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Renewing American leadership

Balancing US interests

Counterterrorism

Human rights and democracy

Oil

Alliance with israel

Iranian threat

Alliance with Turkey

Iran vs. Saudi Arabia

Afghanistan and Pakistan (lots of money sent)

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Getting Out: 02/09 Plan

Combat Operations Officially End: 9/10/10

Responsible withdrawal; all “combat” forces by August 2010 (35,000 - 50,000 troops

remaining); all US forces must be out by end of 2011 (US-Iraq agreement)

2011: Bin-Laden killed

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Non-intervention

Warning about using Chemical Weapons

Summer 2013: confirmed use of chemical weapons

President and Congress agree to take no action

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US declining hegemon

Yuan is a pegged currency (US dollar)

Cheap exports

It is now pegged to a basket of currencies

They competed on cheap prices

In the future, they'll compete on quality (patents)

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Territory controlled in

Syria

Iraq

Allies:

Nigeria (Boko Haram)

In Libya

In Europe

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President Donald Trump announced the decision in 2017, expressing concerns about its economic impact on the United States; however, the withdrawal process was completed on November 4, 2020

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U.S.-China Trade War: Trump's administration pursued a more confrontational approach towards China, implementing tariffs on a range of Chinese goods and engaging in a trade war. The tensions between the two economic giants had global economic repercussions and altered the dynamics of international trade.

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2014 Trump praised Putin

2015 he said: I think I would just get along very well with Vladimir Putin. I just think so. People say what do you mean? I just think we would. Obama and him, he hates Obama. Obama hates him.

2016 Trump said: has very strong control over a country. Now, it's a very different system and I don't happen to like that system. But certainly in that system he's been a leader far more than our president has been a leader

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In December 2017, Trump formally recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announced the relocation of the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. This decision sparked widespread international criticism and inflamed tensions in the already complex Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

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Travel ban on 7 Muslim majority countries: Iraq, Syria, Iran, Lybia, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. This policy faced legal challenges but was eventually upheld by the Supreme Court in a revised form.

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Revoke protected status from Nicaragua, Haiti, El Salvador affecting more than 250,000 people.

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Trump engaged in a series of diplomatic meetings with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. The first summit took place in Singapore in June 2018, and a second summit occurred in Hanoi in February 2019.

Despite of the attention, they did not result in a comprehensive agreement on denuclearization.

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The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was replaced by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), also known as T-MEC in Mexico, which came into effect on July 1, 2020.

The USMCA introduced changes to various aspects of trade between the three countries, including updated provisions on automobile manufacturing, labor rights, environmental standards, and digital trade.

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Trump’s position on Mexico was among the most notable features of his campaign

Trump pledged to deport illegal Mexican migrants

Policy of separating families at the U.S.-Mexico border, leading to widespread criticism. The policy aimed to deter illegal immigration by detaining adults and placing children in separate facilities.

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In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Trump administration implemented measures to restrict travel from certain countries with high infection rates. These restrictions evolved over time and included various countries worldwide.

Implemented Title 42, a public health provision, to justify the rapid expulsion of migrants at the border, citing the risk of COVID-19 transmission.

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The Biden administration’s China policy is based on the accurate assessment that the United States and China are engaged in a long-term strategic competition.

Also welcome is Biden’s greater emphasis on human rights, including his administration’s diplomatic boycott of the Beijing Olimpics and Biden’s solid support for Taiwan.

Biden held a Summit with President Xi Jinping of the People's Republic of China (PRC), in Woodside, California in 2023. The two leaders held a candid and constructive discussion on a range of bilateral and global issues including areas of potential cooperation and exchanged views on areas of difference.

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The Biden administration has consistently expressed strong support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. President Biden has reiterated the United States' commitment to standing by Ukraine in the face of Russian aggression.

Imposing sanctions on Russia in response to its actions in Ukraine. These sanctions have targeted individuals, entities, and sectors of the Russian economy, aiming to exert economic pressure on Russia and deter further aggression.

Consultations with NATO partners and other European nations to ensure a cohesive and collaborative approach in addressing the security challenges posed by Russia's actions in the region.

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The Biden administration committed to a more active role in global efforts to combat the pandemic.

Supporting initiatives such as COVAX, a global alliance working to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines.

The U.S. has pledged financial contributions and the donation of millions of vaccine doses to lower-income countries.

Moved swiftly to rejoin the World Health Organization (WHO), reversing the Trump administration's decision to withdraw.

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In August 2021, President Biden oversaw the completion of the U.S. military withdrawal from Afghanistan, ending the 20-year-long military involvement.

The withdrawal was marked by the Taliban's rapid takeover of the country, raising concerns about the security situation and the fate of Afghan civilians.

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2021, President Biden met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Geneva for a summit.

The meeting covered various contentious issues, including cyberattacks, human rights concerns, and strategic stability. The summit aimed to address and manage tensions between the two countries.

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President Biden signed an executive order to rejoin the Paris Agreement on climate change, signaling a commitment to international cooperation in addressing climate challenges.

The administration has also engaged in efforts to promote global climate action and hosted a virtual Leaders Summit on Climate.

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2021: Biden spoke with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu, reaffirmed his strong support for Israel’s right to defend itself against rocket attacks from Hamas and other terrorist groups in Gaza, and condemned these indiscriminate attacks against Israel.

October 2023: After 7 terrorist attacks in Israel Biden vowed to provide Israel with whatever it needed

December 2023: Biden talks tougher about Israel

UN resolution voting for ceasefire: The U.S. and Israel were among only 10 countries that opposed the resolution; 23 others abstained.