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This landmark decision by the Supreme Court declared that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court. It exacerbated sectional tensions and indirectly contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. It underscored the urgent need for constitutional and legislative reforms. Bottom Line: Enslaved people were ruled to be 'property' and therefore were not given constitutional rights.

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Ratified in December of 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States, marking a monumental step in the journey toward equality. It laid the foundational legal framework for future civil rights advancements. Bottom Line: Slavery is illegal under the constitution

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The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,” significantly altering the Constitution to protect individual rights. Bottom Line: All citizens have the right to be treated equally under the law

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The 15th Amendment prohibited states from denying a male citizen the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was a crucial step towards voting equality, although full realization of its promise would take nearly another century. Bottom Line: suffrage granted to all male citizens

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This Supreme Court decision established the 'separate but equal' doctrine that justified state-imposed racial segregation. It would stand for nearly six decades until it was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, highlighting the evolving nature of constitutional interpretation and civil rights. Bottom Line: Segregation is allowed

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Ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, marking a significant victory in the broader struggle for civil rights and equality. It was a milestone that underscored the importance of inclusion in the democratic process. Bottom Line: Women can vote

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This Supreme Court decision declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson. It was a pivotal moment in the fight against racial segregation and a stepping stone towards equality in education. Bottom Line: segregation is no longer okay

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It was a groundbreaking piece of legislation that significantly advanced civil rights and served as a model for subsequent laws aimed at ending discrimination. Bottom Line: Discrimination of any kind is outlawed

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This act prohibited racial discrimination in voting, eliminating legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment. It was a crucial victory for voting rights and democracy in America. Bottom Line: Voting Rights are specifically protected on all levels of government

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This Supreme Court decision invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. It was a landmark civil rights decision that paved the way for greater racial equality within the institution of marriage, highlighting the constitutional protection of individual liberties and the right to love. Bottom Line: interracial marriage is legal

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In this landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction. It highlighted the importance of privacy and body autonomy in the context of civil liberties. Bottom Line: Women have the right to an abortion

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This Supreme Court case upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. However, it also made quotas illegal, thus shaping the future landscape of educational and employment opportunities and ensuring a level of racial diversity. Bottom Line: Affirmative Action is Legal

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Additional: Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990

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Additional: Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990

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The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places open to the general public. It is a critical piece of civil rights legislation, ensuring equality and accessibility for all. Bottom Line: Discrimination due to a disability is outlawed

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Additional: Shelby County v. Holder, 2013

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Additional: Shelby County v. Holder, 2013

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This Supreme Court decision significantly weakened the 1965 Voting Rights Act by striking down parts of it that required states with a history of voter suppression to get federal approval before changing their voting laws. It has sparked ongoing debates about voting rights and racial discrimination in elections. Bottom Line: States no longer need approval to change voting laws

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In a historic ruling, the Supreme Court declared that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. This decision marked a significant victory for LGBTQ+ rights and equality in America. Bottom Line: Gay Marriage is protected