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Although primarily focused on freedom from British rule, the Declaration of Independence set foundational ideas about liberty and equality. However, it also left a legacy of contradictions regarding slavery and the rights of all individuals.

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A landmark Supreme Court decision that declared that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court. The decision, deeply criticized, intensified the debate over slavery in the U.S.

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Issued by President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate states were to be set free. This was a significant step towards abolishing slavery in the United States.

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The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution officially abolishes slavery. This pivotal legal change marked a fundamental shift towards civil rights in America, laying down a foundation for future equality.

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The 14th Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and guarantees all citizens "equal protection of the laws." This amendment was a significant step toward civil rights for all citizens.

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The 15th Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This amendment was a cornerstone in the fight for voting rights for African Americans.

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This Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. It sanctioned legal segregation for public facilities, setting the stage for the Jim Crow laws.

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Jim Crow Laws (Late 19th - Mid 20th Century)

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Jim Crow Laws (Late 19th - Mid 20th Century)

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State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. These laws institutionalized a number of economic, educational, and social disadvantages for African Americans.

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Granted women the right to vote, marking a significant victory in the women's suffrage movement in the United States. This amendment represented a huge leap forward for gender equality.

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The Supreme Court decision that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. This case was a major victory for the civil rights movement, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

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Sparked by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat to a white man, this boycott lasted over a year and led to a Supreme Court ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional. It marked a significant early victory for the Civil Rights Movement.

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The integration of Little Rock's Central High School was a pivotal event in the civil rights movement. Despite the Brown v. Board decision, nine African American students, known as the Little Rock Nine, faced extreme resistance and violence from white mobs.

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Led by Martin Luther King Jr., the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a pivotal moment for civil rights, attracting hundreds of thousands of protesters. King's iconic 'I Have a Dream' speech emphasized his vision of racial equality and justice.

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A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public.

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Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, this act aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment.

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Refers to racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement. This form of segregation is often the result of historical actions, such as residential settlement patterns, rather than explicit legal constructs.

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This term describes legal segregation, in which laws mandate racial separation. De jure segregation was practiced in many...

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Enacted as part of the Education Amendments of 1972, Title IX prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the federal government. This was a significant step forward in ensuring gender equality in education and sports, reflecting a broader commitment to civil rights across all aspects of American life.

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A landmark Supreme Court decision that ruled the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction. It marked a significant moment in the women's rights movement.

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Policies designed to increase employment, promotion, or admission opportunities for groups historically subject to discrimination. Affirmative Action is often debated and has faced legal challenges on the grounds of equality.

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Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978)

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Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978)

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A landmark Supreme Court case that ruled the University of California could not use racial quotas in its admissions process but could consider race as one of many factors. This case set a precedent for Affirmative Action in education.