# data[].attributes.headline
first reeding week2 John Mill, Jean Jack Rousseau, John Locke

# data[].attributes.subject
first reeding week2 John Mill, Jean Jack Rousseau, John Locke

# data[].attributes.body
Week 2

Question1 According to Lock, if something is natural, is it just? What differs him from Rousseau?

John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau worked in the field of political theory and philosophy of education. However, they have opposite views, especially on issues such as gender equality, justice and naturalness. While Locke acknowledges the importance of natural law, which he believes governs human behavior and stems from reason, Rousseau does not equate naturalness with justice. For Locke, the state of nature is a state of freedom and equality in which individuals have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. However, Locke does not claim that everything natural is inherently just. Instead, he argues that the purpose of establishing political societies and governments is to secure and protect these natural rights. According to Locke, justice stems from the social contract that individuals enter into to protect their rights and maintain order in society. In addition, Rousseau has a more nuanced view of the relationship between naturalness and justice. While both Locke and Rousseau recognize the importance of the state of nature, Rousseau goes further in his romanticization of nature as inherently just and virtuous. He argues that people are born free and equal, but are corrupted by society and its institutions. Rousseau suggests that returning to a more natural state will lead to greater justice and virtue.

Question2 Why is monarchy not as durable as the subjection of women? Why does Mill believe that women’s subjection is one of the most durable forms of injustice?

Mill emphasizes that the monarchy is flimsy. Because it argues that it is largely based on the choices and approval of the governed. He believes that governments, including monarchies, derive their legitimacy from the approval of the people they govern. If a monarch cannot govern justly, Mill thinks that the people have the right to resist and overthrow that government. With this in mind, the durability of a monarchy depends on the willingness of the people to accept its authority. Mill also has some thoughts on the subjugation of women, especially in the context of marriage and family. She argues that the subjugation of women is one of the most enduring forms of injustice of social and cultural norms. He considers that the subjugation of women is maintained through social structures, traditions and attitudes. Mill believes that the subjugation of women continues. Because it is empowered by social, economic and legal mechanisms that limit women's autonomy and maintain their subordination to men. Additionally, Mill says that the subjugation of women is often supported by religious and philosophical arguments that support traditional gender roles.

# data[].attributes.body
This work deals with the status of women in society and its nature in general. These include: women's experiences and rights on issues such as gender roles, equality, education, marriage and family relationships. It defends the social and legal equality of women. It examines where gender inequalities in society originate and how they have effects. It also argues that women should have equal opportunities and rights for their freedom and development. Mill argues that society needs to change in order to elevate the status of women in society and achieve gender equality. Mill has some arguments. One of them is the principle of equality. Men and women are equal in terms of human rights. Women, like men, have intelligence and willpower. Therefore, they should have equal rights. Additionally, according to Mill, gender roles impede women's freedom and development. Traditional gender roles are based on the fact that women are only involved in certain areas such as housework and childcare, while men take on leadership roles in the public sphere. That is, these roles can limit talents and potentials. It also emphasizes education and equality of opportunity. Women should be educated and have professional opportunities like men. However, societal judgments and structures often cause women to fall behind in their education and careers. There are many examples of this. Another argument is that marriage and family relations should be based on equality. In patriarchal marriage models, women are usually under the orders of men. Mill does not find this correct and argues the opposite. As a result, Mill adopts an egalitarian approach and criticizes gender inequality.

# data[].attributes.body
Carol Pateman discussed the intersection of feminism and democracy in her book "The Disorder of Women" (1989). In particular, she talks about the difficulties that women face within democratic systems. Pateman argues that traditional democratic theories often exclude or marginalize women and perpetuate gender inequality in democratic societies.

One of the most important points that Pateman points out is that democracy has historically been understood and practiced in a way that makes the public space a priority over the private space. She claims that this separation of subjects works to the disadvantage of absent bears and women whose roles and contributions in the private sphere (such as the household and the family) are underestimated and often made invisible in political discourse, jobs and fields, and whose ideas are not valued.

Pateman criticizes liberal democratic theories for not adequately addressing women's concerns and experiences. She says that liberal democracy, while ostensibly promoting equality and freedom, often fails in presenting these ideals to women in practice. Instead, he says, democracy should be re-conceptualized and deduced to include a more inclusive understanding of citizenship that recognizes and values both public and private spheres of life.

In addition, Pateman emphasizes the importance of feminist activism in challenging and reshaping democratic institutions and practices. Feminist movements have played a crucial role in expanding the scope of democracy and making it more responsive to the needs and interests of all citizens by advocating for women's rights and pushing for greater gender equality. So this has been the best way to change things by creating a social reaction. That is why this type of activism is very important and necessary.

In general, Pateman's work contributes to the ongoing debate about the relationship between feminism and democracy, calling on academics and practitioners to reconsider traditional democratic theories and practices in order to achieve greater gender justice and equality.

# data[].attributes.body
Broadly speaking, Blanchard thinks that theories of international relations ignore the issue of gender. In addition, the different experiences of women in terms of security are discussed. In addition, the important perspectives that feminism brings to the discipline of international relations and how these perspectives have changed the concept of security are also included. According to Blanchard, gender is not just a biological category, it is a reflection of a socially constructed identity and power relations. In other words, gender is actually a representation of the differences between men and women. There is a perception that traditional security theories are often male-centered and ignore women's security needs. This subject, referred to as feminist security theory, expands the concept of security by centering on women's security experiences and assumes not only military threats, but also economic, social and political threats. Women's negative experiences with security are actually a big problem. In every aspect, this affects society. In conclusion, the main view is to emphasize the importance of gender in international relations and to discuss the contribution of a feminist perspective to security theory. The concept of gender has long been an important issue in international relations theories. With feminist theory, this issue has been given more importance. Issues such as gender-based violence, women's safety, sexual and reproductive health need to be included in safety policies. Negligence in this regard should be a common problem in the national and international arena and should be a common issue.

# data[].attributes.body
Fiona Robinson, in her Ethics, shows that the responsibilities of sustaining life are a crucial point in the struggle for basic human security. On the basis of rights, she has approached from a feminist perspective to challenge gender biases in individualist approaches. Robinson's comprehensive assessments and arguments, both ethically and practically, provide guidance for understanding and addressing the material, emotional, and psychological conditions that create insecurity for people. Rabinson's views and topics are in fact a call for change for security. Today, discussions on security in international relations have increased. Traditional state-centered approaches are criticized because they pose military threats. National interests outweigh it. According to Fiona Rabinson, this approach is insufficient. That is, there should be a more humane understanding of security. Human security should not be limited to military threats. Robinson emphasizes the importance of gender in discussions of human security. Women are often affected differently in conflict and crisis situations and may have different needs and concerns for their safety. Therefore, it is important to integrate women's perspectives and needs into security policies. Human security must also include protecting the freedom and human rights of individuals. This includes not only physical security, but also the protection of values such as freedom of expression, justice and equality. Human security must also include protecting the freedom of individuals and human rights Robinson's work "Rethinking Human Security" has taken human security from a broad perspective, and her arguments are especially useful for women. Rethinking human safety is an important step in addressing the wide range of factors that threaten the lives of individuals. Robinson's arguments are what is needed for a more just, sustainable and secure world. Therefore, moving the concept of human security forward and shaping security policies with this new perspective should be a priority at the national and international level in the coming period.

# data[].attributes.body
In this article, Walby examines gender management in the EU and their changes. It was discussed how the EU's high level affects gender equality policies and that these effects lead to different gender regimes in the member states. Walby has argued that various gender regimes have emerged in the European union, influenced by national contexts and EU-level interventions. The influence of the EU is manifested by the activities of various institutional influences aimed at promoting legal frameworks, policies and gender equality. The article is usually about promoting gender equality, but. the legal framework of the acquiring EU was examined and the policy instruments were also mentioned. He drew attention to issues such as equality at the level of economic well-being, equal treatment at work and coping with discrimination, as well as the arrangements made on behalf of these topics. These legal instruments have been important in shaping national policies and practices and in becoming a standard formation for gender equality among member states. Walby mentioned two main types of gender regimes in the European union. These are, respectively, the local gender regime’ and the 'public gender regime'. Firstly, the local gender regime accommodates traditional gender roles. The woman's place is the house, the man is in the role of bringing bread to the house. The public gender regime, on the other hand, tries to include women in business life despite traditional gender norms. This regime accepts gender equality and tries to break down old taboos. The article also touches on how these regimes are in different member states. For example, the Nordic states have well-developed public gender regimes with comprehensive policies that promote gender equality in both public and private spheres.

# data[].attributes.body
This document is about the definition of Feminist foreign policy. She studies feminist foreign policy based on countries around the world. Starting with Sweden, which is the pioneer of feminist foreign policy, she has studied the developments of feminist foreign policies in countries such as Canada, Luxembourg, France, Mexico, Spain, Libya, and possibly the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. This essay has discussed the differences of feminist foreign policy compared to traditional foreign policy and the goals of both. In addition, it has been examined to promote gender equality and women's rights in international relations and to be a pioneer for equality. The document emphasizes how feminist foreign policies expand and strengthen the traditional understanding of foreign policy by focusing on human rights, women's representation, access to resources, research and reporting, and sphere of influence. Most importantly, the declaration of a feminist foreign policy launched by Sweden in 2014 has encouraged other countries to take similar steps and has raised awareness of gender equality internationally. In addition, the view that feminist foreign policies promote integrity and gender sensitivity to cover not only specific policy areas, but also all policies and programs is also advocated. In addition, if I talk about other countries based on the document, France is one of the other countries that has adopted a feminist policy on gender equality. it is a country that openly declared a feminist foreign policy on International Women's Day in 2019.

# data[].attributes.body
Mona Lena Krook's article examines the increasing cases of violence and harassment against women's political participation as a subject. How such violence threatens democracy and prevents women from taking an equal position with men in political spaces is one of the topics discussed. First, barriers to women's political participation are not limited to traditional social and economic barriers, but also include physical, psychological, and sexual violence. Political violence discourages and silences women from participating in political life by targeting women both during their candidacy processes and when they are elected. These forms of violence include threats, physical violence, sexual harassment, and bullying. When analyzing the underlying causes of this violence, the role of gender norms and male-dominated structures is also important. Women's participation in politics threatens these norms and is therefore met with violence, in my opinion. This is also advocated in the article. In particular, men in politics and their supporters may perceive women's demands to share political power as a threat. This, in turn, can lead to an increase in violence against women. In the article, Krook notes that these violent incidents are often ignored and undervalued. In many cases, women are hesitant to report the violence they have experienced, or they do not reach a conclusion when they complain about this violence. In addition, the fact that such incidents of violence are often not reported to the public obscures the seriousness and prevalence of the problem. In addition, by giving examples from various countries in the article, it has been proven that political violence against women is a global problem. Examples from Latin America, Africa, Asia and Europe are presented. The form of these forms of violence in different cultures and political systems is discussed. These examples dealt with various forms of violence and the struggles against this violence. It was also mentioned that political violence against women undermines democracy. Krook gave as an argument in the article that one of the basic principles of democracy is the equal right of all citizens to participate. Violence against women violates this right and, as a result, undermines the principles of democracy. It also prevents the political representation of a large part of the society. In my opinion, the exclusion of women from politics reduces diversity in policy-making processes and leads to the adoption of unilateral approaches to solving social problems. As a result, Krook argued that international policies and strategies should be developed to combat political violence against women.

# data[].attributes.body
In this article, Şirin Tekeli examines how political and social developments in Europe have affected women's rights movements both in Europe and around the world. She argues that Europe is important and central for feminist thought and activism. For example, important feminist movements have emerged in countries such as France, England and Germany. The EU has been instrumental in advancing gender equality through the policies and practices that member states have to implement. This includes goals to ensure financial equality, combating physical and psychological violence, and equal rights advocacy. In that study, Furthermore studied the three waves of feminism in Europe and their impact on social norms and policies. First, it is focused on voting rights and legal rights. European women have fought for and won the right to vote and participate in public life. Secondly, issues such as equality and personal freedoms in the workplace have been studied. Thirdly, it deals with how race, class, sexuality and other factors intersect with gender. If we focus on Turkey research in Tekeli's study, he examines Turkey in three headings. First of all, he studied it historically. Discusses the patriarchal structure of the Ottoman period and the important reforms initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. These reforms promote the right to vote for women and encourage their participation in public life. Despite these advances, women in Turkey experience ongoing challenges such as domestic violence, honor killings, and limited representation in politics and business. Tekeli finds the implementation of these reforms insufficient. In addition, Şirin Tekeli, as an important figure of the feminist movement in Turkey in the 1980s, contributed to the establishment of many women's organizations and initiatives.