# data[].attributes.body
This Supreme Court decision declared that African Americans could not be American citizens and had no standing to sue in federal court, reinforcing the institution of slavery. It was a pivotal moment that highlighted the need for the 13th and 14th Amendments, establishing a direct link to these later legal advancements.

# data[].attributes.body
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States, marking a monumental step towards civil rights. It directly addressed the injustices highlighted in the Dred Scott case, setting a legal precedent for equality.

# data[].attributes.body
The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the USA, including formerly enslaved people, and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws." It laid the groundwork for numerous civil rights advancements and cases, including Brown v. Board of Education.

# data[].attributes.body
The 15th Amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This amendment directly combated the voting restrictions that were part of the Jim Crow laws.

# data[].attributes.body
This Supreme Court decision upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. It laid the legal foundation for segregation and discrimination, leading to the necessity of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to address such injustices.

# data[].attributes.body
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, a significant milestone in the fight for gender equality and civil rights. It marked a major advancement in the constitutional protection of individual rights, setting an example for future civil rights legislation.

# data[].attributes.body
This landmark Supreme Court decision declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson. It was a critical moment in the civil rights movement, influencing the creation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

# data[].attributes.body
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It addressed inequalities in voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations. This act built upon the legal principles established by the 14th Amendment and directly responded to the challenges highlighted by de facto and de jure segregation.

# data[].attributes.body
This act eliminated various devices, such as literacy tests, that were used to disenfranchise African Americans. It was a key victory for the civil rights movement, reinforcing the 15th Amendment's objectives by ensuring more comprehensive protection against racial discrimination in voting.

# data[].attributes.body
This controversial Supreme Court decision recognized a woman's legal right to an abortion under the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty. Though primarily a landmark case for reproductive rights, it also influenced broader discussions on personal freedoms and rights under the Constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
This Supreme Court decision upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. It marked a significant moment in the discussion of equal opportunities and access to education, ensuring that affirmative action remained a tool for addressing racial inequality.

# data[].attributes.body
De facto segregation refers to racial segregation that happens "in fact" rather than by legal requirement, often manifesting in schools, neighborhoods, and workplaces. This form of segregation showed the limitations of legal solutions to racial inequality, pushing for more comprehensive policies like the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

# data[].attributes.body
De jure segregation is the legal separation of groups of people based on the law, a practice declared unconstitutional in many areas of public life by the middle of the 20th century. It was overtly challenged by cases like Brown v. Board of Education, highlighting the need for legislative action.

# data[].attributes.body
Affirmative action policies were designed to increase the employment or educational opportunities of underrepresented parts of society, including racial minorities. These policies were both supported and challenged in landmark cases like Bakke v. Regents, showcasing the evolving landscape of civil rights law.

# data[].attributes.body
Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. Named after a black minstrel show character, these laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Southern legislatures to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by black people during Reconstruction. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were critical in combating these injustices.