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American Poet and Social Activist

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1840-1860
Transcendentalism

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Native American - Period Characteristics 

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Native American - Period Characteristics 

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1. Oral Literature

2. Use of stories to teach moral lessons and spread information about the natural world

3. Deep respect for nature and animals

4. Cyclical world view and figurative language

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

1692: Salem Witch Trials

1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Fact 1: The Puritans believed in education and founded Harvard University!

https://www.ducksters.com

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Fact 2: Their worship services were very long...

https://www.ducksters.com

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1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown

1775-1783 Revolutionary War

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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The Enlightenment was present in various countries, besides USA, especially European countries, such as France.

https://www.mentalfloss.com

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The Enlightenment grew out of the Protestant Reformation and Italian Renaissance

https://www.mentalfloss.com

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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My times are in your hand; rescue me from the hand of my enemies and from my persecutors!
Psalm 31:15

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Essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of humanity, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Transcendentalism-American-movement

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Be true to yourself.      Follow your heart.

Take care of yourself.        Follow your dreams

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Taught the dignity of manual labor  (Thoreau)

Need of intellectual companionship and interest

Placed great emphasis on spiritual living

Individual established his own personal relationship with God instead of through the church (Unitarianism)

Humans are divine in their own right

Self-trust and self-reliance should be practiced at all times (Emerson)

To trust self is to trust the voice of God speaking intuitively within out (Emerson)

Believed firmly in democracy and individualism

Promoted women's' rights

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"All of these people were competing with God, trying to be equal to God (as God, like God). That is not what we are to do. We are to serve God and obey God. They were also trying to be self-sufficient. God never asks us to be self-sufficient. He wants us to rely completely on Him.  They were looking for good (power, strength, knowledge, or fame) within themselves. But we know there is no good in flesh; only God is good."

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A worldwide plethora of people sympathized with the American Black Lives Matter movement. Though it wasn't a very organized movement, it is still found to be important. The BLM movement, founded by Patrisse Culors all the way back in 2013, is anti-racism that became worldwide recognized in 2020, after the death of American citizen George Floyd by the hands of police brutality. Many comparisons were made of the treatment White people have by the police VS the treatment Black people have. The movement became aggressive, as many protesters were filled with repudiation, but anti-racism movements are still needed worldwide, so much so that some countries to this day do not have protective laws to Black people who suffered racism, such as Spain. However, in other countries such as Brazil, Racism is officially illegal.

References:

https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br ›

https://apnews.com/article/death-of-george-floyd-george-floyd-minneapolis-thomas-lane-homicide-76841a4d8c62df790bad5d81b23e894d

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After the carnage Hamas made with Israelites, the long conflict rose to extensive tension once again. Israel attacked Palestine, with the goal to take out Hamas, however, many civilians were much more affected. Protests begun worldwide against Israel's actions to Palestinian civilians. Since this conflict is so complex and religious, I will focus on the movement by the people. Protests have expanded all over the world such as USA, Brazil, Portugal. Meanwhile many countries also ended up breaking relations with Israel, such as Colombia, Pakistan, Iran... Wars will always be present due to money, power and fear, however, innocent lives should not be taken nor suffer for that.

References:

https://revistaforum.com.br › global

https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2024/05/29/manifestantes-pro-palestina-atacam-embaixada-de-israel-no-mexico-com-coqueteis-molotov-e-seis-ficam-feridos-video.ghtml

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1800-1860

The War of 1812
1812-1815

California Gold Rush
1848-1855

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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750,000 pounds of gold found in California between 1848 and 1855.

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According to Britannica, Emily Dickinson is considered one of the leading 19th-century American poets, known for her bold original verse, which stands out for its epigrammatic compression, haunting personal voice, and enigmatic brilliance.

Emily Dickinson | Biography, Poems, Death, & Facts | Britannica

Britannica

https://www.britannica.com › ... › Poetry › Poets A-K

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Fact 1: Langston Hughes was a prolific letter writer. He maintained a vast correspondence throughout his life, exchanging letters with numerous friends, fellow writers, activists, and even fans. His letters provide insights into his thoughts on literature, politics, and the African American experience during his time. Hughes often used letters to discuss his works in progress and to seek advice or feedback from his peers.

Source: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/langston-hughes

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Fact 2: Hughes was not only a poet but also a prolific playwright and essayist. He wrote over 60 plays and was a highly regarded columnist for various African American newspapers and magazines. His essays covered a wide range of topics, from racial issues and social justice to the importance of art and culture in society. Hughes used his platform to advocate for racial equality and to promote the literary contributions of African Americans.

Source: https://www.biography.com/writer/langston-hughes

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Fact 3: Langston Hughes was a world traveler. He traveled extensively throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia, which greatly influenced his writing and worldview. His experiences abroad informed his poetry and prose, adding layers of cultural richness and diversity to his work. Hughes often wrote about the global connections between people of African descent and the universality of human experiences across different cultures.

Source: https://www.npr.org/2019/02/01/690528596/hughess-letters-to-the-world

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Fact 1: Reclusive Lifestyle:

- Emily Dickinson lived much of her life in isolation, especially in her later years. She rarely left her home and often communicated with visitors from behind a closed door. Her reclusive nature has fascinated scholars and added a mystique to her persona and poetry.

- [Source](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/emily-dickinson)

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Fact 2: Vast Correspondence:

- Despite her reclusiveness, Dickinson maintained a prolific correspondence with numerous friends and literary figures. These letters reveal much about her thoughts and creative process and are considered key to understanding her poetry.

- [Source](https://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org/emily-dickinson/)

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Fact 3: Posthumous Fame:

- During her lifetime, only a handful of Dickinson's poems were published, often heavily edited. It was only after her death that her full body of work was discovered and published, leading to her recognition as one of America's greatest poets.

- [Source](https://www.biography.com/writer/emily-dickinson)

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Fact 1: Transcendental Club Founding

- Ralph Waldo Emerson was a central figure in the founding of the Transcendental Club in 1836. This group of thinkers and writers, including Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller, was instrumental in shaping the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized individual intuition and the inherent goodness of people and nature.

- Source: (https://www.bl.uk/people/ralph-waldo-emerson)

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Fact 2: Abolitionist Support

- Emerson was a fervent abolitionist, actively supporting the anti-slavery movement. He delivered many speeches and lectures advocating for the end of slavery, and his essay "The American Scholar" was a call to arms for intellectual independence, which also indirectly supported abolitionist causes.

- Source: (https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/ralph-waldo-emerson-about-the-author/628/)

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Fact 3: European Influence

- During his travels in Europe, Emerson met several prominent intellectuals, including Thomas Carlyle, whose work deeply influenced his own. This trip helped him shape his philosophical ideas, particularly the belief in the individual's capacity for self-improvement and self-reliance.

- Source: (https://www.biography.com/writer/ralph-waldo-emerson)

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Civil War
1861-1865

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Reconstruction Era

1865-1877

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.

2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.

3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).

4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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1. Inventor of a Board Game: Mark Twain invented a board game called "The Adventures of the Old Gentleman," which was a precursor to modern Monopoly.

2. Had 19 Cats: At one point, Twain had 19 cats, and he was known to have a special fondness for them.

3. Predicted His Own Death: Twain famously said, "I came in with Halley's Comet... I expect to go out with it." He died the day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.

[https://www.hisandhersbookclub.com/articles/top-10-mark-twain-facts?utm_source=chatgpt.com, https://marktwainriverboat.com/9-interesting-facts-about-mark-twain-fun-and-fascinating-trivia/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mark-Twain]

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1. First Interracial Couple in Mississippi: In 1967, Alice Walker and her husband, Melvyn Leventhal, became the first legally married interracial couple to reside in Mississippi.

2. Discoverer of Zora Neale Hurston's Grave: In 1973, Walker, alongside scholar Charlotte D. Hunt, discovered the unmarked grave of author Zora Neale Hurston in Fort Pierce, Florida, and had it marked.

3. Pioneer in African-American Women's Literature: Walker created and taught the first class in the United States dedicated to African-American women writers at Wellesley College.

https://frankie9929.wordpress.com/trivia/?utm_source=chatgpt.com, https://nmaahc.si.edu/alice-walker?utm_source=chatgpt.com, https://earlybirdbooks.com/fascinating-facts-about-alice-walker

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1914-1918

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1929-1939

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1939-1945

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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1. Consumer Culture and Materialism: During the 1920s, the concept of The American Dream became closely tied to consumerism and material success. The booming economy, technological advancements, and increasing industrialization led to a culture where prosperity and success were equated with owning material goods such as cars, radios, and other modern conveniences. This era saw a significant shift towards mass production and consumption, reflecting a desire for upward mobility and the pursuit of happiness through material wealth.

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2. Social Mobility and the Jazz Age: The 1920s also saw a rise in social mobility, where the idea of achieving success and social status through talent, innovation, and hard work became more prevalent. This period, known as the Jazz Age, celebrated cultural dynamism, individualism, and the pursuit of personal freedom. The American Dream expanded beyond economic success to include social and cultural achievements, exemplified by the flourishing arts scene, particularly in music, literature, and entertainment.

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1930s: The Great Depression and the American Dream

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1930s: The Great Depression and the American Dream

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The Great Depression, beginning with the Stock Market Crash of 1929, led to widespread unemployment and poverty. During this era, the American Dream was characterized by modest aspirations: securing employment, providing for one's family, and owning a home with a white picket fence. This vision offered hope to many struggling Americans.

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1940s: Post-War Prosperity and Suburban Expansion

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1940s: Post-War Prosperity and Suburban Expansion

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The conclusion of World War II marked a period of economic growth and industrial productivity in the United States. The American Dream evolved to encompass homeownership in burgeoning suburban areas, facilitated by policies like the G.I. Bill, which provided returning veterans with opportunities for education and affordable housing. This era saw a shift towards consumerism and the pursuit of a comfortable, stable family life.

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Suburban Expansion: In the 1950s, there was a significant shift towards suburban living, with 85% of the 13 million new homes built during this decade located in suburban areas. This movement was driven by factors such as the availability of affordable housing, the rise of the automobile, and the desire for a better quality of life.

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Baby Boom: The post-World War II era saw a substantial increase in birth rates, known as the "baby boom." In 1957 alone, approximately 4.3 million babies were born in the United States, reflecting a societal shift towards family life and contributing to the growth of suburban communities.

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1. Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York

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2. Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos

3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

https://images.app.goo.gl/RiJ2ncD7FC7ZFcPBA

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James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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Shift Towards Social Equality and Peace in the 1960s:

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Shift Towards Social Equality and Peace in the 1960s:

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The American Dream expanded beyond personal prosperity to encompass broader societal goals, notably civil rights and peace. The Civil Rights Movement sought to create an America where individuals of all races could coexist equally, reflecting a collective aspiration for justice and harmony.

transformationoftheamericandream.weebly.com

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The traditional pursuit of the American Dream faced criticism from the counterculture movement. Films like "Easy Rider" (1969) satirized conventional ambitions, highlighting a growing disillusionment with materialistic values and prompting a reevaluation of personal and societal goals.

Wikipedia

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The 1980s introduced economic policies that favored corporate interests over the working class, leading to a decline in the middle class and making the American Dream less attainable for many.

pomeroysays.medium.com

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The decade's media, including films like "Scarface" and "Fight Club," portrayed alternative paths to success, reflecting a more cynical view of the American Dream.

generations.com

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Technological Boom and New Opportunities

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Technological Boom and New Opportunities

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The 1990s witnessed the rise of the internet and the dot-com bubble, leading to unprecedented wealth creation. Tech entrepreneurs like Bill Gates and Steve Jobs became symbols of the new American Dream, demonstrating that individuals with innovative ideas could achieve significant success.

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What the American Dream looked like the decade you were born

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From the white-picket-fence ideals of the 40s to the materialism of today, how has the American Dream changed?

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The early 2000s were marked by a strong economy, with low unemployment rates and rising homeownership. The prosperity of this period made the traditional American Dream of owning a home more attainable for many Americans.

Wikipedia

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1950-1953

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1954-1975

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1. Influenced by studies of media, language, and information technology.

2. Sense that little is unique; culture endlessly duplicates itself.

3. New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue, or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with physical appearance of their work.

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Alice Walker

Wallace Stevens

e.e. cummings

Maya Angelou

Anne Sexton

James Baldwin

Richard Wright

Sandra Cisneros

Amy Tan

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One notable contemporary novel is "Shuggie Bain" by Douglas Stuart, published in 2020. Set in 1980s Glasgow, it follows young Shuggie as he navigates the challenges of growing up with his alcoholic mother, Agnes. The story poignantly explores themes of poverty, addiction, and resilience.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuggie_Bain?utm_