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Napoleon invaded Italy creating the Italy Kingdom in the North. Revolutionaries rose up and fought Austrians and Sicilians for independence. The first Italian war for independence failed. They won Independence for Italy in 1861 and were given Venice after. In 1870 the successfully got Rome.  

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Otto Von Bismarck gathered small German states. He then transformed them into a German Empire. He stuck through the losses and victory's. He ended up being Germanys first Chancellor.

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Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) / German Unification

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Guissepe Mazzini was in his teens when he dedicated himself to helping Italy gain independence. As revolutions progressed he arrived in Milan. He started laying foundations for new democratic united republic. He planned revolutions from afar. He never accepted monarchical.

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GIUSEPPE MAZZINI, (1805-1872) Italian nationalist and patriot, who,
together with Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo Benso di Cavour, and
Victor Emmanuel II, is considered one of the “patron saints” of the
Italian Risorgimento. While still in his teens
Mazzini committed himself to the cause of Italian independence and
unity. Forced into exile in 1831 for his revolutionary activities,
he began to recruit followers and organize uprisings against the
rulers of the various Italian states. His association,
Giovine Italia (Young Italy), founded in the 1830s,
attracted adherents throughout the peninsula and among Italian
political exiles everywhere. With the exception of Giuseppe
Garibaldi, no other Italian Risorgimento leader
enjoyed greater international renown than Mazzini in his time. His
revolutionary vision extended beyond the limited objective of
Italian national unity. Mazzini’s primary goals were the end of
Austrian hegemony in Italy and of the temporal power of the pope,
Italian unity, republicanism, democracy, and the liberation of all
oppressed peoples. Imbued with a messianic zeal, he believed that,
united under the banner of “God and people”, Italians would succeed
in ridding themselves of their various rulers and establish a
democratic unitary republic with its capital in Rome. This new
Italy would lead other subject peoples to freedom and liberty and
embody a “third” Rome, successor to ancient and papal Rome. A new
Europe, controlled by the people and not by sovereigns, would
replace the old order. By the 1840s Mazzini had become the
recognized leader of the Italian nationalist revolutionary
movement. His appeal to Italians, restive under oppressive
governments, was unrivaled, if not unchallenged. Intellectuals and
artisans, men and women, all responded to him. Many lost their
lives in abortive revolts inspired by his teachings.

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Otto was born on April 1st 1815 into a noble family. From 1862 and 1890 he successfully ruled first Prussia the Germany. Started wars with Denmark, Austria, and France. He united 39 German empires. He established the first welfare state.

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Table of Contents

1. Otto von Bismarck: Early Years

2. Otto von Bismarck: The Iron Chancellor

3. Otto von Bismarck: Kulturkampf, Welfare State, Empire

4. Otto von Bismarck: Final Years and Legacy

Germany became a modern, unified nation under the leadership of the "Iron Chancellor" Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), who between 1862 and 1890 effectively ruled first Prussia and then all of Germany. A master strategist, Bismarck initiated decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France to unite 39 independent German states under Prussian leadership. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck introduced progressive reforms-including universal male suffrage and the establishment of the first welfare state-in order to achieve his goals. He manipulated European rivalries to make Germany a world power, but in doing so laid the groundwork for both World Wars.

Otto von Bismarck: Early Years

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born April 1, 1815, at his family's estate in the Prussian heartland west of Berlin. His father was a fifth-generation Junker (a Prussian landowning noble), and his mother came from a family of successful academics and government ministers. Throughout his life Bismarck would emphasize his rural Junker roots, underplaying his considerable intellect and cosmopolitan outlook.

Did you know? Although German leader Otto von Bismarck wore a general's uniform in public for much of his later life (and successfully prosecuted three wars as chancellor), his only prior military service was a brief, unwilling stint in a reserve unit.

Bismarck was educated in Berlin and after university took a series of minor diplomatic posts before retiring, at age 24, to run his family's estate at Kneiphof. In 1847 he married and was sent to Berlin as a delegate to the new Prussian parliament, where he emerged as a reactionary voice against the liberal, anti-autocratic Revolutions of 1848.

From 1851 to 1862 Bismarck served a series of ambassadorships-at the German Confederation in Frankfurt, in St. Petersburg and in Paris-that gave him valuable insight into the vulnerabilities of Europe's great powers.

Otto von Bismarck: The Iron Chancellor

William I became Prussia's king in 1861 and a year later appointed Bismarck as his chief minister. Though technically deferring to William, in reality Bismarck was in charge, manipulating the king with his intellect and the occasional tantrum while using royal decrees to circumvent the power of elected officials.

In 1864 Bismarck began the series of wars that would establish Prussian power in Europe. He attacked Denmark to gain the German-speaking territories of Schleswig-Holstein and two years later provoked Emperor Franz-Josef I into starting the Austro-Prussian War (1866), which ended in a swift defeat for the aging Austrian empire. At the time, Bismarck wisely declined to levy a war indemnity against the Austrians.

Bismarck was less circumspect in his conduct of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). Seeing the opportunity to unify Germany's loose confederations against an outside enemy, Bismarck stirred political tensions between France and Prussia, famously editing a telegram from William I to make both countries feel insulted by the other. The French declared war, but the Prussians and their German allies won handily. Prussia levied an indemnity, annexed the French border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and crowned William emperor of a unified Germany (the Second Reich) in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles-a tremendous insult to the French.

Otto von Bismarck: Kulturkampf, Welfare State, Empire

With Germany unified, William I and Bismarck turned to entrenching their domestic power. For much of the 1870s Bismarck pursued a Kulturkampf (cultural struggle) against Catholics, who made up 36 percent of Germany's population, by placing parochial schools under state control and expelling the Jesuits. In 1878 Bismarck relented, allying with the Catholics against the growing socialist threat.

In the 1880s Bismarck set aside his conservative impulses to counter the socialists by creating Europe's first modern welfare state, establishing national healthcare (1883), accident insurance (1884) and old age pensions (1889). Bismarck also hosted the 1885 Berlin Conference that ended the "Scramble for Africa," dividing the continent between the European powers and establishing German colonies in Cameroon, Togoland and East and Southwest Africa.

Otto von Bismarck: Final Years and Legacy

William I died in 1888 and was succeeded by his son Frederick III and then his grandson William II, both of whom Bismarck found difficult to control. In 1890 the new king forced Bismarck out. William II was left in control of a flourishing unified state but was ill-equipped to maintain Bismarck's carefully manipulated balance of international rivalries. Respected and honored by the time of his death eight years later, Bismarck quickly became a quasi-mythic figure invoked by political leaders calling for strong German leadership-or for war.

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Otto von Bismarck - Biography, World Wars & Facts

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Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)-also known as the "Iron Chancellor"-was Chancellor of the newly-united German Empire from 1862 to 1890. During his tenure he modernized the nation and helped set the stage for World War I.

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Some people were conservative with the king while others decided to be radical. Everyone wanted more rights but remained loyal. There was unsuccessful revolts but eventually they won. The assembly met and declared the Independence.

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Argentinian Independence | 3 Minute History

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Argentina Unification Article Featuring Many Leaders

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Argentina Unification Article Featuring Many Leaders

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The movement began in 1806 when British attacks on Buenos Aires. In 1808 there were ramifications of Napoleons interventions. In 1814 members of the assembly met to discuss a plan. On July 9th 1816 they declared the country independent. Several years of hard fighting led Spanish to defeat.

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© Valery Shanin/Dreamstime.com

July 9, 2016, marks the 200th anniversary of Argentina's declaration of independence from Spain. The Argentine independence movement began in 1806, when British attacks on Buenos Aires were repelled by local militia with little help from Spain. Also important were the ramifications of Napoleon I's intervention in Spain, beginning in 1808. Napoleon's overthrow of Ferdinand VII plunged Spain into a civil war between two rival governments-one set up by Napoleon and the other created by patriotic juntas in the name of the exiled king and aided by the British. Under ancient principles of Spanish law, the king's dominions in America had the right to govern themselves until the restoration of a lawful king, and on May 25, 1810 (now celebrated as the day of the revolution), Buenos Aires established an autonomous viceroyalty in the name of Ferdinand, pending his restoration. However, when it became apparent that Ferdinand was virtually powerless following his restoration in 1814, an assembly of the members of the viceroyalty met at a home in San Miguel de Tucumán to discuss the situation. On July 9, 1816, they declared the country independent under the name of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata.

Several years of hard fighting followed before the Spanish royalists were defeated in northern Argentina. They remained a threat from their base in Peru until it was liberated by José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar in 1820-24. The Buenos Aires government tried to maintain the integrity of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, but the outlying portions, never effectively controlled, soon were lost: Paraguay in 1814, Bolivia in 1825, and Uruguay in 1828.

Today, Nueve de Julio is a federal holiday in Argentina, celebrated with fireworks, parades, speeches, and military demonstrations. Locro, a traditional stew, and empanadas are commonly eaten during the festivities, and the holiday is a time to gather with family and friends to celebrate. ¡Feliz Día de la Independencia!

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Argentina Celebrates 200 Years of Independence

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July 9, 2016, marks the bicentennial of Argentina's declaration of independence from Spain.