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Austria had the most control of Germans and it slowly was less and less. Prussia also had Germans. During the Napoleons wars, Germans helped out, German Confederation was made. Liberals meet to unite Germany, they were split to rule under Prussia of Austria. Otto, split Germany to take sides in the war. After Prussia won the war the made someone king and became a unified Germany. Upsetting the balance of power.

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Germany Map 1871

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Portuguese royal family escape Europe and move to Brazil. They did not return and believed the stopped any independence movements. Forming the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarve's. When returning home he left his son Pedro to rule in his place. When people in Portugal wanted to abolish all reforms of his government. After Pedro declared independence and went back to Rio. In 1824, all Portuguese navy/army surrendered. And his father being pushed to get rid of the constitution, did get rid of it.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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In 1807 the British invaded buenos Iris, when the British were defeated by the people, there were questioning the loyalty to Spain. In 1810 a group of Patriots came together with kabildo to talk about declaring independence. They were the Creoles, main figures being Manuel Belgrano, Juan Jose Caselli, and Jose de San Martin. Some people didn't want it do to the consequences and not being able to survive without Spain. July 9, 1816 the Congress of tukumen signed the Argentine Declaration of Independence. They had to go through several wars to make it independence happen,

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Article of Germany Independence leaders.

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Article of Germany Independence leaders.

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When Otto Von Bismarck became Chief Minister. In 1864 Bismarck started a series of wars that would make Prussian power in Europe. Seeing the opportunity to unify Germanys confederations against an outside enemy. Bismarck made political tensions between France and Prussia, famously editing a telegram from William I to make both countries feel insulted by the other. French declared war Prussia and German Allies won the war. Alsace and Lorraine and crowned William emperor of a unified Germany (the Second Reich) in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles—which was an insult to the French.

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Otto von Bismarck - Biography, World Wars & Facts | HISTORY

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Otto von Bismarck ‑ Biography, World Wars & Facts | HISTORY

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Otto von Bismarck (1815‑1898)—also known as the “Iron Chancellor”—was Chancellor of the newly‑united German Empire from 1862 to 1890. During his tenure he modernized the nation and helped set the stage for World War I.

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Map of Argentina 1812

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Prince Dom Pedro, Son of King John VI of Portugal, when Napoleon conquered Portugal. The royal family fled to Brazil. When his family returned to Portugal he stayed to rule. Pedro had the ministers who counseled independence. On Sept. 7, 1822 we declared independence. And three months after was crowned emperor. He was not very popular in 1823. However he accepted a less liberal constitution drafted by the Council of State. When his father died he took the throne of Portugal and gave it to his daughter. When he died his son took the place of Brazil Emperor.

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Pedro I, (born Oct. 12, 1798, Lisbon, Port.-died Sept. 24, 1834, Lisbon), founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal.

Generally known as Dom Pedro, he was the son of King John VI of Portugal. When Napoleon conquered Portugal in 1807, Pedro accompanied the royal family in its flight to Brazil. He remained there as regent when King John returned to Portugal in 1821.

Pedro surrounded himself with ministers who counseled independence. When the Portuguese Cortês (Parliament), preferring colonial status for Brazil, demanded that Pedro return to Lisbon to "complete his political education," he issued a declaration of Brazilian independence on Sept. 7, 1822. Within three months he was crowned emperor.

Pedro's initial popularity waned, and in 1823, when the Brazilian Assembly was preparing a liberal constitution, he dissolved that body and exiled the radical leader José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. On March 25, 1824, however, Pedro accepted a somewhat less liberal constitution drafted by the Council of State at his behest.

Although adoption of that charter may have saved Pedro from deposition, it did not reestablish his popularity. His autocratic manner, his lack of enthusiasm for parliamentary government, and his continuing deep interest in Portuguese affairs antagonized his subjects, as did the failure of his military forces in a war with Argentina over what is now Uruguay. Strong opposition in the Brazilian Parliament and a series of local uprisings induced him to abdicate in 1831 in favour of his son Dom Pedro II, who was then five years old. Pedro I then returned to Portugal.

On the death of King John VI (March 10, 1826), Pedro I had become titular king of Portugal as Pedro IV. Two months later, still in Brazil, he issued a parliamentary charter for Portugal and conditionally abdicated the Portuguese throne in favour of his daughter Maria da Glória, the future Queen Maria II. He died of natural causes in Portugal while securing his daughter's claim against that of his brother, the regent Miguel.

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Pedro I | Reign of Brazil, Independence, Abolitionist

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Pedro I, founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal. Generally known as Dom Pedro, he was the son of King John VI of Portugal.

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Article of Argentina Independence leaders.

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Article of Argentina Independence leaders.

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José Francisco de San Martín, Son of a professional soldier and colonial administrator, he was educated in Spain. Initially he fought loyally for Spain against the Moors (1791), the British (1798), and the Portuguese (1801), but in 1812 he returned to the New World to help the revolutionaries. Liberation of Lima was a campaign that helped secure Argentina. His strategy was to lead an army over the Andes, a daunting undertaking. He then entered Lima and declared the independence of Peru, though he lacked the needed forces to let down the royalists in the interior.

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José de San Martín, (born Feb. 25, 1778, Yapeyú, Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata-died Aug. 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fr.), National hero of Argentina who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821). Son of a professional soldier and colonial administrator, he was educated in Spain. Initially he fought loyally for Spain against the Moors (1791), the British (1798), and the Portuguese (1801), but in 1812 he returned to the New World to help the revolutionaries. His greatest campaign was the liberation of Lima, without which the independence of the Argentine provinces could not have been secured. His bold strategy was to lead an army over the Andes, a daunting undertaking. In 1817 he liberated Chile, which he turned over to Bernardo O'Higgins, and proceeded to Peru by ship, where he blockaded the chief port until the royalists withdrew. He then entered Lima and declared the independence of Peru, though he lacked adequate forces to subdue the royalists in the interior. The following year he met with Simón Bolívar; what passed between them is unknown, but San Martín soon afterward went into exile in France, leaving Bolívar to complete the liberation of Peru.

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José de San Martín, (born Feb. 25, 1778, Yapeyú, Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata-died Aug. 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fr.), National hero of Argentina who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).