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a versatile and powerful technique used to control the visibility of a layer. They are similar to layer masks, but while the end result may appear the same, their functioning and application differ significantly

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allows users to alter their object or selection in a variety of ways, such as scale, rotate, distort, or flip (mirror)

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the spacing between individual letters or characters. Unlike tracking, which adjusts the amount of space between the letters of an entire word in equal increments, kerning is focused on how type looks — creating readable text that's visually pleasing.

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The vertical space between lines of type is called leading. Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the line above it. Baseline is the invisible line on which most letters—that is, those without descenders—sit

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Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text

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works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color. This means by using the sponge tool, we can either increase the color intensity of some pixels or decrease the color intensity of some pixels

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gently reshape important edges into more appealing and softer lines

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removes unwanted areas of your image for either practical reasons or better composition

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correcting a crooked image

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allows you to create more advanced color fills for interesting effects and a higher degree of control

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allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision

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allows you to add horizontal text to your images

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allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view

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used for magnifying a selected part of the image

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enables you to create selections of rectangular shapes but there is a related tool called the elliptical marquee tool, that enables you to create selections that, of course, have elliptical or even circular shapes

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allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image

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creates selections with straight edges

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automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select

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helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image

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a powerful and versatile tool that helps us fix various imperfections in our photos

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magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image

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used to sample pixels from one part of the image to paint in another

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If you want to remove something distracting from the background of an image or even out an area that appears irregular, such as acne on a model's face, you're going to want to use this tool

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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the difference between the light pixels and dark pixels

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boosts colors that are more muted

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the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color

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changes the overall mixture of colors in an image and is used for color correction

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describes the intensity of the color

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a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light

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an improvised or specialized reflective surface used to redirect light toward a given subject or scene

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an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter

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a digital single-lens reflex camera with a 35 mm image sensor format. Historically, 35 mm was one of the standard film formats, alongside larger ones, such as medium format and large format

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the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format

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a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them

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the use of any technique or technology to enhance the original image captured by the photographer

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a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images

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a set of data describing and providing information about rights and administration of an image

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a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a solid-state image sensor and digitally records the images from the sensor

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an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake

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an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens.

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a type of photography that brings distant subjects closer with the use of long focal length

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a fixed focal length photographic lens, typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system.

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Macro photography is extreme close-up photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than life size

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The JPG, typically pronounced “jay-peg”, was developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) in 1992

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A camera raw image file contains unprocessed or minimally processed data from the image sensor of either a digital camera, a motion picture film scanner, or other image scanner. Raw files are so named because they are not yet processed, and contain large amounts of potentially redundant data

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Portable Network Graphics is a raster-graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. PNG was developed as an improved, non-patented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format —unofficially, the initials PNG stood for the recursive acronym "PNG's not GIF"

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An image file format is a file format for a digital image. There are many formats that can be used, such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF. Most formats up until 2022 were for storing 2D images, not 3D ones

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"Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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the level of detail of an image

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the ratio of its width to its height, and is expressed with two numbers separated by a colon, such as 16:9, sixteen-to-nine

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to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio

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displays the options for a selected tool

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where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image

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where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with

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displays a visual representation of your workspaces

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produces a baseline from which all other colors are measured

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helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure

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shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal, which always reside at the standard exposure index

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when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures

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 a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something

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a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos

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the lightest elements in an image

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the Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph

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A shadow is a dark area where light from a light source is blocked by an object

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the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography

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using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder

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evaluates light around the chosen focus point or center of the frame

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a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down

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swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long-exposure photograph

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements

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the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph

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a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation

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A tripod has three legs (that's the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support with one leg (the “mono”)

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the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images

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the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects

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a shooting mode whereby the photographer sets the shutter speed, while the camera automatically sets the Aperture.

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you're in charge of adjusting aperture

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the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture. For any given brightness of light, the camera has been programmed to set a specific combination of shutter speed and aperture. In low light, for example, the camera might set 1/30 second and f4.

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It gives your camera complete control over its various settings, including the ISO, the aperture, the shutter speed, the autofocus mode, and even the flash

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the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes

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the "aperture" opening of a camera lens, which allows light to come in

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determined when the lens is focused at infinity

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the distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image

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the visual quality of the out-of-focus areas of a photographic image, especially as rendered by a particular lens

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random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise

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random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons

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detects and conveys information used to form an image

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an arbitrary rating of film speed

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a standard set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that represents sensitivity to light as a numerical value

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causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image

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a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards

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three-dimensional objects in two dimensions