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An economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth.

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An economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in the marketplace, allowing natural market forces to determine prices, production, and distribution.

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The use of violence or threats to intimidate and create fear for political, religious, or ideological purposes.

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The process of increased interconnection and interdependence among countries, economies, and cultures through international trade, communication, and cultural exchange.

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Individuals or policies favoring limited government intervention, traditional values, and a free-market approach to economic issues.

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The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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Reducing or eliminating government restrictions and regulations on industries, with the goal of fostering competition and economic efficiency.

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Refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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Government actions related to taxation and spending to influence the economy, aiming to achieve economic goals such as full employment and stable prices.

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Actions by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates, influencing economic activity by managing inflation, employment, and overall economic stability

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Individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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The general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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A political movement in the 1980s, led by religious conservatives, advocating for socially conservative policies and seeking to influence American politics based on moral and religious principles.

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This was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court that ruled state laws enforcing racial segragation in public schools was unconstutional.

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The main goal of this federal program was to help eliminate poverty and racial injustice. In order to combat these issues, the program addressed civil rights, education, medical care, urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation were launched during this period.

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A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions.

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The atomic bomb was invented J. Robert Oppenheimer and it is a great explosive weapon that gains its power from the results of splitting the nuclei of a heavy metal such as plutonium or uranium.

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This was the notion that if one nation such as the Soviet Union threatened the saftey and existence of the U.S. with nukes, it would retaliate by setting off its own in defense. So this leverage against one another ensured that this danger most likely wouldn't arise.

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This was the idea that if one nation fell to the ideology of communism, its neighbor would be next too.

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This was a geopolitical strategy that the U.S. had imposed on foreign terms in order contain and prevent the spread of communism post-WWll.

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The Warsaw Pact was a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe.

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This was a military, and ideological barrier created by the U.S.S.R after WWll to seal itself away from the capatalistic side of Europe, from the communist side.

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also known as the North Atlantic Alliance, is a military alliance among 31 member states, consisting of 29 European nations and two North American countries.

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The Bretton Woods System comprised a set of cohesive regulations and guidelines that established the essential structure for establishing stable global currency exchange rates. In essence, the arrangement mandated the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which had been newly established, to decide the fixed exchange rates for currencies on a global scale.

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The United Nations is a multinational body with the stated objectives of preserving global peace and security, fostering amicable relations among nations, promoting international cooperation, and acting as a focal point for coordinating the efforts of different countries.

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International Organizations are established by treaties that provide legal status.

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The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during WWll. From the year 1941-1945. The Nazi germans killed 6 million Jews in an effort to exterminate them from existence.

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At the beginning of the mid-19th century and onward there were several generations of woman suffrage supporters who lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to try and achieve radical change in the Constitution that would guarantee women the right to vote. These warriors were people who advocated for women to be granted more freedom and equality to their male counterpart.

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Women's Rights Movement Begins

The campaign for women's suffrage began in earnest in the decades before the Civil War. During the 1820s and '30s, most states had extended the franchise to all white men, regardless of how much money or property they had.

At the same time, all sorts of reform groups were proliferating across the United States- temperance leagues, religious movements, moral-reform societies, anti- slavery organizations-and in many of these, women played a prominent role.

Meanwhile, many American women were beginning to chafe against what historians have called the "Cult of True Womanhood": that is, the idea that the only "true" woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family.

Put together, all of these contributed to a new way of thinking about what it meant to be a woman and a citizen of the United States.

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848, a group of abolitionist activists-mostly women, but some men-gathered in Seneca Falls, New York to discuss the problem of women's rights. They were invited there by the reformers Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

Most of the delegates to the Seneca Falls Convention agreed: American women were autonomous individuals who deserved their own political identities.

"We hold these truths to be self-evident," proclaimed the Declaration of Sentiments that the delegates produced, "that all men and women are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

What this meant, among other things, was that they believed women should have the right to vote.

Civil Rights and Women's Rights During the Civil War

During the 1850s, the women's rights movement gathered steam, but lost momentum when the Civil War began. Almost immediately after the war ended, the 14th Amendment and the 15th Amendment to the Constitution raised familiar questions of suffrage and citizenship.

The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, extends the Constitution's protection to all citizens-and defines "citizens" as "male"; the 15th, ratified in 1870, guarantees Black men the right to vote.

Some women's suffrage advocates believed that this was their chance to push lawmakers for truly universal suffrage. As a result, they refused to support the 15th Amendment and even allied with racist Southerners who argued that white women's votes could be used to neutralize those cast by African Americans.

In 1869, a new group called the National Woman Suffrage Association was founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. They began to fight for a universal-suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Others argued that it was unfair to endanger Black enfranchisement by tying it to the markedly less popular campaign for female suffrage. This pro-15th-Amendment faction formed a group called the American Woman Suffrage Association and fought for the franchise on a state-by-state basis.

Gallery: The Progressive Campaign for Suffrage

This animosity eventually faded, and in 1890 the two groups merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the organization's first president.

By then, the suffragists' approach had changed. Instead of arguing that women deserved the same rights and responsibilities as men because women and men were "created equal," the new generation of activists argued that women deserved the vote because they were different from men.

They could make their domesticity into a political virtue, using the franchise to create a purer, more moral "maternal commonwealth."

This argument served many political agendas: Temperance advocates, for instance, wanted women to have the vote because they thought it would mobilize an enormous voting bloc on behalf of their cause, and many middle-class white people were swayed once again by the argument that the enfranchisement of white women would "ensure immediate and durable white supremacy, honestly attained."

Did you know? In 1923, the National Woman's Party proposed an amendment to the Constitution that prohibited all discrimination on the basis of sex. The so-called Equal Rights Amendment has never been ratified.

Winning the Vote at Last

Starting in 1910, some states in the West began to extend the vote to women for the first time in almost 20 years. Idaho and Utah had given women the right to vote at the end of the 19th century.

Still, southern and eastern states resisted. In 1916, NAWSA president Carrie Chapman Catt unveiled what she called a "Winning Plan" to get the vote at last: a blitz campaign that mobilized state and local suffrage organizations all over the country, with a special focus on those recalcitrant regions.

Meanwhile, a splinter group called the National Woman's Party founded by Alice Paul focused on more radical, militant tactics-hunger strikes and White House pickets, for instance-aimed at winning dramatic publicity for their cause.

World War I slowed the suffragists' campaign but helped them advance their argument nonetheless: Women's work on behalf of the war effort, activists pointed out, proved that they were just as patriotic and deserving of citizenship as men.

Finally, on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. And on November 2 of that year, more than 8 million women across the United States voted in elections for the first time.

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Women's Suffrage - The U.S. Movement, Leaders & 19th Amendment

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The women's suffrage movement was a decades-long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States. On August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was finally ratified, enfranchising all American women and declaring for the first time that they, like men, deserve all the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.

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Capitalism is an economic and social system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, where individuals or business operate for profit in competitive free markets.

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Manifest Destiny was a widely held belief and ideology in the United States during the 19th century. It was carried by the American people because they believed they should assert their duty and destiny to expand the United States territory and spread the influence of their way of life by imposing it upon the new land and displacing Indian inhabitants. It was execudted  in order to help greaten the political, economic, and social systems across the North American continent and this view was used to justify the concept of westerward expansion.

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Poltical parties are collective entities or organizations that coordinate candidates to participate and be able to compete in a particular country's elections. They are associated with a certain set of values and beliefs that people align with, meaning join to be represented.

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It was a line marked on the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide that prohibited Americans colonists from passing to settle the land. This was an attempt to restrict Americans from taking control of the West and gaining a more idolized mind.

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Someone who has a deep devotion of love for their country.

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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State of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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In the decision of this case, cheif justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review. This was important as it was an addition to the system of “checks and balances” that was better created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful.

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Cornelius Vanderbilt was a prominent American business magnate and one of the wealthiest individuals of the 19th century. He played a crucial role in shaping the American transportation industry.

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An American colonists who alligned with support of the British.

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Prohibition was a nationwide ban on the sale and import of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933. It was protestants, progressives, and women who all spearheaded the drive to institute prohibition.

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Prohibition in the United States - Wikipedia

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The Compromise of 1850 was a package of legislative measures passed by the United States Congress to address several contentious issues related to slavery and the western expansion of the United States. It was an attempt to maintain the fragile balance between free states and slave states while avoiding further escalation of tensions that could lead to civil war. Big key actions was California's admission as a free state, Texas boundary adjustment, the abolition of the Slave Trade in the District of Columbia, and the Fugitive Slave Act.

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The creation of a written document that established a weak central government. And provided most the power with the states.

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Supported the Consitution and a need for a stronger national republic. Opposed placeing the Bill of Rights in the Consitution as they were afriad it would be dangerously interpreted as the only rights allowed.

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Viewed it as absolutly necessary to place a Bill of Rights in order to defend people's God given rights. They also opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution as they feared the new national government would be way to powerful and take away people's rights.

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Movement that emphasized the point of individualism over tradition.

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A failed plan to unite at least 11/13 colonies (with the chance for more to enter in the future) to adopt a more centralized government that failed due to being ejected.

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Proccess in which laid out the ground rules for how migration more towards the lands of the west would work. Since it was free from British restriction now.

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A tense time where there was potential for mutiny from the Continental Army officers to challenge the Confederation Congress due to their inability to meet its financial obligations to the military.

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Established the United States legislature as a bicameral, or two-house law-making body.

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Three out of every five slaves was counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxation. This benefited the southern states as it helped grant them more power through more representation.

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illustration visual ⅗ primary source great compromise clipart three government graphic organizer chart

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This was an unofficial policy from Britian where they didn't really enforce the same rules or laws that affected the motherland. This less restriction expanded freedom and abilities of the colonists that allowed them to prosper.

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This was a social movement with its main proponents being women as they were the main sufferers that were rooted with the Protestant chruch. This was why they called for the ban of alchohol outright after starting with promoting moderation at first, then encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation.

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This was a significant piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1854. It strongly intensified the tensions over the issues of slavery in the newly aquired western territories with many main components. These were as follows: it resulted in the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and created the two new territories of Nebraska and Kansas. Next up it allowed for popular sovereignty of the states. Which then ultimatly, direcly caused the "Bleeding Kansas" issue between proslavery and abolition forces. The activists on both sides flooded the territories in order to sway the vote. So it created confrontation.

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The Abolition Movement describes the retaliation activity against slavery that took place in the 1800s to the end of slavery. Antislavery activity had began in colonial days and of course extended to the Emancipation Proclimation in 1863 and the offical ending at the Civil War in 1865.

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The first wave of feminists were influenced by the collective activism of women in various other reform movements. It began with the kick off of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organizing the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. The Seneca Falls Convention produced a list of demands called the Declaration of Sentiments.

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A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.

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The purpose of an engine is to provide power, a steam engine provides mechanical power by using the energy of steam. Steam engines were the first successful engines invented and were the driving force behind the industrial revolution. They have been used to power the first trains, ships, factories, and cars.

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This was a system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century. It was based around using machinery and division of labor as the development of machines were to large to house in a wokers cottage so it was transformed into collective work in factories.

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A canal is a human-made waterway that allows for boats and ships to pass from one body of water to another. These are also used for irrigation and other human uses as well.

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It was about how isolationism served the best route for the United States and that European powers are obligated to respect  the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest. President James Monroe's 1823 annual message to Congress contained the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. Essentially telling Europe to take a hike and mind its own bussiness in affiliating with the Western Hemisphere.

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This Party had evolved from the original Jeffersonian Republican, or also called the Democratic-Rebublican Party in order to avoid confusion with the association the the actual or modern day Republican Party, to the modern day Democrats for context. And before the Party we know of today was established, the Jeffersonian Republican Party had originated from the Anti-Federalists. This Party was originally intended to serve as oppostion to the Federalist Party. It was valued majorly in limited government, self sufficiency, self-government, and individual responsibility principles. Jefferson advocated a philosophy that historians call Jeffersonian democracy, which was marked by his belief in agrarianism and strict limits on the national government.

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This was essentially the modern day Repulican Party before the actual listing. It was a conservative political party at the time that was formed as one of the two major parties alongside the slightly larger Democratic Party.

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The telegraph was a revolutionizing piece of technology that was able to make it easier for long distance communication. It worked by contacting a recipient by electrical signals that were symbolic over a wire laid between stations rather than a physical exchange of a letter bearing writing.

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Interchangeable parts are parts that are identical for practical purposes and don't need to be custom fit and can be freely replaced by another such as the example of the musket where soldiers actively on the battlefield could easily and quickly repair their muskets.

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These actions were the methods of forcible seizure of American sailors by the British Royal Navy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was also seen as the primary cause for the War of 1812.

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This was the idea that settlers of the new territories in the Kansas-Nebraska Act situation for example should be given the ability to vote on the decision for slavery to be legal or not there in those areas.

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Andrew Carnegie was a prominent American industrialist and philanthropist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a key figure in the American steel industry which is why he amassed his considerable fortune through his leadership of the Carnegie Steel Company which became on of the largest and most successful in the world. As well as, after his retirment from business, Carnegie devoted himself to philanthropy. That is to use your fortune to benefit society.

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The passage of this legislation required that all slaves must be returned to their owners, even if they're in a free state, by requiring that all citizens must assist in the capturing of escaped slaves and help return them to their owners through forced laws and incentives like financial benefits. This ruling also took away a slaves ability to have any right to a jury trial and provided more limited legal rights for alleged fugitives.

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Sectionalism refers to deep-seated loyalty in supporting the best interest of a particular region. In the instance of the Civil War it was the South wanting to seperate from the North in order to maintain slavery in its region which would support its best interest in keeping the strength of support cast for its agricultural economic system centered on large plantations which is of course slavery. This was obviously caused by eaches economic and social distance, combined with political disputs over issues like tariffs and the extension of slavery into the new territories that contributed to the growing divide between the North and South.

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Secession was the official act of the South breaking away from the larger political entity in being the North and establishing a new government from the one it was previously part of. This was because the North was trying to overpower the South by influencing the advication to the end of slavery. Eventually a breaking point was reached.

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The term "Union" refers to the federal government in the Northern part of the natinon, who remained loyal and who represented the United States of America during the Civil War.

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The Confederacy is the self-declared independent nation that existed from 1861 to 1865 during the Civil War. It represented the government of the South and were the established states that formaly seceded from the United States in response to the tensions and disagreements over slavery and regional differences.

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The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the United States.

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The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in America and was mainly intended to help previously enslaved people to have "equal protection under the laws,".

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The Fifteenth Amendment granted the right for African American men to vote.

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This was an era where people such as isolationists advocated non-involvement in European and Asian conflicts and non-entanglement in international politics. Although the United States took measures to avoid political and military conflicts across the oceans, it continued to expand economically and protect its interests in Latin America. It also wound up getting intangled in European affairs as well such as both World Wars against its own demise.

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John D. Rockefeller was a prominent American business magnate and philanthropist who played a pivitol role in the development of the American oil industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He helped co-found the Standard Oil Company in 1870, which qucikly grew to dominate the oil refining and distribution business in the United States through ruthless business efforts. After the 1911 ruling by the Supreme Court that the Standard Oil Company violated antitrust laws that led to the breakup of his company into several smaller entities, Rockefeller shifted his focus to philanthropic efforts.

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JP Morgan was a prominant American financier and banker in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was best known for establishing J.P. Morgan and Co., a banking and financial services firm that became known as one of the most powerful and influential financial insitutions of its time. He also became a central figure in the world of finance and business during the Gilded Age and played a key role in shaping the American financial system and was involved in various industries. Through monopolisitc methods he achieved his will.

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The term "Titans of Industry" refers to the powerful and influential indstrialists and business magnates of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States. These individuals were at the forefront of the country's industrial revolution and played a crucial role in shaping the nation's economic landscape. This era titled "The Gilded Age" was made out of these industrialist men who were responsible for driving economic growth, creating jobs, and contributing to technological advancements. The progress they contributed was admired, however, they also faced criticism for the concentration of wealth, explotation of labor, and questionable business tactics.

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This is the practice of extending or maintaining power over foreign nations through expansionism and hegemony.

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"Robber Barons" is a term historically used to describe powerful and wealthy inustrialists and business magnates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States. These individuals were often leaders of major industries such as oil, steel, finanace, and railroads. The term was coined to criticize and emphasize the percieved negative aspects of their business practices. That's because these industrialists were accused of engaging in monopolistic and anti-competitive practices, exploiting workers, and amassing enormous wealth at the expense of others. Critics argued that they used unscrupulous methods to eliminate competition, manipulate markets, and consildate economic power. The term "Robber Barons" implies that these individuals were akin to midieval feudal lords, exploiting their positions for personal gain.

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Unions, or labor unions are organizations formed by workers to collectively represent their interests and advocate for better working conditions, fair wages, and other employment-related issues. The primary purpose of unions is to give employees a collective voice to provides leverage braganining power in negotiations with employers, helping to balance the power dynamic in the workplace.

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Migration refers to the movement of individuals or groups of people from one place to another. During the particular era, many people were attracted to coming to America due to the economic oppurtunities provided like better job chances and the desire for hopeful better living conditions for a better quality of life.

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The Gilded Age refers to a period in American history that lasted from the 1870s to the early 1900s. Under this time frame came rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth. Technological advancements, such as the expansion of railroads and the rise of industrial giants, contributed to economic prosperity for some. However, this period was also makred by stark income inequality political corruption, and social challenges. The wealth generated by the industrialization was concentrated in the hands of a few powerful individuals and corporations, leading to the emergence of a wealthy elite class. At the same time, many workers faced poor working conditions, long hours, and low wages. The Gilded Age was also characterized by political corruption, with powerful business interests influencing government policies and decisions.

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Social Darwinism is a socio-economic and political ideology that emerged in the late 19th century. It draws its inspiration from Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. When applied to society, social Darwinism involves the misapplication of Darwinian concepts the human social and economic organization. It suggests that societal progress and success can be linked to the natural selection process observed in biology were certain groups, individuals, or socieities are inherently superior to others with better traits and helps maintain social disparities.

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The Gospel of Wealth is an ideology that emerged in the late 19th century, primarily associated with Andrew Carnegie. Individuals who amass substantial wealth have a moral obligation to use their riches for the greater good of society it is proclaimed by the method. Those with significant financial means should view their wealth as a trust or stewarship and actively engage in philanthropy to address social issues. That is by contributing to their resources to benefit the community and contribute to societal progress.

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Muckraking is to investigate and reveal genuine or perceived wrongdoing by a notable individual or business in a public manner.

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Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States naval officer and historian and one of the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century if not the most. This was because he believed that sea power—the strength of a nation's navy—was the key to strong foreign policy. So Alfred Thayer Mahan shaped American military planning and helped prompt a worldwide naval race in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

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It is the belief and desire of a government and its people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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One taking great pride in their nation and soley identifying strongly with it such as in support of its interests at the detriment of the interests of other nations.

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The League of Nations was an international organization in which was created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.