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Following the reaching of their objectives on D-Day, Canadian troops made their way into Holland and Belgium. Holland is a significant place to Canada as they were responsible for the liberation of the country. Canada is still celebrated by Holland to this day, for giving their country freedom. Without the victory of Juno Beach, Canada would not have been able to liberate Holland.

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WWII - Development of Hurricane fighter planes - Thunder Bay, ON

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WWII - Development of Hurricane fighter planes - Thunder Bay, ON

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In Thunder Bay, the Hurricane fighter plane was developed. This manufacturing was very important for Canada's European allies. Elsie MacGill, a Canadian woman, designed the modular building of the aircraft. These planes were sent to Europe at a rapid pace as they were needed in the Battle of Britain, which the RCAF helped in. Canada's help in this battle and D-Day proved their determination and strength in the War.

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WWII - Canada in D-Day - Juno Beach, France

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WWII - Canada in D-Day - Juno Beach, France

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Juno Beach is one of the most significant places for Canada in the Second World War. On D-Day, Canadians landed on Juno Beach, with the goal of passing through German defenses. The men faced artillery, machine gun fire, mines, barbed wire, and many other obstacles. They fought through and won the battle, helping the Allied Forces put an end to Nazi Germany and the World War.

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Boom & Bust - Canada's largest port in the 20s - Montréal, QC

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Boom & Bust - Canada's largest port in the 20s - Montréal, QC

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In the 1920s, prohibition make alcohol illegal everywhere, but Montreal. The liquor sales and taxes was great for their economy, allowing their city to be thriving. Many tourists were brought in, however crime also came along with that. The state of Montreal at this time was much different than in a place like Winnipeg as people were thriving and living a more luxurious lifestyle.

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Boom & Bust - Poor living conditions and major bust - Toronto, ON

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Boom & Bust - Poor living conditions and major bust - Toronto, ON

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In the midst of Canada's weakened economy, the population was growing rapidly. Toronto developed "slums" for poor or new immigrants. These were bad for people as diseases like Typhoid and Diptheria breeded well in the bad conditions. The boom in the early 20th century led to these worsening conditions for people as they lost jobs and homes. However, a positive to come from this was the pasteurization of milk.

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Boom & Bust - Canada's first strike - Winnipeg, MB

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Boom & Bust - Canada's first strike - Winnipeg, MB

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Following WWI, Canada's economy falls into shambles. The Winnipeg general strike took place in May of 1919. This was the first ever Canadian strike to fight for workers rights. Different from the prior boom situation in Calgary, Winnipeg ended up battling the loss of many jobs which led to violence and death.

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Boom & Bust - Oil Development/discovery - Calgary, AB

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Boom & Bust - Oil Development/discovery - Calgary, AB

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Calgary was the first oil "Boom Town" in the 20th century. The city exploded in size as many jobs were created to keep up with the rapid industrialization. Significant for the province of Alberta since oil was first discovered there.

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WWI - End of WWII, Canadian soldiers go home - Compiègne, France

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WWI - End of WWII, Canadian soldiers go home - Compiègne, France

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Where the armistice was signed ending WWI. Over the course of the war, Canada lost 60,000 soldiers with 172,000 being wounded.

As many Canadian men expected to be home by Christmas, no one expected to have had a battle of such intensity and loss.

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WWI - The Battle at Vimy Ridge - Vimy, France

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WWI - The Battle at Vimy Ridge - Vimy, France

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The Battle at Vimy Ridge is Canada's most celebrated victory from WWI. Four divisions of Canadian Corps fought together for the first time and captured the ridge from the Germans. Different from Ypres battles, this was a total victory for Canada, giving them confidence and showing their strength as an underdog in the war.

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WWI - First use of gas warfare and Canada holds back German advance - Ypres, Belgium

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WWI - First use of gas warfare and Canada holds back German advance - Ypres, Belgium

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In the 2nd Battle of Ypres, the Canadians successfully held back German advance. In this battle, Anishinaabe sniper, Francis Pegahmagabow survived the first chlorine gas attack. He became the most decorated Indigenous soldier in Canada's history.

Canada had to fight in the first battle where gas was used as a weapon by the Germans.

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Treaty 11 place of signing.

Signed between First Nations and the government following Confederation as the country expanded its borders. It covers what is now present day Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Treaty 11 provided money, supplies, reserves and other promises in exchange for the traditional Indigenous land. Reserves were created based on area per family like the rest of the treaties and the government could take parts of the reserves for new public works like roads as long as it was compensated for. Rights were given to hunt, fish, and trap, subject to government regulation. Once reserves were selected, each group would receive 10 axes, 5 handsaws, 5 augers and 1 grindstone and files and whetstones to keep the equipment sharp. Each family would get $50 worth of hunting supplies and $3 worth of twine, ammunition or other needed supplies. One-time payments were given - $32 to Chiefs, $22 to each headman and $12 to everyone else. Each year following everyone would receive more payment, just slightly less. For education, the government agreed “to pay the salaries of teachers to instruct the children of said Indians in such manner as His Majesty’s government may deem advisable.” This treaty took place in a new area of the country at the time, so for the Indigenous people it looked like a brighter, wealthier future would be coming. Everything promised would brighten their lives, or so they would have thought.

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Treaty 10 place of signing.

Signed between the government and Indigenous people of northern Saskatchewan and Alberta. Reserve land was again proportionally distributed based on family size, with more or less area given based on the number of people in the family. Those who chose to live apart, were given 160 acres per person. Rights to hunt fish and trap were allowed as long as the land wasn't needed for things like mining or settlement. Assistance with education and agriculture was offered from the government but in lesser clear terms. As well like the other treaties, the government offered money - initially $32 per chief (and medals, flags and suits of clothing), $22 per headman and $12 per individual, plus a small amount every year following.

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Treaty Nine - Ottawa, ON. James Bay Treaty.  

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Treaty Nine - Ottawa, ON. James Bay Treaty.  

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Treaty Nine place of signing.

This treaty was signed between the Crown and the Cree and Anishinaabe in the Ontario area. This treaty covers most of present day Ontario. The Indigenous were required to "cede, release, surrender and yield up... their rights, titles and privileges" to both lands and resources within the treaty limits. Annuities were set at $4 for each person and each Chief received a Union Jack Flag and cop of the treaty. This treaty also promised to provide for the salaries of teachers, the building costs and educational equipment. Reserve land was secured proportionally based on one square mile per family of five and traditional activities such as hunting, fishing and trapping could continue as long as federal regulations were followed. Similar to the past treaties, for the Indigenous people in the area this would have been a great opportunity to sign as they were promised many things.

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Treaty Eight - Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta

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Treaty Eight - Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta

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Treaty 8 place of signing.

This treaty was signed by the Crown and the First Nations people of the Lesser Slave Lake area. This treaty covers a great area of northern Alberta, northwest Saskatchewan, and parts of Northwest Territories and BC. Treaty 8 provided reserve land, annuities and other promises in the exchange for the surrender of the land. The written terms included the continued right to hunt, trap and fish under certain regulations. It excluded areas that could have been needed for settlement, mining, lumbering, trading, etc. Salaries for teachers to teach the children were included in this treaty. Plus livestock and agriculture implements for groups interested in using the land for crop growth or gardening. This treaty provided many needs to the Indigenous people that they may not have had prior, which would make this negotiation enticing to them.

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Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park, Wheatland County, AB

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Treaty Seven - Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park, Wheatland County, AB

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Treaty Seven - Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park, Wheatland County, AB

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Treaty Seven place of signing.

Treaty Seven was signed between the Government of Canada and the Plains First Nations. Each Indigenous family of five received one square mile of land on the reserve. A payment of $12 was given to every man, woman and child immediately following the signing. Annual payments to every chief, every minor chief or councillor and all others were promised as well. Chiefs would receive a Winchester rifle, while the head cheifs and Stoney chiefs would receive a medal and flag to honor the treaty. The government also agreed to play the salaries to teachers on reserves as well as give out $2000 worth of ammunition each year. Lastly, each family was given cattle proportional to the size of the family and chiefs were promised one bull each for the use of their band. The Indigenous people would have been pleased hearing all these terms as no one had been promised a salary before or cattle for the survival of their people.

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Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK

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Treaty Six - Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK

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Treaty Six - Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK

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Treaty Six place of signing.

Treaty Six was signed between the Crown and Cree, Assiniboine, and Ojibwe leaders. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land, Treaty 6 provided an annual cash payment of twenty-five dollars per chief, fifteen per headman, and five for all other people. As well as a one-time cash payment of twelve dollars for each band member. Schools were established on reserves and each family of five was given about one square mile of land on the reserve. This treaty also provided twine and ammunition at a value of $1500 per year and many provisions. For the first three years following the treaty signing, Indigenous farmers were entitled to $1000 in supplies. Finally, Indigenous peoples kept their right to hunt, fish, and trap on reserve land. This was a very pleasing treaty for those Indigenous groups as they were promised to many things to grow their agriculture business and retrain their traditional ways of life.

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Treaty Five place of signing.

This treaty was signed between the Canadian government, Ojibwe peoples and the Swampy Cree of Lake Winnipeg. In this treaty, the Indigenous gave up title to their land in exchange for reserve land where they could hunt, fish, and trap. The government retained rights to the land to use for public works as long as they upheld the treaty. The Indigenous were promised reserve schools, controlled liquor traffic on the reserves as well as give out annual payments. Five dollars per person, fifteen per band leader, and twenty-five per chief, plus additional gifts were provided. To the Indigenous people, this treaty would have provided many upgrades and benefits to their traditional lifestyles.

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Treaty Four place of signing.

This treaty was signed between the Cree and Saulteaux and Queen Victoria which now represents most of present day southern Saskatchewan. Many of these terms were similar to Treaty Three, however had a few minor differences. Each person was to receive an annual payment of five dollars and a gift of clothing. Chiefs would receive 25 dollars annually plus a one-time 25 dollar payment, a coat, and a silver medal. Every three years, Chiefs and/or band leaders would receive new clothing. Each family of five would receive 640 acres (or one square mile) of land that they could sell back to the government if they pleased. In addition to all of those terms, Treaty Four provided for farming tools, ammunition, reserves, and schools, as well as guaranteed Indigenous rights to hunt, fish, and trap on all ceded land (except for the land used for agriculture, forestry, mining or settlement).

Treaty Four seemed to have set the Indigenous people up for a good life, providing many things that would benefit them greatly.

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Treaty Three place of signing.

This treaty was signed between some Saulteaux people and the Government of Canada. Under the terms of Treaty Three, the government promised to set aside reserves for the Saulteaux people. They also promised many monetary awards including a one-time cash payment of twelve dollars per family of five, and five dollars annually per person. Lastly, the government agreed to provide funding for the purchase of farm equipment and other tools. These terms would have been very appealing to the Saulteaux as it would bring their people together and give them a greater opportunity to further their own lives on their own.

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Treaty Two place of signing.

Treaty two was signed between the Anishinaabe of southern Manitoba and Canada. The written terms were very similar to those of Treaty One in regards to gratuities, reserve schools, and prohibition of liquor sales. As well each group would receive a large enough reserve to provide each family with 160 acres of land. This type of treaty would allow the Indigenous people to live together and share their own traditional lands amongst themselves as well as reaffirm their rights as Anishinaabe people prior to European contact.

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Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Provincial Trunk Highway 9, Saint Andrews, MB

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Treaty One - Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Provincial Trunk Highway 9, Saint Andrews, MB

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Treaty One - Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Provincial Trunk Highway 9, Saint Andrews, MB

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Treaty One place of signing.

This was the first treaty signed that would help establish Western Canada between the Anishinabek and Swampy Cree of Southern Manitoba and Canada. For the Indigenous people, what the Crown had promised was very pleasing. Each group was to receive a large enough land area to give 160 acres to each family, as well as each man, woman, and child would be given a one time payment of three dollars which would be a yearly payment of fifteen dollars all together. This treaty also protected education rights as the government promised to maintain schools on each reserve.

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Rupert's land, which has now been divided into many provinces across the country of Canada played a significant role in Confederation and the Metis Resistance. It was transferred to the Dominion of Canada and many Metis people feared for their culture and land rights under the Canadian government. This had a hand in starting the Metis Resistance.

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Imprisonment of Poundmaker and Big Bear - Manitoba

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Imprisonment of Poundmaker and Big Bear - Manitoba

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Where Poundmaker and and Big Bear were imprisoned for three years following the resistance. They were punished for trying to lead their people to full freedom. Significant in the way the government treated First Nations people in Canada.

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End of Resistance - Fort Garry, Winnipeg, MB

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End of Resistance - Fort Garry, Winnipeg, MB

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Louis Riel withdrew from Fort Garry before troops could arrive which marked the end of the resistance. He needed to pull back in order to protect himself and his people. His voice was not being heard by the people that needed to listen.

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The birthplace of Metis leader Gabriel Dumont, who was important for the Metis people as he led their military forces. He was a key commander and allie with Louis Riel. A selfless and brave leader in the conflict.

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Where the battle of Duck Lake took place between the North-West Mounted Police and the Metis people as the resistance moved westward. This battle was significant for the Metis people as it was an important victory during a time of uncertainty regarding land rights. Gabriel Dumont led this group Metis people.

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Where the Canadian Pacific Railway began its development. Created a ton of tension throughout the country. The CPR still has lasting effects on the country today. Was both crucial and detrimental and the same time.

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Place of Quebec Conference in 1864 prior to Confederation. Decided that each province would have their own legislature and would be divided by the federal and provincial government as well as that Ottawa would be the capital.

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Charlottetown Conference - Charlottetown, PE

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Charlottetown Conference - Charlottetown, PE

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Setting of Charlottetown Conference, where Confederation was discussed. The beginning of the agreements which would be made in Confederation. Many influential political leaders met in one place to lay the foundation for Confederation and all it would entail.

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The place of the hanging of Louis Riel. Memorable and significant to the Metis people in which Riel led in the 1885 Resistance. He was an inspirational leader who fought for his own.

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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Battle of Batoche - Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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Battle of Batoche - Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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Where the battle of Batoche took place in 1885 where the Metis battled for their rights. This was the last significant battle of the Metis Resistance. The Metis were defeated by the federal government militia.

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The loyalists were given land grants in New Brunswick and that was the area they settled in. Their settlement grew crucial for the development of the province of Ontario.

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The Acadians settled around the Bay of Fundy prior to their expulsion. They settled around here to further their lives as farmers and fishers.

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Many French Canadians in Modern Day Quebec are descendents of the Filles Du Rois women who were sent over. The French background still lives on today.

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The officials in London recommended the Royal Proclamation which would be created and signed between the British and First Nations people. This agreement would lead to many more agreements and conflicts in the future.

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Huge for the fur trading business and the economy of Europe and the New World. The Hudson Bay Company was a major power at this time.

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Post Acadian Expulsion - New Orleans, LA, USA

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Post Acadian Expulsion - New Orleans, LA, USA

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Following the expulsion, many Acadians went to Louisiana as there was still belief that the French were in control. They went in large numbers with the hopes of finding French influence and people.

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Beginning of French and British hostility - Ohio River, United States

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Beginning of French and British hostility - Ohio River, United States

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Hostilities grew between the French and British in the Ohio river valley as they both wanted the area. This led to conflict and war.

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The British choice to expel the Acadians from British North America took place in Nova Scotia. They rid the area of al Acadians to get an upper hand on the French who they were battling with.

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A major defeat for the French in the Seven Years War. Pivotal moment in the war.

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Gateway to New France - St. Lawrence River

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Gateway to New France - St. Lawrence River

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The St. Lawrence river was the gateway to New France for Champlain and his men. All importing and exporting took place through the St. Lawrence. Would be a critical place for all groups of people.

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Tommy Douglas of Saskatchewan introduced free health care for Canadians in Saskatchewan.

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The Battle of Vimy Ridge is significant to Canada as it was a victory in the First World War.

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The capital of Canada.

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In 1914, the Komagata Maru arrived from India in the hopes of creating a better life. B.C denied their entry and forced them to stay on the boat. An uprising grew and the situation took lives. The country denied the immigration which is very significant in Canada's history.

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The British government passed the Quebec act. This guaranteed freedom of worship and restored French rights.

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Signing of Treaty 4 - Fort Qu'Appelle, SK

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Signing of Treaty 4 - Fort Qu'Appelle, SK

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Treaty 4 was signed at Fort QuAppelle, Sk on September 15, 1874. This treaty covers the majority of South-East Saskatchewan.