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A force is a push or a pull, an action that changes or maintains the motion of a body or a object.

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Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

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Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

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The law of inertia states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue moving with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.

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A property of matter by which it remains at rest or in unchanging motion unless acted on by some external force.

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The force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.

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Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

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The quantity of matter within a given object.

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For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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The vector sum of all the forces that act upon an object.

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A force which opposes relative motion between two surfaces in contact with each other.

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A force which tries to pull two objects toward each other.

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The amount or quantity of heaviness or mass.

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The force that surfaces exert to prevent solid objects from passing through each other.

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The pulling or stretching force transmitted axially along an object such as a string, rope, chain, rod, truss member, or other object, so as to stretch or pull apart the object.

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The force acting on an object that is moving through air flowing in the opposite direction.

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A state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces.

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A force that is applied to an object by a person or another object.

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The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement

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A push or pull on an object that can cause it to accelerate

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The length over which a force is applied. Measured in meters.

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The SI unit of work, defined as one newton of force applied over one meter of distance.

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Work done when the force and displacement are in the same direction.

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Work done when the force and displacement are in the opposite direction.

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The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred over time.

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The SI unit of power, equivalent to one joule per second (J/s)

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The energy an object possesses due to its height above a reference point in a gravitational field.

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The vertical distance of an object above a reference level. Measured in meters.

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The amount of matter in a object, usually measured in kilograms.

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The acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface, approximately 9.81 m/s^2

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The energy an object possesses due its motion.

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The speed of an object in a given direction.

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The sum of kinetic and potential energy in a system.

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The principle stating that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.

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The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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A measure of how much useful work or energy output is obtained from a given amount of energy input, often expressed as a percentage.

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The process of changing energy from one form to another (e.g., potential energy to kinetic energy)

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The study of electric chargers at rest and the forces between them.

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A property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric field; comes in two types: positive and negative.

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The SI unit of electric charge.

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Principle that states the total electric charge in an isolated system is constant. Charge is not created or destroyed. It is instead transferred.

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The law describing the electrostatic force between two charges, which states that force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

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A region around a charged particle where other charged particles experience a force.

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Imaginary lines used to represent the direction and strength of an electric field; lines point away from positive charges and toward negative charges.

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A device used to detect electric charge.

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A material that allows electrons to move freely, facilitating the flow of electric.

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A material that does not easily allow electrons to flow through it, restricting the movement of electric charge.

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A method of charging an object without direct contact, by bringing a charged object near it to create a charge separation. Requires grounding

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A method of charging an object by direct contact (touching) transferring charge from one object to another

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A method of transferring charge by rubbing two objects together, resulting in one object gaining electrons and becoming negatively charged, while the other loses electrons and becomes positively charged.

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The process of allowing excess charge to move from an object to the Earth, which can accept an unlimited amount of charge.

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The force exerted between charged objects, which can be either attractive or repulsive. Depends on both the charge of the objects (q) and the distance between them (r)

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the accumulation of excess electric charges on an object's surface.

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The smallest unit of matter that retains the identity of an element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

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A neutral particle with no charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.

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The central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons, where most of the atom's mass is concentrated.

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A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter.

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The material through which a wave travels (e.g., air, water, or a solid)

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A wave in which particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction the wave travels.

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A wave in which particles of the medium move parallel to the direction the wave travels.

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The maximum distance a wave extends from its rest position, related to the wave's energy.

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The distance between two consecutive points in phase on a wave, such as from crest to crest or trough to trough.

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The number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time, measured in Hertz (Hz)

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The time taken for one complete wave cycle to pass a point. Equal to 1/f.

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The rate at which a wave travels through a medium, calculated as v = fλ.

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The highest point of a transverse wave.

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The lowest point of a transverse wave.

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A region in a longitudinal where particles are closest together.

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A region in a longitudinal wave where particles are spread apart.

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A wave that does not require a medium to travel; it consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, such as light or radio wave.

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A wave that requires a medium to travel, such as sound or water waves.

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The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface that it cannot pass through.

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The bending of a wave as it enters a medium at an angle, changing its speed.

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The spreading out of waves when they pass through a narrow opening or around obstacles.

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The phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium, resulting in a new wave pattern.

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When two waves combine to form a wave with a large amplitude.

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When two waves combine to form a wave with a smaller amplitude or cancel each other out.

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A wave that appears to be stationary, formed by the interference of two waves traveling in opposite directions.

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The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.

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The increase in amplitude that occurs when a periodic force is applied at the natural frequency of an object or system.

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Radio waves are used to navigation: GPS and maritime systems.

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Microwaves are used to radar: tracking weather patterns and aircraft.

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Infrared Waves are used to astronomy: studying heat-emitting celestial objects.

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Visible light is used to technology: in cameras, fiber optics, and lasers.

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Ultraviolet rays are used to medicine: treating skin disorders like psoriasis.

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X-Rays are used for medical imaging: examining bones, teeth, and internal organs.

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Gamma rays are used to astronomy: studying high-energy cosmic phenomena like supernovas.

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A scientific explanation for the origin of the universe, proposing it began as a single, extremely hot and dense point approximately 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.

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Radiation left over from the early stages of the universe, considered evidence of the Big Bang.

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A point in space time where density and gravity become infinite, thought to be the starting point of the Big Bang.

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The lengthening of light waves as they move away from an observer, evidence that the universe is expanding.

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The ongoing increase in distance between galaxies in the universe since the Big Bang.

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A massive system of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity.

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The galaxy that contains our Solar System.

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A galaxy characterized by a flat, rotating disk with arms that spiral outward, like the Milky Way.

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A galaxy shaped like a sphere or elongated oval, with little gas and dust.

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A galaxy that lacks a distinct shape or structure.

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The force that attracts objects with mass toward one another, holding galaxies together.

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A luminous ball of gas, primarily hydrogen and helium, held together by gravity and powered by nuclear fusion.

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The process where hydrogen atoms combine to form helium, releasing energy in the core of a star.