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they all have build a relationship with other country to trade.

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Even Mail's court religion is Islam and they hate unequal ,the woman can't wear any clothes.It don't make any sense.

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because one of jesuit advisor decided that heretical Ethiopians had to be brought in line and converted to Roman Catholicism. It cause rebellion.

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Yuruba were formed by multyple cities and each ruled by an oba. Oyo, one of the Yoruba city-states was at an advantageous place for trade their ritual products and war captives

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All three kingdoms focused heavily on trade to increase their wealth, and had relationships with European kingdoms based on the spread of religion. They were also very established and civilized empires.

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Yoruba was comprised of multiple city-states that were each ruled by an Oba. The city-states were very wealthy and due to their proximity to the sea, conducted a lot of trade. The status of women was higher than other regions as some of the city-states were ruled by women Obas.

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Mali was a very wealthy empire due to the abundant amounts of gold that it traded with European empires. This also led to internal conflicts over the ownership of the gold. They were also a largely Muslim population, but had practices that contrasted the Islam religion compared to the empires around them.

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Trade drove economic activity at the time, and to be a prosperous and growing society, you must have an economic edge in some sort of resource or location. All of these societies were developed and civilized and heavily depended on their trading activities for this growth.

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An Oba ruled each Yoruba city, in contrast to one overall ruler. As they were near the sea, they were able to trade easily. And Oyo, being in the centre, could trade with other city states via land. The women, in comparison to other societies at the time, had similar status to men

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A key event of Ethiopia was the presence of Prester John, who was seen as a powerful Christian patriarch. He brought Christianity to Ethiopia, contrasting the growing influence of the Muslims in the region. As a result, they conflicted with nearby regions, which were largely Muslim.

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Mali was very wealthy, prospering off the gold trade. They made this very public and drove a lot of commercial activity. However, despite these riches, they did not allocate enough to their military. Eventually, they were conquered by the Songhai Empire and then Morroco.

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1, Yoruba city-states are a collection of city states that resides within the region of Benin, with highly autonomous governing authority among the Oba in the ways of governance; geographically, Benin resides at the coastal region that connect Western & Southwestern Africa, thus allowing them to benefit from the Transatlantic slave trade as well
2, Military advancement and governmental reforms drove changes, Benen became unified through superior military force and advancement in tactics, whilst its more centralised authority allows them to exert influence beyond the walls of their capital city
3, Yoruba city-states most likely have amicable relations with each other and surrounding states, with Europeans perhaps influencing politics within some cities until unification under Benin

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Ethiopia had close relations with other European countries as it served as a trading post, but as the Ottoman Empire was declining, the trading around the Red Sea/Indian Ocean declined as well.

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They all had some kinds of natural resources for trade and gained wealth

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Their histories were all highly transient and strongly influenced by European powers

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Why did Oyo rise to became a powerful state but not other states like Ijebu and Benin,which were also located in the coast,favoring trade.

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The geography gave such a big advantage with military and trade that power concentrated with the Oyo state. I think that this is what made the change when the people took advantage of this level of geography which enhanced trade and economies.

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The Yoruba had a highly sophisticated artistic tradition and bronze working techniques. Bronzes were made as portraits of obas in a realistic and detailed manner. Is it possible they had contact with the art of other civilizations such as that of the Islamic world or China?

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It was an city-state . Although the city-state was loacted in an advantage place for trade , it cant build a big and powerful economy.

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Econ: advantageous trade positions

Religion: Sophisticated religious structure

Politics & interactions: Have a kind of love-hate relationship with neighbours & Europe: reliance on them for trade and wealth, but their interactions often become a result for decline (war, or reason for war/conflict)

(Yuhe and Aleena)

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Its was located near the red sea and the Byzantine Empire and there were trades between different European regions. The Ethiopian-Adal war marked the decline of the empire

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Yoruba city utilized the advantageous geographical location of Oyo for trade, driving the economic development and international status in war captives

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She was so rich that she was able to worsen the hyper inflation in Cairo by 30 years because of one vacation of Mansa Musa.

The gold resources in Mali were so rich

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Wealthy due to their gold and rising commercial trade. Islam court religion.

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Both Ethiopia,Mali,Yoruba city-states had trading relations with Europe.

The external influence from Europe and other African Empire existed in three states,driving change to both three countries.

The three countries took part in the slave trade

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There was no great empire that could control the whole region until the rise of Oyo.

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Ka Ho

All 3 countries deeply valued their religions and cultures. While Aksum's culture was derived from cultural exchanges with Europeans (Catholics)'s its high respect and influence was seen by the Jesuit influence and its ability to destabilise the country. It was also exposed to certain benifits with Europe, such as the portuguese aiding Ethiopia against the Adal war. The latter countries were also exposed to Europe by conquest or trade. This led to the rapid development of those who are able to grasp the opportunities, such as the Oyo within the Yoruba city states that could trade slaves and horses with europe. Mali which focused on itself was too eventually opened up to Europe via a Spanish Morrocan expeditionary force. Therefore, they were all influenced to some degree by Europeans voluntarilty or involutarily and shaped their course of development, influencing their cultures and nations.

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age of decline and emergence of underclass after inter-African/foreign contact

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age of decline and emergence of underclass after inter-African/foreign contact

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All three kingdoms were wealthy, cosmopolitan, and had advanced cultural traditions, but regional conflicts and cultural exchanges within Africa and dynamics of power with foreign states led to the emergence of an underclass and periods of “decline”: Malians were conquered by Saadians who traded enslaved peoples, Ethiopia was usurped by Jesuits, the Oyo kingdom became more powerful than its surrounding states and began trading war captives with Europeans.

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Some key details of the Mali Empire was how wealthy they were as they had direct access to gold mines. They were also devout Muslims who believed in punishing wrongdoers and lived by the virtues of the Quran.

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All of them were incredibly wealthy, had great natural resources, were placed in geographically advantageous areas and had strong spiritual beliefs.

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The arts have much of religious connections and of ritual purposes, which later have been infused with military connotations.

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Have experienced several changes in states ( from Nri to Igala to Benin), and well developed in trade and military during 17th century Oyo.

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Mali was a land rich of gold. Islam was established as the court religion. Mali started to split after a new commercial rise up. Morocco conquered the area to take over the trade of gold and the enslaved.

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The European ruined the three places :(. (Im so sleepy, I only slept for 2 hours yesterday)

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Yoruba city states technologically advanced and sphad great and sophisticated artistry skills with their making of brass sculptures and the Benin bronzes, alongside their military adopting skilled cavalry tactics. Yoruba city states might have been more open than their surrounding countries as women obas were also quite common. Their relationship with the neighbouring countries might not have been the best as despite their trading with the countries, they sold the war captives to European traders, which might have caused resentment from the families of the captives

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All eventually gained a reputation and became known to Europe through religion or trade

Economic changes led to ascendancy or conflicts

Contact with foreign travelers and states influenced local religions and customs

None were particularly unified

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Trade was important in all three histories . Showing that they have connected to the other countries.

All three histories have faced instability from the political or social aspects.

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All areas are active trading states and held religion beliefs

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Wealthy City state that traded bronze. Later on, traded with the Europeans. Traded war captives and horses.

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BY : NATPAPAT JANKAJORN / AMBER REDDIN/ CARL ADRIAN PUNONGBAYAN

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BY : NATPAPAT JANKAJORN / AMBER REDDIN/ CARL ADRIAN PUNONGBAYAN

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The Nri state ruler had an abundance of wealth and carried fine brass sculptures. The major Yoruba cities had a ruler named an oba. In addition, Oyo was a great place for trade.

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Unstable military forces and political situation

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Unstable military forces and political situation

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Three histories had been conquered by other empires because of their rapid changing of control in their empires like ritual community changed to king presidency in Yoruba city and religious problem leading to war and disharmony in other two empires

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Mali was wealthy, which was contributed mainly by their direct control of gold mines.

As an Islamic country, it’s culture was quite different from Europe.

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Advantageous location for overseas trading and abundant natural resources for export.

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It was decentralised and each Yoruba city had an oba as a ruler.

Yoruba believed neither in Islam nor Christianity.

Later, Oyo turned into an empire and had territorial expansion by taking advantage of trade and cavalry tactics.

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All involved some kind of religious practice, WAS rich, somehow near the coast(?) which favours trade by geographic means

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They were successful because they had direct access to gold for trading.

They then decline as commercial areas split off and become new empires.

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All three of the African states were significantly engaged in trading, which was the main mechanism for their growth and prosperity. However, their states declined after certain European interventions. For example, rebellions broke out in Ethiopia due to the Jesuits, the Songhais were conquered by the Saadians who were aided by the Spanish, and the Oyo who was engaged in the slave trade. That is my observation in this lecture.

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Why the Morrocans only conquer Mali after 1500s? 

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Why the Morrocans only conquer Mali after 1500s? 

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If the Mali is rich, why won't they be looted much earlier on?

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Trade: Gold, Ivory…African regions had resources European lacked and looked for as luxury goods.

Slavery: There was a slavery tradition among all these regions well before European enslavement.

Culture: Usually these regions were open to and welcomed outside religions, either Muslim or Christianity, but they did keep part of their primitive or original traditions.

Decline in power: They were weakened as trade importance decreased and continuous wars hurt the countries. European influence took part in the weakening of African kingdoms.

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All three had established trading systems, with the Mediterranean and Europe most often, that helped their prosperity. Religion also often played a role in politics of all three countries. It was the reason Ethiopia declined in the war, was part of the lifestyle in Mali for the elite, and in the Yoruba city states the ruler had a ritual function in religion.

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Obas ruled Yoruba cities and had a ritual function. People in Yoruba conserved their traditional rituals . Women had a relatively higher social status compared to other countries at that time

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All 3 areas are influenced by their religion/rituals

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Yoruba city-states is composed of many Yoruba city, and each city is ruled by an Oba.As both men or women could become the Oba, showing that there were not severe gender inequality .

The rise of Oyo led to the change,transforming it from a city to an empire.

The relation between Yoruba and Europe was close because of the slave trade.

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Women used to have a higher status.

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they are both trading states

Mali is rich in gold, Benim has good trading networks etc

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TheYoruba city-states hv great artistry. Their bronze statues are very famous.

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Some key details about the Mali Empire include how wealthy they were as they had direct access to gold mines. They were also devout Muslims who punished the wrongdoers and lived by the virtues of the Quran. They had good relations with their neighbours as they could trade with them but they were also attacked by their surrounding countries such as Morocco with the Saadians as they could access the riches of the Mali empire.

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Women Status were somehow equivalent with men before 1900, since some of the Oba (king) were women.

With their own religious culture and advances artistic technology. Slave trade after Oyo became dominant.

Heard about Voodoo practice in Benin in the past.

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The peak of these kingdoms did not last when other countries influenced them

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The peak of these kingdoms did not last when other countries influenced them

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1.Connections with other regions of the world

2.They were rich and strong at first but all declined at a certain point

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Yoruba had a city-states political structure with each state ruled by an Oba. Compared to the other African empires during that time, women's status was seen as more decent as female Oba was also common within the area.

hilary cheng

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They were comprised of states instead of one singular state with one ruler. There were women rulers aswell and also some states had geographical advantages for trading.

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All three places didnt have a sense of unity to build a great empire .Ethiopia : Disunity in religion . Mali : Disunity in building one big economy . Yoruba city-states : Disunity in ruling .

Li Tsun Hing , Martin

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The king was rich as he had a lot of gold, Mali had a powerful influence in the economic field at that time. Yet, it became weak as there were conquests of its cities. (Daisy)

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Each major Yoruba city was ruled by an Oba. As Yoruba city-states were near to the sea, could access different ports for doing trade easily. While Oyo was in the center of the other city-states, hence, it can trade with other city states easily through land route.

Chu Wing Lam Anneliese

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There are relations between religion and trade

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Each major Yoruba city was ruled by an Oba who was the king. The development of the oyo city state occurred as it was an advantageous place for trade. Different city states were dominant during different centuries.

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Three states all had normal relationship with their surrounding states, by which I mean neither so closed like allies nor with frequent wars.

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Three states all had normal relationship with their surrounding states, by which I mean neither so closed like allies nor with frequent wars.

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All three places are linked with economic incentives and to increase economic power over their states. But this obsessiveness over money and wealth caused them to trade with Europeans and lead to their downfall.

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They both wereclosed to the sea so that it made them the advantageous places for trade

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The main idea of this time is trading. Trading supported each districts to improve economy. It can be said the true trade opponents, the people from the north helped each areas to enhance in power.

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Much like the previous histories, the Yoruba city-states (in particular Oyo), were abundant in wealth. As such, Oyo acted as a trade centre in the 17th century.

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Trade strengthened these empires, caused them to have trading relationships with other places. They became relatively wealthy. Each power had their own religion that was followed by people, people converted to the religion of that empire.

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Mali was very wealthy and rich in gold resources. Islam was the court religion. New commercial area (Songhai) rose up and became powerful. Eventually, it was conquered by the Saadians

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In all 3 areas, each civilisation had its own unique power structure, while most were monarchies, some had more ceremonial roles than others. The practice of religion and its interpretation was also different in each example. Food and art

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Actively engaging in trade and all of them were established kingdoms with unique political system and state religion . All of them had interactions with European countries or Islamic countries in the middle east.

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Wealthy empire but lack of social respect in its citizens 

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Wealthy empire but lack of social respect in its citizens 

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Mail was wealthy because of its gold fields but as the clothing showed that women and slaves had no rights in clothing. They could only be naked in front of all people which had no respect at all, which might be a reason why Mail had weak military force leading to its conquer by Songhai

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All became wealth because of trading, especially with western countries.

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They all have some sort of religious influence in the state (muslim, Christianity and local rituals) and grew powerful through trading.

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Within each History there was trade with Europeans. There are slaves present, either in their own empire or being sold to Europeans. The change in religion led to conflict and the weakening of 2 empires.

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BY : NATPAPAT JANKAJORN /  AMBER REDDIN/ CARL ADRIAN PUNONGBAYAN

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BY : NATPAPAT JANKAJORN /  AMBER REDDIN/ CARL ADRIAN PUNONGBAYAN

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All three places were advantageous for trading, especially with Europeans, the Islamic worlds and within Africa. They all experienced decline.

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The trading of materials like gold and slaves from Africa to Europe has been prominent in later centuries where connections between Europe and Africa has increased. Showing that both sides were technologically advanced and still on equal footing.

The religious community has also influenced the local religions of Africa where Ethiopia has converted to Catholicism where others were Muslim countries.

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They all have different religious beliefs, and they were all wealthy due to gold abundance/trading with European countries

Valerie

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It was established through religious and military means.

Trade is the driving factor

It was in tension with countries around it because they needed to wage wars to capture slaves, which would be sold to Europeans.

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Ethiopia, Mali and Oyo all had contacts with Europeans due to growing international trade and economic development.

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All were once quite prosperous places that did quite a lot of trading but eventually reached a decline. Additionally all have connections to Europe.

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since ethiopia was a christian country while others around it were not

—> had a hostile relationship

+ religion tends to be a rather sensitive topic

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Trades and regions

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trade cus this the only way that three countries have connection

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Women rulers were once common but that later changed around the 19th century. Possibly due to European/ Western influences?

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All three empires/states had an abundance of wealth compared to their contemporaries. Yet, all three histories were heavily influenced by their respective religions (Islam, Christianity, spirituality in the Yoruba city-states). The religion also affected the spending of their wealth.

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Both 3 region rosed because of their flourishing trade industry, and hence be heavily influenced by their partner in terms of culture and idea, goods and services.

Hence they are modernized to some extent as new ideas, goods flew to different areas, leading to events happened such as the heavy inflation in Cairo caused by the vacation of Mansa musa

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All areas were involved in trade and trade were there primary way to obtain resources

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for all three histories, trade aided in their expansion as by doing so, they could acquire more materials and goods.

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Three places had been the most prosperous states in Africa, more or less affected by different religions, as well as establishing connections with Europe.

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all of them had good geographic location, which they were all near to the sea. Hence, the location facilitated the trade and the spreading of religion from other countries.

Chu Wing Lam Anneliese

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Expansionism facilitated commerce, such as the slave or gold trades

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Mali was a Islamic state, and was first introduced as an ''incredibly wealthy state'' due to its direct access to gold fields. However in the record of Ibn, Mali seemed not as wealthy as described. The presents to the guests are just some simple food but not of precious metals. And the people seemed poor and uncivilized as well.

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Ka Ho

Many city states were present and were very religious. Oyo became dominant in the 17th century due to trading with Europeans through slavery and supplying war materials like horses

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All three states are involved in both commercial activities and acts of war with surrounding powers, the former with materials goods and slaves captured from wars and sold to both domestic clans and European traders, and the latter of expansion and perhaps even raids to continue the lucrative slave economy that was fostered by European expansionism and colonialism

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All empires and kingdoms reached a high peak of power and reputation in their own history - holding a pivotal role in their region but also outside of Africa. From personal observation, these peaks of African empires are not often spoken of in European history.