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European expansion and exploration was justified through the spread of religion, and the idea that other areas of the world needed to be civilized. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of indigenous people, cultural shifts, and new areas of trade.

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Indigenous civilization, in shambles in the face of the Spanish. 

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This shows the difference in technological capability, showcasing the use of guns. Where that even though there are many more natives than there are Spaniards, the Spaniards win every time because their weapons are better. This is one of the reasons why the Spanish were even able to conquer their area of the Americas.

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Monah from Columbia before Spanish conquistadors established it.

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This artifact shows a cultural shift within the Americas due to the exploration and control exhibited by Spain and Portugal. The Native Americans praised figures such as the Monah. However, Columbian Natives, among most others, had no way to resist the change in religion which was forced by the Spanish conquistadores.

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Disease stricken natives being tended to by their local healer.

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This painting shows the other thing resulting from European exploration and expansion. Disease, specifically smallpox, measles, typhus, and cholera; was devastating for the Native American population. They were unable to combat it, seeing as their bodies had never come into contact with it before. These diseases killed over 90% of the indigenous peoples, and helped the Spanish lower the amount of resistance in the Americas, ultimately leading to conquering of the Americas by the Spaniards and other countries.

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Portuguese caravels which dominated the Indian Ocean.

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The caravels from Portugal during this period allowed them to gain access and expand Indian Ocean Trade. Due to their use of cannons and the size of the ship they were able to get close to the coast while still posing a dangerous threat to other ships. This new access to trade helped turn Portugal to a world power.

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Popular painting which was created during the renaissance.

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This painting is largely popular to this day, even being involved during the 2024 Olympics. It was created during the Renaissance and demonstrates the role of Christianity during this period. Christianity played a large role in justifying expansion and explorations in many points during World History and also played a part while Spain was justifying conquering the Americas.

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Michael Gruden - Some Renaissance & Baroque Examples of Religious Symbolism in Art