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Járntjaldið og skipting Evrópu (1945-1991)

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Járntjaldið og skipting Evrópu (1945-1991)

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Járntjaldið var hugtak sem Winston Churchill notaði yfir skiptingu milli Vestur og Austur-Evrópu sem var sett upp árið 1945 og var það svo tekið niður árið 1991 þegar að kalda stríðinu lauk.
í Austur-Evrópu voru flest lönd undir stjórn kommúnista á árum kalda stríðsins. En flestum löndum Vestur-evrópu var lýðræði og ríkisstjórnir í nánu sambandi við bandaríkin.

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Árið 1945 til 1954 var stríð í víetnam þar sem frakkar voru að reyna að halda nýlendu sinni í víetnam og til að hindra að kommúnistar þjóðernissinnaðir náðu veldi þess. En seinni hluti stríðsins byrjaði smám saman árið 1960 og var það komið í fullan gang árið 1963 og því lauk árið 1975 þar sem kommúnistar náðu öllu valdi á víetnam. Þessi styrjöld var fyrsta styrjöldin til þess að vera sýnd í beinni í sjónvarpinu og náði því fólk frá bandaríkjunum að sitja heima og horfa á stríði þar, einnig dreifðu bandaríkjamenn napalm yfir þorp. í stríðinu dóu um 58.000 hermenn frá bandaríkjunum og sagt er um 5 milljón manns frá víetnam hafa dáið og að um 3 milljón þeirra hafi ekki verið hermenn.

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Kommúnistar taka völd yfir ýmsum löndum á tímum Kalda stríðsins (Hvaða lönd? Hvernig?) (1947-1991)

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Kommúnistar taka völd yfir ýmsum löndum á tímum Kalda stríðsins (Hvaða lönd? Hvernig?) (1947-1991)

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Lönd sem að voru undir völdum kommúnista voru Póland, Búlgaría, Rúmenía, ungverjaland, Tékkland og Austur-Þýskaland svo voru lönd undir sjálfstæðri kommúnistastjórn og þau lönd voru Slóvenía, Króatía, Bosnía og Hersegóvína, Svartafjallaland, Kósóvó, Norður-Makedónía, Serbía og svo Albanía. Þeir náðu völdum þessa landa með því að hernema þessi lönd.

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Marshall-áætlunin var frumkvæði sem var sett fram árið 1948 til að veita Vestur-Evrópu erlenda aðstoð. Bandaríkin fluttu yfir 13 milljarða dala (jafngildir um 115 milljörðum árið 2021) í efnahagsbata til hagkerfa í Evrópu eftir lok síðari heimsstyrjaldar. Markmið Bandaríkjanna voru að endurreisa stríðshrjáð svæði, fjarlægja viðskiptahindranir, og koma í veg fyrir útbreiðslu kommúnisma.

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Germany was divided between two powers during the Cold War, the Western Allies led by the United States controlled west Germany and the Soviet Union controlling East Germany, with the two regions being ideologically opposed between the capitalist in the west and communist in the east not being reunited until 1990.

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Vopnurnarkapphlaup gerist þegar tvö eða fleiri lönd auka stærð og bæta gæði við hernað til að auðlast yfirburnað yfir hvert annað. Í þessu tilfelli þá hafist þetta vopnurnarkapphlaup þegar í 1949 sprengdu Sóvíetar kjarnorkusprengju, fyrir það voru Bandaríkin eina landið með kjarnorkusprengjur. Vopnurnarkapphlaupið lengdist alveg út klada-stríðið.

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By the end of WWII American and Russian concerns over "spheres of influence" led to the splitting of Korea. The country was split into two parts the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, now known as North Korea and American-backed Republic of Korea, now known as south Korea.

In 1949 The Soviet Union and America both withdrew their troops from Korea but the mutual hostility between the North and the South only worsened. At 4am on the 25th of June 1950, the North Korean army launched an all-out offense towards South Korea. The United Nations (UN) Security Council called it's members to be in support of The Republic of Korea and American soldiers were quickly sent over, which were later joined by many other forces, including Britain.

In the beginning they quickly took over the South, taking in Seoul, South Korea's capital, which drove South Korean and American troops back to the southern part of Busan. The general named Douglas MacArthur managed to hold them off after they blew up the Waegwan bridge on August 3rd, after that UN forces began to resupply and protect their position with a defense perimeter. Soon after the British Troops landed in Busan. They were immediately thrown into battle on the Nakdong, on the western part of the Busan defenses. Once it had been reinforced, they and the UN forces would counter-attack.

By April 1951, the Chinese counter-attacked, aiming to break through the South Korean capital again, they were held up by UN forces by Kapyong, now known as Gapyeong, on the 22nd-25th of April and on the Imjin river.

The line at Imjin was mainly defended by the British 29th Brigade. The enemy were way superior, yet the brigade held its position for 3 days, before they were forced to retreat.

The 1st Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment’s last stand at Hill 235 on the Imjin helped break the advance from the Chinese, but resulted in many deaths. Only remains of "D" Company, under the command of Major Mike Harvey, escaped to reach UN lines.

Imjin was the bloodiest battle fought since WWII that was fought by the British army and one of the most decisive defensive battles the army has ever undertaken. The actions blunted the Chinese offensive and allowed UN forces to go to a stronger defensive position north of Seoul where they eventually halted the enemy.

The fighting marked the end of the mobile phase of this war. Stalemate along with the strategic bombing of North Korea  and the implementation of a naval blockade on the country ensued.

By June the Soviets indicated they were willing to seek settlement through negotiation. Armistice negotiations began in Kaesong in July of 1951, however a deal could not be reached, partly due to disagreements over the issue of prisoner-of-war exchanges. Two more years of fighting followed, commonwealth troops were deployed on a rotational basis both defending positions and carrying out patrols.

Although the war fronts were now static, set piece operations did sometimes occur, as both sides sought to control main areas of terrain to win a success that had the chance of improving their negotiating position. Then finally on the 27th of July 1953 was finally signed at Panmunjom. The two countries remain divided to this day.

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Varsjárbandalagið inníheldur í sér það sem kallað var austurblokkin en NATO og ríki þess voru fulltrúar vesturblokkarinnar. NATO og Varsjárbandalagið voru hugmyndafræðilega ósamála, NATO voru líðræði og capitalistar en Varsjárbandalagið voru kommunistar undir stjórn Sóvíet-Ríkjanna.

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Geimkapphlaupið var keppni milli tveggja samkeppnislanda kalda stríðinu, Sovétríkjanna og Bandaríkjanna, til að ná bestu geimflugsgetu. Það átti uppruna sinn í kjarnorkukapphlaupi þjóðanna tveggja. Að geta haft aðgáng geimflugi var talinn nauðsynlegt fyrir þjóðaröryggi og varð hluti af táknfræði og hugmyndafræði þess ríkja. Geimkapphlaupið færði gervihnatti, til tunglsins, Venusar og Mars. Það var líka flutið menn á lágri braut um jörðu og að lokum til tunglsins.

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The Berlin Wall (from beginning to end) (1961-1989)

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The Berlin Wall (from beginning to end) (1961-1989)

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In 1945 Berlin was divided into soviet occupation zones so West Berlin was like an island and had soviet occupation zones on every corner. People in East Berlin were not happy about the lack of freedom there so they escaped to West Berlin and between the years 1949-1961 there had been 1,6 million people that escaped from East Berlin to West Berlin, And most of these people were highly educated and were doctors or people that the East side had to have on their side. So in 1961 they put up a barbed wire fence and began to put a wall between the east and the west of Berlin.The wall was 4,2 meters tall and 155 kilometers long. They had guards at the wall and the guards had orders to shoot people if they tried to cross the wall. And in November 1989 they took the wall down and the wall became a strong symbol of the war.

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After the U.S failed to overthrow the Castro Regime in Cuba with the Bay of Pigs invasion and while the Kennedy administration planned Operation Mongoose, in July 1962 Soviet premier reached a secret agreement with Cuba's premier to place Soviet missiles in Cuba to prevent any further invasion attempts. The construction on nine missile sites began in the late summer but were discovered by U.S intelligence during a routine surveillance when they found evidence of general Soviet arms build-up on Cuba Including Soviet IL-28 bombers and on September 4th 1962, President Kennedy told his people about about the offensive weapons in Cuba. Despite Kennedy's warning on October 14th a U.S U-2 plane took several pictures clearly showing showing sites for medium-range (MRBM) and intermediate-range (IRBM) ballistic nuclear missiles that were under construction in Cuba. These images were presented at the White House the very next day, thus shining light on the onset of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Kennedy summoned his closest advisors to talk about a course of action that the U.S.A should take that would resolve the crisis. Some advisors wanted an airstrike to destroy the missiles, followed by a U.S invasion of Cuba. Others thought that it would be better to just send a stern warning to Cuba and the Soviet Union, in the end the president decided on a middle course. On October 22nd he ordered a naval "quarantine" of Cuba. The use of "quarantine" legally distinguished this action from a "blockade", which assumed a state of war existed. With the difference in wording, it allowed them to get help from the Organization of American States.

That same day, Kennedy sent a letter to Khrushchev stating that he would not allow those weapons to be sent to Cuba and demanded that the soviets dismantle the missile bases which were already under construction, some even being completed, he also demanded that they return the weapons to U.S.S.R. The letter was the first in a series of direct and indirect communications between the White House and Kremlin, throughout the rest of the crisis.

The president also went on national television that evening to inform his citizens of the developments in Cuba, his decision to enforce a "quarantine" and even the global consequences, if the crisis continued to escalate "It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union.” The Joint Chiefs of Staff announced a military readiness status of DEFCON 3 as U.S. naval forces began to implement the quarantine and plans accelerated for a military strike on Cuba.

On October 24th, Khrushchev responded to Kennedy's message with a statement that the U.S. "Blockade" was an act of aggression and that soviet ships bound for Cuba would be ordered to proceed. Nevertheless on October 24th and 25th some ships turned back from the quarantine line, meanwhile others were stopped by the U.S naval forces, but since they didn't contain any offensive weapons they were allowed to go forward. Meanwhile U.S exploration flights over Cuba indicated the soviet missile sites were almost completed. With no end in sight, U.S forces were placed at DEFCON 2 meaning that war with Strategic Air Command, was about to happen. On October 26th, President Kennedy told his advisors it appeared that only a U.S attack on Cuba would remove the missiles however he insisted on giving the diplomatic channel a little more time.

That afternoon, the crisis took a dramatic turn. ABC news correspondent John Scali reported to he White House that he was approached by a Soviet agent, he stated that the agent said that an agreement could be reached in which Soviets would remove the missiles from Cuba if the U.S promised not to invade he island. Khrushchev sent Kennedy a message the evening of October 26th, which meant it was sent during the middle of the night in Moscow. It was a long, emotional message that raised the specter of a nuclear holocaust and presented a resolution that resembled what Scali had reported earlier that day. "If there is no intention, to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this.”

Although U.S experts were convinced the letter was authentic, hope for resolution was very short lived. The next day, October 27th, Khrushchev sent another message indicating that any proposed deal must include the removal of U.S Jupiter missiles from Turkey. That same day a U-2 exploration jet was shot down over Cuba. The U.S prepared for an attack on Cuba which was supposed to happen within days as they searched for any diplomatic solution. They came to the conclusion for Kennedy to ignore the 2nd letter and respond to the first one. That night he sent his letter to the Soviet leader proposing the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba, under the supervision of the United Nations, which included a promise that the U.S would not attack Cuba.

It was risky to ignore the 2nd message. Attorney General Robert Kennedy then met with the Soviet Ambassador to the United States, Anatoly Dobrynin and indicated that the U.S was planning to remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey anyway and that they'd do so soon but this could not be part of any public resolution of the missile crisis. The next day October 28th Khrushchev announced that he would be removing and dismantling the missiles from Cuba.

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Afvopnunarsamningarnir voru sáttmálar þar sem stórveldin tvö samþykktu að takmarka eða draga úr gerð nýrra sprengjuodda og gereyðingarvopna. Þetta er talið vera dæmi um slökun vegna þess að það fól í sér að löndin tvö ræddu og unnu saman að sameiginlegu markmiði.

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The East German government started to falter in May 1989, when the hole in the Iron Curtain opened by Hungry into Austria allowed thousands of East Germans to travel into West Germany. The border was still closely guarded, but the indecisiveness of the rulers of the communist Eastern Block set in motion a series of peaceful protests by East Germans that culminated in 1990 leading to East Germany's first free elections and eventual unification with West Germany.

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During the 1960's and 70's the Communist party gained wealth and power, while the Soviet citizens faced starvation. A lot of Soviet citizens didn't have any access to basic needs such as clothes or shoes. The extreme wealth of Politburo and the poverty of the citizens, created backlash from younger generations who refused to adopt the communist ideology like their parents had. Along with all that the US isolated the soviet economy from the rest of the world and had the oil prices go down to the lowest it had been in decades, so that the gas and oil revenue that the USSR was gained decreased dramatically, it made them start to lose it's hold on Eastern-Europe. Political revolutions in Poland in the year 1989 gave other Eastern European countries the idea to start mainly peaceful revolutions which lead to the toppling of the Berlin Wall. Fast forward a few years to December 25th 1991 when Gorbachev resigned as the leader of the USSR. By December 31st 1991 the Soviet Union had completely fallen apart.

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Cold war and hot war are two completely different types of war that are described figuratively in order to describe the stress and nature of war. Cold war is normally political where there really is no violence, however hot war is the absolute opposite. It's a war between two or sometimes more countries where guns and other such weapons are used to hurt and kill others.

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An Explanation Of Capitalism VS Communism 

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An Explanation Of Capitalism VS Communism 

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Capitalism is an owned and controlled economy in which the trade and industry is owned and controlled by private individuals, to make profit. A few capitalist countries are the US, New Zealand and Switzerland.

Communism is an economy in which the trade and industry are owned and controlled by the community and the share of each person relies on their ability and needs. A few communist are China, Cuba, Laos an Vietnam.