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Data deficient species
Machine learning technique

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Look at 9 approaches

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in situ / ex situ
view pros and cons in LOs

keystone, flagship, umbrella
Phylogenetics - EDGE

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1. Species specific approach
Pros
- save time and money,
- using charistmatic sp gets more attention and funding from public
- easier to assess the effectiveness of the species approach
- eg multi sp approach - require large area and can umbrella and landscape species. Eg protecting wide range animals like tiger, you are protecting other animals that live in the same range
- some species with PD and EDGE value can also be flagship species and attract resources

Cons
- locals might prioritise sp that NGOs wouldn't - conflict of interests is possible
- management plans for some species sometimes not available
- might be risky or too expensive
- Some plans can be good for target species but bad for other in the same range or habitat
inherent bias - due to incomplete or inconsistent data

-> Proactive species related -  focusing on species with low vulnerability (machine learning example predicting the extinction rate of data deficient IUCN species)

Location- based CPA
pros :
- more suitable for developing countries
- large vs smaller scale approaches
biodiversity hotspots vs crisis eco-regions (smaller one will be able to focus on smaller areas as opposed to huge regions. goes into more details for niches)
- in the scientist gang biodiversity hotspots are recognised and respected as a way to prioritise and can attract resources

cons:
- doesn't extend conservation measures to animal species at all.
- focuses on large areas without being specific to particular niches that need extra support.
- Neglects potentially ecological important areas with little / no plant life (desserts deep seas arctics tundras
- It doesn't protect endemic species outside of the biodiversity hotspots
- doesn't have as much public backing (less charismatic than species species?)
- harder to assess success bc understanding ecosystem functions is difficult

2. Criteria for prioritisation
Vulnerability and how beneficial the conservation would be
PPP : proj prior protocol -

3. Nine major institutional templates of global biodiversity conservation prioritisation have been published over the past decade, each with involvement from nongovernmental organisations . Conceptually, they all fit within the framework of ‘‘irreplaceability’’ relative to ‘‘vulnerability’’

4. There is no one size fits all. There are no shortcuts - only combinations of approaches..
People have different ethics on how they want to conserve species - w EDGE they want to conserve millions of years of evolution whereas others will want to conserve a ecosystem function.

5. EDGE is a modelling strategy - it uses genetics as a model
species based approach can use statistical models. Statistical models incorporate identified factors to hold more scientific rigour when choosing which species to focus on.

Approach -> The national Audubon society fro important bird areas: Assess scores on the basis of the (1) protection of biologically valuable areas, (2) engagement with the community, (3) making smart sustainable investments, (4) addressing development pressures. From that make attribute overall scores to different species which will help choose which ones to focus resources towards.

6. overlooked taxa in biodiversity hotspots: invertebrates are not considered.

Look at IUCN red list for ecosystems !

Food for thought If you are conserving an ecosystem instead of species then you are giving the habitat a chance in its entirety to be protected. There is an intrinsic in ecosystem functions. Resources from ecosystems and communities that depend on them could benefit from preserving ecosystems.

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-Where else can primary vegetation be found?

-Can human population predict extinction rates?

-Where does CEPF get its resources?

-How to predict risk for proactive approaches?

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1. Describe and evaluate different prioritization methods (species-related (EDGE, PD), proactive vs reactive, etc.) at the international level. How were the results analyzed?

2. Criteria for prioritization settings

3. What has been achieved by using that criteria?

4. What are the Silver bullets for conservation? Do conservation shortcuts work? Are there alternatives?

5. Which prioritization method uses which modeling strategy to decide criteria? How are they predicting the risk? What do they do if there's not enough data for their models?

6. Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions (location vs species- specific). Benefits and downfalls? What about overlooked taxa?

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-Keeping track of key biodiversity areas and how they are managed/protected
-Evaluated by CI
-Biodiversity: measuring number of species in an area
-Civil society: organizational capacity, gender issues, networks and partnerships
-Human Wellbeing: beneficiaries, climate contribution (combating climate change using GIS data and carbon maps, used to calculate Carbon stored in CEPF-supported natural habitats), structure trending, cash and non-cash benefits, climate change projects
-Enabling conditions for conservation: public policies (promotes conservation actions), sufficient funds, biodiversity-friendly practices
-Enumerating the number of conserved threatened species
-Measuring the amount of land protected

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Varying focuses: climate change, conservation-based projects, changing extractive economies to sustainable economies, ocean protection

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Money/funding
People/labor
local community
involvement
technology
knowledge
time
location
facilities
academic research projects
Google camera-trapping
NASA mapping technology
CEPF
government policies
partnerships (NGOs, Starbucks, local communities)

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Bottom-Up
Rights-based approaches involving local communities and indigenous people, promoting economy, sustainable development and protecting biodiversity
Stronger political stand point involving local communities
Resources provided to the surveillance of protected areas

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Pros: broad areas identification with high irreplaceability

Cons: Excluding specific niches and species that might need more attention from others

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2.5% of Earth's land surface
Pre-established concepts of irreplaceability and vulnerability
More likely to receive donations from stakeholders

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1. CI based their parameters off Myers' definition of Hot Spots (already established concept; more likely to receive donations; cost-effective -> no need for further research). Only considered terrestrial species and areas. Was since updated to include marine vertebrates. Based on endemic species and how threatened they were (irreplaceability and vulnerability).

2.  Hot Spots
Pros:
-identification of broad areas with high irreplaceability and threat; promotes focus on ecosystem as a whole, rather than a specific species
Cons:
-does not look at particular niches that might need extra support; may neglect ecological important areas that have little/no plant life (deserts, tundras, arctic)
-can not be used to direct specific action on the ground
-exclude invertebrates; invertebrates explain a lot about the function of the ecosystem
-exclude areas outside of biodiversity hot spots; other threatened species may be left out

3. Short-term: NGO's and government organizations are helpful through funding and resources to get the actions running
Long-term: local involvement will keep conservation efforts running
CI: bottom-up approaches; funding for local communities and support socio-economic activities (i.e. creating jobs related to conservation activities); Rights-based approach towards local communities
Local people are protecting environment from illegal activities -> protect biodiversity

4. Resources from larger organizations (CEPF); a lot of funding (mainly from Moore Foundation, spread across many projects); academic research projects; technology partners (i.e. Google -> camera trapping data; NASA -> Mapping technology); influence on government policies; a lot of support from stakeholders;

5. Mainly tropics, mediterranean, and forested areas. 2.5% of Earth's land [See map for full list]

6. Many, varying focuses. Doubling ocean protection (Blue Nature Alliance), planet-positive economies, combatting climate change

7. Enumerate how many key biodiversity areas are well managed, how many hectares of land have been protected. Majority of CI's evaluation are performed by CI. Assessed depending on project.

8. stakeholders involved in conservation efforts (governmental bodies, scientists, ecologists, NGOs, local communities, donors). Background research performed by specialists hired by CI (scientists, ecologists). Science-driven, rather than political or public. Public opinion involved in "bottom-up" efforts/projects and funding

9. Reactive (based on Hot Spots) -> high vulnerability and irreplaceability. Reduced likelihood of recovering biodiversity if 70% is lost. Proactive approach would have to rely on data already collected (i.e. extinction rates) from reactive approaches.

10. Computer models, using past data; Predicting human threat

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Vascular Plants: plants with xylem and phloem; conductive tissue for transporting nutrients and water throughout plant

Primary vegetation:  vegetation found in an area that hasn't been disturbed by human activities; size of forest/area needs to be big enough

GDP: Gross Domestic Product; monetary measure of market value; value of all goods and services sold in a specific time of a region

Global extinction rates: 10% of species extinct per million years; natural levels of extinction; based on fossil records (and carbon dating?)

Human Activity impacts + Fossil Records: anything that impacts primary vegetation; unnatural mass extinction (driven by human activity); can be driven by overexploitation of natural  resources. Fossil records used to compare and contrast extinctions across different eras (natural vs human activity)

Moore Foundation: founded to support biodiversity conservation efforts and scientific research, patient care, and preservation of the San Francisco Bay Area

Conservation Planners: getting together stakeholders to be involved in conservation efforts (governmental bodies, scientists, ecologists, NGOs, local communities, donors)

Order of Magnitude: exponential change

Endemic: native species found in a specific geographic region; irreplaceable

Disappeared = Extinct: no. Vegetation can be found in another region

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tourism
medicine

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1. Why have CI chosen these parameters for conservation (very exclusive)? do they include the ocean?
2. pros and cons of a hotspot approach to a species conservation approach?
3. how does local community involvement make protective activities sustainable? in the long term will it prevent or increase human wildlife conflict? top down vs bottom up involvement
4. what resources are available to CI to protect these hotspots?
5. where are the 25 biodiversity hotspots?
6. what protective activities are the main focuses for ci?
7. what are the measurable impacts of protective measures? who assesses this? how often do they assess it? are they hitting targets? who sets targets? who assessed them?
8. who are the main actors in conservation planing (what are their professions or positions)? who have ci employed to do the background research? scientific vs. political vs. public opinion
9. are ci parameters proactive or reactive? why? chances/likelihood of recovering biodiversity at eg. 30% vs 70%
10. what methods are available to help us predict specie/habitat loss?

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nearly 60% of the world's plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species

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vascular plants as endemics
primary vegetation

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biologists
vets
ecologists
biodiversity experts
botanist

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have they influenced ci biodiversity parameters?

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dictated by large organisations (CI) that decide where fund are allocated

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dictated by large organisations (CI) that decide where fund are allocated

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public opinions
political standing
high profile species
culture/religion

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varying levels of accessibility depend on countries

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varying levels of accessibility depend on countries

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National parks (Reservoir)
Safe keeping collections
sancturies
Breeding programs
Genetics- Seed banks

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money/funding
people/labor
local community involvement
technology
knowledge/
time
location (remote?)
Facilities

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vascular plants

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Myers 2000 edition (hotspot map)