# data[].attributes.body
Upon Charles I's accession to the throne, the British Isles were divided into religious, political, and social groups.

# data[].attributes.body
Disagreements between the king and Parliament, political agreement unattainable due to differing opinions.

Causes of discontent: politics, power, religion, economics

# data[].attributes.body
Politics and power

Charles believed in the "Divine Right of Kings" and expected parliamentarians to do as he commanded. However, Parliament had already developed a role in government, with powers to levy taxes, make laws, and allocate funds at the king's disposal.

# data[].attributes.body
Religion: The Church of England was Protestant, but there were many nonconformist sects. Many still followed Catholicism and were considered dangerous people who wanted to restore submission to Rome. This concern was further fueled by Charles's marriage to a Catholic princess.

# data[].attributes.body
Economic Policy:

Charles I

Parliament

War with Spain (1625-29)

Forced Loans

Petition of Right (1628)

Dissolution of Parliament

Personal Government (1629-1640)

# data[].attributes.body
Mounting discontent in England and war in Scotland

In 1637, the king Charles encountered hostility in Scotland, when he supported the introduction of a Book of Common Prayer. It inspired political opposition and the creation of the National Covenant, a document that defined the principles of religion in Scotland.

# data[].attributes.body
Attempting to enforce his will, Charles I led an army to Scotland in 1639 and fought against the First Bishops'War. In 1640 he needed money for the war and he recalled the Parliament.

# data[].attributes.body
In the summer of 1640, Charles I fought against the Second Bishops'War. It ended in defeat with the occupation of the Scottish army, and Charles I had to recall the Parliament for money to settle the conflict. The Long Parliament remained until 1660.

# data[].attributes.body
Parliament takes control, no taxes without approval, King can't shout them down whenever he wants, archbishop Laud jailed, Strafford in serious trouble.

# data[].attributes.body
Strafford executed after a controversial trial, Ireland lost its stricted rules, chaos starts to grow.

# data[].attributes.body
Huge catholic uprising in Ireland, people scared of Parliament + Scots, Parliament doesn't trust Charles with the army--> major power clash.

# data[].attributes.body
parliament debates control of military command, dispute over appointment of ministers, privy councillors and senior churchmen, challenge to royal prerogative, rising tension between monarchy and parliament.

# data[].attributes.body
Disagreement over church reforms, puritans demand abolition of bishops and further reforms, charles defends church of England and his authority as monarch, intensifying religious division.

# data[].attributes.body
-The king declines Parliament demands.

-He try to stop opponents but the Parliament goes against him, so he moves to York with his family.

-Propaganda wars, factions begin to form and both parts create army.

-1 June: The Parliamente public 19 Propositions

-21 June: Charles I refuse

-22August: War of declaration

-The first fighting take place in countryside by common men

-23 October: the first big battle

-In 1642-43 there was small-scale fighting during the winter

# data[].attributes.body
At the beginning of the year, Charles I rejected the Oxford Propositions presented by Parliament, which were similar to the Nineteen Propositions.
Both sides secured territory by establishing garrisons in cities, ports, and strategic locations to gather supplies.

By the end of the year:
The Royalist attempt to take Gloucester was thwarted by the approach of the Parliamentarian army under the Earl of Essex.
The First Battle of Newbury, the largest engagement of 1643 (about 30,000 men), ended inconclusively.
In the North, William Cavendish (Duke of Newcastle) achieved Royalist successes, capturing York and much of Yorkshire, including victory at the Battle of Adwalton Moor.
Despite the Royalist gains, by the end of the campaigning season the King held two-thirds of England and Wales and appeared to be in a favorable position.

# data[].attributes.body
Irish troops joined the Royalists, fighting in north Wales and Cheshire. The king's use of Catholic troops gave rise to the idea of an Irish 'invasion' and Charles was further smeared with anti-Catholic propaganda.Parliament allied with the Scottish Covenanters, who had no wish to see Catholic influence in England.

The Scottish army crossed the border to help Parliament, heading for York to join a Parliamentarian army.

A royalist army under Prince Rupert hurried to Yorkshire. The two armies clashed at Marston Moor, in the largest battle of the first Civil War. Parliament’s soldiers’ victory caused the collapse of the Royalist cause in the North.

Elsewhere, the Royalists did better, defeating the Earl of Essex at Lostwithiel, while the king eluded a much larger Parliamentarian army at the Second Battle of Newbury.  In Scotland, a Royalist force under the Marquess of Montrose was making progress against the Covenanters.

By the end of 1644, the North belonged to Parliament, apart from a few isolated Royalist outposts. The king lost ground in the Midlands too, but he held the important Royalist base at Newark, as well as much of the West and Wales.

# data[].attributes.body
In early 1645, Parliament offered peace terms to the King the Uxbridge Proposalswhich he rejected. Meanwhile, Parliament strengthened its military by creating the New Model Army, a professional force led by Thomas Fairfax, with Oliver Cromwell as a key commander. The decisive victory came at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645. Afterward, Parliament steadily defeated Royalist forces. By early 1646, most Royalist resistance had collapsed. The King surrendered to the Scots at Newark on May 5, and remaining Royalist strongholds surrendered by the end of the summer.

# data[].attributes.body
Between 1646 and 1648, peace negotiations failed due to Charles I's obstructionist tactics and deep divisions among Parliamentarians. The situation was worsened by the demands of the New Model Army and the Scots' support for the King. Charles's secret deal with the Scots triggered the Second Civil War (1648), featuring Royalist revolts that were swiftly put down by Fairfax and Cromwell (who defeated the Scots at Preston). The Army's victory led to the "Pride's Purge"—the expulsion of moderate MPs—and the formation of the Rump Parliament, a radical body hostile to the King, which ended all prospects of compromise.

# data[].attributes.body
After the Rump Parliament put King Charles I on trial for trying to rule as a tyrant and denying the people’s rights, he was found guilty and executed in 1649. The Scots opposed his execution and negotiated with his son, Prince Charles, asking him to accept Presbyterianism and sign the Covenant. Seeking support against Cromwell’s successful campaign in Ireland, Charles agreed and went to Scotland in 1650. Cromwell then invaded Scotland and defeated the Scots at Dunbar (1650) and Inverkeithing (1651). Charles led a new army into England but was decisively defeated at Worcester in 1651, ending the Third Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
The period of time when no monarch ruled, called interregnum.

# data[].attributes.body
The Rump Parliament created the Commonwealth of England.

# data[].attributes.body
After 4 years of delibiration Oliver Cromwell, England's new leader, had not agreed on a satisfactory costituiton for how the country was governed, so in frustration and with the Army dissolved the Rump Parliament and organized National Assembly, Often called the Barebones Parliament.

# data[].attributes.body
The Barebones Parliament met for the first time, but factional in-fighting and widely different opinions meant it achieve nothing. At this point Cromwell dismiss the Parliament and introduced a new written costituition know as the Instrument ì of Goverment, with Cromwell as the lord protector.

# data[].attributes.body
The Parliament formed a Committee of Safety which led to a new Council of State.

# data[].attributes.body
Prince Charles, in exile, proclaime the Declaration of Breda, which promise a pardon for the crimes committed during the Civil War and after they recognise him as king.

# data[].attributes.body
The Parliament declares that Charles was the lawfull successor to Charles I and begun to form legislation that would bring the monarchy back.

# data[].attributes.body
Charles II returned to London and was proclaimed king.

# data[].attributes.body
Charles II was crowned king in a formal coronation ceremony.