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1919: Recommendation for English Language Schooling

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1919: Recommendation for English Language Schooling

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Summary: By 1919, the country already had a requirement that all immigrants had to be proficient in English to become naturalized citizens. After the beginning of World War I, the push for assimilation grew even stronger. The Americanization Department of the United States Bureau of Education officially recommended that all schooling, both private and public, be conducted in English.

Importance to Bilingual Education Today: This heavily encouraged monolingual schooling, leading to restrictive bilingual education in the country. Prior to this recommendation, there were several examples of bilingual education in the country. After this recommendation, in combination with nationalist sentiments from World War I, "linguistic diversity was replaced by linguistic intolerance" (Baker & Wright, 2021). The detriment of this recommendation on multilingual education is still felt today.

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Summary: Many believe that this was the beginning of the restoration of bilingual education in the United States. Cuban exiles established Coral Way Elementary School, the first modern dual language school in South Florida. As many exiled Cubans believed that their stay in the United States would be temporary, they felt the need to maintain their home language while still embracing English.

Importance to Bilingual Education Today: This model was the beginning of a shift to recognize the value of bilingual education. It received both political support and funding. Additionally, it influenced other dual language programs in the modern United States.

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Summary: The Bilingual Education Act, introduced by Texas Senator Ralph Yarborough a year earlier as an amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), was passed in 1968. This act led to bilingual education programs being seen as part of federal educational policy. It overrode the monolingual legislation that many states held. It also allocated funds for multilingual learners.

Importance to Bilingual Education Today: The BEA laid the framework for clear definitions of bilingual education. It obligated schools receiving grants to include education in students' home languages.

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Summary: In 1994, the ESEA was reauthorized as the Improving America's Schools Act (IASA). This educational reform included mandates for state funding for groups such as immigrants. Additionally, it acknowledged that English Language Learners should also be expected to achieve high academic standards.

Importance to Bilingual Education Today: The IASA placed an emphasis on the academic achievement of English Language Learners. It also highlighted multilingualism as a desirable goal by bringing economic benefits to it.

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Summary: In 2015, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was passed. This addressed several concerns of the previous No Child Left Behind Act in an attempt to focus more on progress than on cut scores, and to also respond to the unique academic needs of different subgroups.

Importance to Bilingual Education Today: ESSA allowed states to have more flexibility and reasonable expectations for multilingual learners. It focuses more on their language and academic needs. Its total impact is yet to be seen, due to the slow rollout.

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Baker, C., & Wright, W. (2021). Historical introduction to bilingual education in the United States. In Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (pp. 180-208). Multilingual Matters.