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Under Alfonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate, establishing it as the capital of Portuguese India. This conquest marked the beginning of European colonial presence in India, creating a vital trade hub for spices, textiles, and precious stones. Goa became a center of cultural fusion, where Portuguese and Indian traditions merged in architecture, cuisine, and religious practices.

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The Portuguese seized control of Malacca, one of Asia's most important trading ports. This strategic location allowed them to control the spice trade route between China and India. The conquest disrupted the existing Muslim trading networks and introduced Christianity to the region, while also facilitating cultural exchange between European and Asian societies.

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The Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macau with permission from the Ming Dynasty, creating the first European settlement in China. Macau became a crucial intermediary in China-Europe trade and cultural exchange, serving as a gateway for Christian missionaries and European goods into China while facilitating the export of Chinese silk, porcelain, and tea.

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Portuguese traders landed on Tanegashima island, marking the first direct contact between Japan and Europe. This encounter introduced firearms to Japan, significantly impacting Japanese warfare. The Portuguese also initiated a profitable trade relationship, exchanging Chinese silk for Japanese silver, while Jesuit missionaries began spreading Christianity throughout Japan.

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The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established its first trading post in Banten, Java. This marked the beginning of Dutch colonial presence in Indonesia, eventually leading to centuries of colonial rule. The VOC monopolized the spice trade in the region, particularly cloves and nutmeg, while dramatically altering local power structures.

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1605: Portuguese-Dutch Conflict in Ambon

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1605: Portuguese-Dutch Conflict in Ambon

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The Dutch captured the Portuguese fortress in Ambon, establishing control over the lucrative clove trade. This marked a significant shift in European power in the Spice Islands, as Dutch influence began to replace Portuguese dominance. The event led to increased competition and conflict between European powers in Southeast Asia.

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The Dutch East India Company established Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) as its administrative center in Asia. After destroying the existing city of Jayakarta, they built a European-style city that became the center of Dutch colonial power in the East Indies. This transformation dramatically altered the region's political and economic landscape.

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Portuguese ships under Lourenço de Almeida arrived in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), establishing trade relations and eventually gaining control of coastal areas. Their presence significantly impacted local politics and religion, introducing Christianity while disrupting traditional Buddhist-Hindu society. The Portuguese monopolized the profitable cinnamon trade and intervened in local succession disputes.