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📚 Books

1. Staging the Ethnographic of Dance History – Yvonne Hardt

2. Dance in Search of Its Own History – Explores how contemporary choreographers archive history through performance.

3. The Routledge Dance Studies Reader – Edited by Alexandra Carter and Janet O’Shea.

4. Contemporary Choreography: A Critical Reader – Edited by Jo Butterworth and Liesbeth Wildschut.

5. The Body Eclectic: Evolving Practices in Dance Training – Melanie Bales and Rebecca Nettl-Fiol.

6. Moving History/Dancing Cultures: A Dance History Reader – Edited by Ann Dils and Ann Cooper Albright.

📄 Journals & Articles

Dance Research Journal – Peer-reviewed journal covering contemporary dance theory and history

1- Dance Research Journal | Cambridge Core

.

“Contemporary Dance on Native Land” – Alessandra Williams, Dance Research Journal.

“Choreographing Deportation” – Juan Manuel Aldape Muñoz, Dance Research Journal.

🌐 Websites

Dance Research Journal – Cambridge Core

1

Dance Studies Association

2

Concordia University OER Guide

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Dance Research Journal - Nadine George-Graves, Rebekah Kowal

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📚 Books

Jazz Dance: A History of the Roots and Branches – Lindsay Guarino & Wendy Oliver 3 4.

Steppin’ on the Blues – Jacqui Malone.

Dancing Many Drums – Thomas DeFrantz.

The Jazz Dance Styles and Techniques of Bob Fosse – Cheryl Mrozowski.

Jazz Dance: A Celebration of the Roots and Branches – Includes contributions from Moncell Durden.

The African Origins of Jazz Dance – Takiyah Nur Amin (chapter in Guarino & Oliver).

📄 Journals & Articles

RIPM Jazz Periodicals – Historical jazz publications archive- RIPM Jazz Periodicals: Music, History, and Culture | EBSCO

“Jazz Dance from Emancipation to 1970” – Jill Flanders Crosby & Michèle Moss.

“Jazz Dance and Racism” – Carlos Jones.

🌐 Websites

Oxford Academic – Florida Scholarship Online 3

Stanford SearchWorks4

Dance Parent 101 – Jazz Dance Timeline

Britannica – Jazz Dance

History of Jazz

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EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | www.ebsco.com

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RIPM Jazz Periodicals: Music, History, and Culture | EBSCO

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This full-text database features a unique collection of rare and historically significant jazz periodicals, providing an invaluable window into the development and evolution of jazz as an art form and to the historical, cultural, and sociological facets of American and twentieth-century life that it permeates.

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📚 Books

The Oxford Handbook of Hip Hop Dance Studies – Mary Fogarty & Imani Kai Johnson.

Can't Stop, Won't Stop – Jeff Chang.

Renegade Rhythms – J. Griffith Rollefson.

Everything Remains Raw – Moncell Durden (also a documentary).

The Cambridge Companion to Hip-Hop – Includes chapters on dance.

Foundation: B-Boy Basics – Ken Swift (chapter in Oxford Handbook).

📄 Journals & Articles

Journal of Hip Hop Studies – Virginia Commonwealth University

“Hip Hop in History: Past, Present, and Future” – JSTOR

“From House Party to World Dominance” – Cassandra Chaney, JHHS.

“The Spatio-Temporality of J Dilla’s Sound Aesthetic” – Masahide T. Kato, JHHS.

🌐 Websites

Journal of Hip Hop Studies | Virginia Commonwealth University

Red Bull Dance Style Guide

New Type of Class – Hip Hop Styles

SlideShare – Street & Hip Hop Styles

Google Scholar – Search for academic papers on specific styles.

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🌟 Key Works (Choreography Highlights)

Parris Goebel is best known for blending street dance with strong visual storytelling in commercial dance.

🎵 Major Music Videos

“Sorry” – Justin Bieber (2015)

Breakthrough global success using her dance crew ReQuest

Bright visuals + synchronised group choreography

“Company” – Justin Bieber (2016)

More intimate, groove-based movement

Focus on personality and performance quality

“Run the World (Girls)” – live choreography influence / style references

Not original choreographer, but her style aligns with powerful female ensemble work

“Swalla” – Jason Derulo (2017)

Combines commercial hip-hop with attitude-driven performance

🎤 Live Performances & Tours

Justin Bieber Purpose World Tour

Rihanna (Savage x Fenty show choreography influence)

Jennifer Lopez performances

🎬 Film

“Born to Dance” (2015)

Goebel choreographed and acted

Showcases urban dance crew culture

💥 Key Features of Her Choreographic Style

1. 🔥 Strong Commercial Hip-Hop Foundation

Rooted in hip-hop, dancehall, and urban styles

Designed to be:

visually impactful

accessible to wide audiences

2. 👯‍♀️ Precision and Synchronisation

Tight, unified group work is a signature

Dancers move as one:

clean lines

exact timing

Creates a powerful visual effect, especially on camera

3. 😎 Performance & Attitude (Not Just Steps)

Emphasis on:

facial expression

confidence

“swagger”

Dancers are performers, not just technicians

👉 Often described as “full-out performance energy”

4. 🎶 Musicality

Movement closely matches:

beats

lyrics

accents in the music

Includes:

sharp hits

groove-based sections

5. 💃 Strong Use of Feminine Energy

Celebrates:

confidence

empowerment

individuality

Especially visible in:

“Sorry”

all-female dance crews

6. 🧍 Formation and Visual Design

Clever use of:

levels (floor vs standing)

spacing

formations

Creates:

dynamic stage pictures

camera-friendly choreography

7. 🔄 Repetition and Catchy Movement

Uses repeated motifs so choreography is:

memorable

shareable (important for social media + music videos)

8. 🌍 Fusion of Styles

Blends:

hip-hop

dancehall

street jazz

commercial dance

Gives her work a distinct, global appeal

✏️ Quick Summary (for revision)

Parris Goebel’s style =

Commercial hip-hop choreography characterised by precision, strong performance quality, musicality, and bold, confident group work.

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🌟 Key Works (Choreography Highlights)

Brian Friedman is known for bold, theatrical commercial choreography with a strong emphasis on performance.

🎵 Major Music Videos

“Toxic” – Britney Spears (2004)

Iconic, stylised choreography with sharp dynamics

Combines sensuality with precision

“Slave 4 U” – Britney Spears (Live/performances)

Highly physical, controlled and expressive style

“Fighter” – Christina Aguilera (Live performances)

Strong character-driven choreography

“Buttons” – Pussycat Dolls (live/TV work)

Fusion of jazz, burlesque, and commercial dance

📺 TV & Commercial Work

X Factor (UK & USA) – creative director and choreographer

So You Think You Can Dance – guest choreographer

Britain’s Got Talent – staging and performance work

🎤 Tours & Artists

Britney Spears (extensive collaboration)

Beyoncé (early work)

Mariah Carey

Cher

💥 Key Features of His Choreographic Style

1. 🎭 Theatrical & Dramatic Style

Strong influence from:

jazz dance

musical theatre

Focus on:

storytelling

dramatic intention

👉 Movements often feel larger-than-life and expressive

2. 🔥 Performance Quality & Characterisation

Dancers must:

fully “embody” a role

perform with intention

Emphasis on:

emotion

attitude

facial expression

👉 Not just dancing — acting through movement

3. ⚡ Sharp Dynamics & Contrasts

Frequent use of:

fast vs slow

sharp vs fluid

Strong accents in movement

Creates:

dramatic impact

high visual interest

4. 💪 Technical Precision

Requires:

strong technique

control

clean execution

Especially influenced by:

jazz technique

lines and shapes

5. 💃 Stylised, Sensual Movement

Incorporates:

body isolations

fluid torso work

controlled, sensual movements

Often seen in:

Britney Spears choreography

6. 🧍‍♂️ Use of Shape & Line

Strong emphasis on:

body angles

extensions

silhouettes

Creates:

visually striking stage pictures

7. 🎶 Musicality & Interpretation

Choreography closely follows:

lyrics

mood

instrumentation

Often interprets meaning of the song, not just the beat

8. 🔄 Combination of Styles

Fusion of:

jazz

commercial dance

street elements

contemporary influences

👉 Gives his work a versatile and distinctive commercial feel

✏️ Quick Summary (for revision)

Brian Friedman’s style =

Theatrical commercial choreography that combines strong jazz technique, dynamic contrasts, and expressive performance to create bold, character-driven work.

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🌟 Key Works (Choreography Highlights)

Diversity are known for storytelling through street dance and theatrical group performances.

📺 Major Performances

Britain’s Got Talent (2009 – Winning Performance)

Their most famous routine

Featured storytelling using different dance styles and formations

BGT Return Performance (2020)

Powerful, narrative-driven piece addressing social issues

Combined dance with spoken word and symbolism

🎤 Tours & Stage Shows

“Born Ready” Tour (2013–2018)

“Connected” Tour (2021)

“Supernova” Tour (2023 onwards)

👉 These shows mix:

dance

technology

narrative themes

📺 Other Work

TV performances (e.g. Got to Dance, Strictly Come Dancing)

Collaborations with brands and live events

💥 Key Features of Their Choreographic Style

1. 🎭 Storytelling & Narrative

A defining feature of Diversity

Each routine often tells a clear story or theme

Examples:

Life journey

Society and culture

Unity and identity

👉 Dance is used as a communication tool

2. 👥 Group Synchronisation & Formations

Strong emphasis on:

tight unison

intricate formations

Frequent changes in:

spacing

levels

group shapes

Creates:

visually engaging routines

dynamic stage pictures

3. 🔄 Variety of Styles (Fusion)

Blend of:

hip-hop

popping

locking

contemporary

breaking

👉 Makes their work versatile and unpredictable

4. ⚡ Use of Tricks & Visual Effects

Incorporation of:

lifts

freezes

acrobatics

illusions

Creates:

“wow moments” for the audience

5. 🎶 Musicality & Sound Effects

Strong connection to:

beats

sound effects

Often choreograph to:

specific sound cues

spoken word

👉 Enhances storytelling and impact

6. 🧍 Levels and Transitions

Constant use of:

floor work

jumps

standing sections

Transitions are:

smooth

creative

7. 💡 Use of Props & Staging

Occasionally use:

props

lighting

stage effects

👉 Helps build narrative and atmosphere

8. 🔥 Energy & Audience Engagement

High-energy performances

Designed to:

entertain

surprise

emotionally connect

✏️ Quick Summary (for revision)

Diversity’s style =

A fusion of street dance styles combined with storytelling, sharp group synchronisation, and creative staging to produce theatrical and visually impactful performances.

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🌟 Key Works (Choreography Highlights)

Michael Jackson revolutionised dance in music performance, blending street, pop, and theatrical styles.

🎵 Iconic Music Videos

“Thriller” (1983)

Choreographed with Michael Peters

Famous group zombie routine

Strong storytelling + cinematic dance

“Billie Jean” (1983 live performances)

Introduced the moonwalk

Minimal but highly impactful solos

“Beat It” (1983)

Gang-style choreography

Fusion of jazz and street dance

“Smooth Criminal” (1988)

Iconic anti-gravity lean

Sharp, stylised ensemble work

🎤 Live Performances

Motown 25 (1983) – first moonwalk performance

Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)

HIStory World Tour (1996–97)

💥 Key Features of His Choreographic Style

1. ⚡ Iconic Signature Moves

Instantly recognisable movements:

moonwalk

toe stand

spins

isolations

👉 Made dance moves part of global popular culture

2. 🎶 Exceptional Musicality

Deep connection to:

rhythm

lyrics

instrumentation

Movements precisely match subtle sounds

👉 Often dances to every beat and accent

3. 💥 Isolation and Control

Mastery of:

isolating body parts (e.g. shoulders, chest)

Extremely precise and controlled movement

Creates:

a smooth, almost robotic effect

4. 🎭 Storytelling & Character

Dance used to express:

narrative

emotion

character

Seen clearly in:

“Thriller” (horror theme)

“Smooth Criminal” (gangster persona)

5. 🔄 Fusion of Styles

Blends:

jazz

street dance

popping & locking

funk

👉 Created a unique hybrid style

6. ⚖️ Contrast in Dynamics

Combines:

sharp, fast movements

smooth, fluid transitions

👉 Keeps performances visually engaging

7. 🧍 Minimalism vs Ensemble Work

Could perform:

solo with minimal movement (e.g. Billie Jean)

or large group routines (e.g. Thriller)

👉 Both equally powerful

8. 👔 Use of Costume & Visual Identity

Costume enhances choreography:

fedora hat

glove

sharp suits

👉 Movements designed to work with costume (e.g. hat tricks)

✏️ Quick Summary (for revision)

Michael Jackson’s style =

A groundbreaking fusion of street and jazz dance characterised by precision, musicality, iconic signature moves, and powerful storytelling.

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🔥 Breaking (B-boying/B-girling)

Pioneers:

DJ Kool Herc – Originator of the breakbeat.

Crazy Legs – Rock Steady Crew legend.

Ken Swift – Innovator of foundational footwork.

Recent Practitioners:

Logistx (USA) – Red Bull BC One World Champion, B-girl icon.

Victor Montalvo (USA) – World champion and Olympic-level competitor.

Kid Karam (UK) – Leading UK B-boy, known for power and creativity.

🔒 Locking

Pioneers:

Don “Campbellock” Campbell – Creator of Locking.

Toni Basil – Co-founder of The Lockers.

Recent Practitioners:

Luna (France) – Red Bull Dance Your Style finalist, known for expressive locking

FireLock (USA) – Modern ambassador of locking and funk styles.

Locking Khan (South Korea) – International battle winner and teacher.

⚡ Popping

Pioneers:

Boogaloo Sam – Creator of Popping.

Popin’ Pete – Electric Boogaloos member.

Recent Practitioners:

Dassy (South Korea/USA) – Known from So You Think You Can Dance.

Greenteck (Canada) – Champion popper with a unique style.

Nelson (France) – Renowned for musicality and battle wins.

🏠 House Dance

Pioneers:

Marjory Smarth – NYC house dance legend.

Ejoe Wilson – Known for groove and footwork.

Recent Practitioners:

Frankie J (UK) – House dancer and educator.

Toyin (USA) – Known for Afro-house fusion and battle presence.

Hurrikane (USA) – House and hip hop fusion dancer.

💃 Waacking

Pioneers:

Tyrone Proctor – Soul Train dancer and waacking pioneer.

Punkin’ – Original waacker.

Recent Practitioners:

Princess Lockeroo (USA) – Global educator and performer.

Lip J (South Korea) – Known for sharp technique and battles.

Waackeisha (Canada) – Prominent in the international waacking scene.

🪞 Voguing

Pioneers:

Willi Ninja – “Godfather of Voguing.”

Jose Xtravaganza – Madonna’s choreographer.

Recent Practitioners:

Leiomy Maldonado (USA) – Vogue Femme icon and Legendary judge.

Dashaun Wesley (USA) – Host of Legendary, House of Lanvin.

Honey Balenciaga (USA) – Rising star in ballroom and fashion.

⚡ Krumping

Pioneers:

Tight Eyez – Co-founder of Krump.

Big Mijo – Co-founder and innovator.

Recent Practitioners:

Outrage (UK) – Leading UK krumper and battle organiser.

Konkrete (USA) – Known for storytelling and intensity.

Baby Tight Eyez (USA) – Next-gen krump leader.

🕶️ Old School Hip Hop

Pioneers:

Boogaloo Shrimp – Star of Breakin’.

Mr. Wiggles – Bridged popping and hip hop freestyle.

Recent Practitioners:

Salah (France) – Known for mixing old school with animation.

Poppin John (USA) – YouTube educator and performer.

Buddha Stretch (USA) – Innovator of freestyle hip hop.

🧢 New School Hip Hop

Pioneers:

Elite Force Crew – Defined freestyle hip hop in the 90s.

Recent Practitioners:

Les Twins (France) – Global icons of freestyle and musicality.

Keone & Mari Madrid (USA) – Choreographers blending hip hop and storytelling.

Ayo & Teo (USA) – Viral dancers blending hip hop and litefeet.

🕺 Litefeet

Pioneers:

Chrybaby Cozie – Founder of Litefeet Nation.

Kid The Wiz – Known for hat tricks and subway fame.

Recent Practitioners:

Goofy (USA) – Litefeet innovator.

King Charles (USA) – Educator and battle dancer.

Kidd Patt (UK) – Emerging UK litefeet dancer and teacher.

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🌟 Key Works (Choreography Highlights)

Michael Jackson revolutionised dance in music performance, blending street, pop, and theatrical styles.

🎵 Iconic Music Videos

“Thriller” (1983)

Choreographed with Michael Peters

Famous group zombie routine

Strong storytelling + cinematic dance

“Billie Jean” (1983 live performances)

Introduced the moonwalk

Minimal but highly impactful solos

“Beat It” (1983)

Gang-style choreography

Fusion of jazz and street dance

“Smooth Criminal” (1988)

Iconic anti-gravity lean

Sharp, stylised ensemble work

🎤 Live Performances

Motown 25 (1983) – first moonwalk performance

Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)

HIStory World Tour (1996–97)

💥 Key Features of His Choreographic Style

1. ⚡ Iconic Signature Moves

Instantly recognisable movements:

moonwalk

toe stand

spins

isolations

👉 Made dance moves part of global popular culture

2. 🎶 Exceptional Musicality

Deep connection to:

rhythm

lyrics

instrumentation

Movements precisely match subtle sounds

👉 Often dances to every beat and accent

3. 💥 Isolation and Control

Mastery of:

isolating body parts (e.g. shoulders, chest)

Extremely precise and controlled movement

Creates:

a smooth, almost robotic effect

4. 🎭 Storytelling & Character

Dance used to express:

narrative

emotion

character

Seen clearly in:

“Thriller” (horror theme)

“Smooth Criminal” (gangster persona)

5. 🔄 Fusion of Styles

Blends:

jazz

street dance

popping & locking

funk

👉 Created a unique hybrid style

6. ⚖️ Contrast in Dynamics

Combines:

sharp, fast movements

smooth, fluid transitions

👉 Keeps performances visually engaging

7. 🧍 Minimalism vs Ensemble Work

Could perform:

solo with minimal movement (e.g. Billie Jean)

or large group routines (e.g. Thriller)

👉 Both equally powerful

8. 👔 Use of Costume & Visual Identity

Costume enhances choreography:

fedora hat

glove

sharp suits

👉 Movements designed to work with costume (e.g. hat tricks)

✏️ Quick Summary (for revision)

Michael Jackson’s style =

A groundbreaking fusion of street and jazz dance characterised by precision, musicality, iconic signature moves, and powerful storytelling.