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Mercantilism principles: Accumulation of gold+ land + monopoly = Strong kingdom

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Mercantilism principles: Accumulation of gold+ land + monopoly = Strong kingdom

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Principles of mercantilism (economic trend)

Accumulation of Gold. Gold was associated with wealth and power. ...

Belief that Wealth is Static. At the heart of mercantilism was the belief that wealth was static.

Large Population.

Positive Balance of Trade.

Reliance on Colonies.

State Monopolies.

Trade Barriers.

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Social structures of power- privileges & changes.

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Social structures of power- privileges & changes.

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The Medival logic for this 3 Estate arrangement:
- Those who pray (clergy)
- Those who fight (military)
- Those who work (serfs/peasants)

Source: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1960/the-three-estates-of-pre-revolutionary-france/

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Definition- Form of government in which the authority vested in the monarch. The monarch  is not bound by law and is not obliged to let other organs participate in governmental affairs (forms of government).

So... his power is:
* unlimited
* undivided and
* uncontrolled authority

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 Enlightenment political ideas- vs. absolutism

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 Enlightenment political ideas- vs. absolutism

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Enlightenment political ideas-
- John Locke:
- Rousseau:
- Rousseau:
- Montesquieu:
- Voltaire:

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Politics & religion (1685-1780's): If you're not catholic, you hardly exist.

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Politics & religion (1685-1780's): If you're not catholic, you hardly exist.

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Since 1685- French people were automatically considered to be Catholics, and all records of birth, death, and marriage were kept in the hands of parish priests.

"Without Catholic sacraments the king's subjects had no legal existence; his children were reputed bastards and had no rights of inheritance" (Lefebvre, 8).

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1760s- Physiocrats advice-> agricultural products should be highly priced. 

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1760s- Physiocrats advice-> agricultural products should be highly priced. 

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The wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of land development and that agricultural products should be highly priced. However, they never regulated

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7 years war: UK vs. France vs. Spain (1756-1763)

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7 years war: UK vs. France vs. Spain (1756-1763)

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Winner: UK & Spain
Loser: France

Lost territories:
-All claims to Canada
-Louisiana to Spain
-Spanish Florida: to the British

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USA declaration of independence (1776): Enlightenment ideas reflected on this Declaration

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USA declaration of independence (1776): Enlightenment ideas reflected on this Declaration

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Declaration of Independence Song - We Hold These Truths (Memorization Song)

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USA supported by France = money, food and weapons supply

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Changes in population, but little change in power?

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Changes in population, but little change in power?

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By 1789 this were the 3 Estates (groups):
-1st Estate: Clergy (400,000 clergy members)
-2nd Estate:  Aristocracy- Nobility (100,000 nobles)
-3rd Estate: Bourgeois + Working Classes (26.5 million people)
* Bourgeoisie= 2,000,000 people
* Peasants= 21,200,000 people

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1720-1780's: Population growth. No backup plan.

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1720-1780's: Population growth. No backup plan.

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The population grew more than it ever had because of better agriculture practices, less disease, and less war.

5-6 million more people in France in 1789 than in 1720.
No extra grain was contemplated.
Fact: Bread likely accounted for 60-80 percent of the budget of a wage-earner’s family. So... even a small rise would be catastrophic for the average French family.

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1775- "Flour war", an uprising due to bread shortage.

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1775- "Flour war", an uprising due to bread shortage.

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Food shortages and high prices ignited an explosion of popular anger in the towns and villages of the Paris Basin. Over 300 riots and expeditions to pillage grain were recorded in the space of a little over three weeks.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/bread-french-revolution-marie-antoinette

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-Immense debt- Seven Years War and the American Revolution (1775-1783).
-Corruption
- Indulgent lifestyle of the royal family and the French court at Versailles.

source: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:o5Iv1XQ9_AgJ:https://asc.library.carleton.ca/exhibits/french-revolution-arc/1780s-pre-revolutionary-france&cd=11&hl=es-419&ct=clnk&gl=mx

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1785-179 Unexpected issues: From Coldest winters to drought= bread crisis & inflation

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1785-179 Unexpected issues: From Coldest winters to drought= bread crisis & inflation

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- !784-1785: the Laki volcanic eruption in Iceland provoked summers had been cool in Europe and harvest poor.

-1785: Coldest winter (March weather records).
-1786-1787: droughts.
-1788: violent hailstorm. destroyed crops.
-1789: ice melted, water levels rise and flooded the fields and granaries.

-1789: the price for bread was increased from 8 to 14 sous.

source: https://www.climate4you.com/ClimateAndHistory%201700-1799.htm#1789-1793:%20The%20French%20Revolution;%20Part%201

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Unpleasant solutions: taxation for the Aristocrats.

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Unpleasant solutions: taxation for the Aristocrats.

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Calonne (minister) found a financial system that was rife with corruption and composed of fraudulent officials.

Proposals:
Taxes levied on all property without distinction= no more privilege for the Aristocracy. Now they have to pay.
-Taxes upon articles of luxury

Result: Rejected by the nobles. They fired Calonne.

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early 1789- Challenging the status quo: Joseph Sieyès's: What is the Third Estate?

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early 1789- Challenging the status quo: Joseph Sieyès's: What is the Third Estate?

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What did he state in this pamphlet ?

- The Third Estate was the only legitimate estate since it made up almost the entirety of France's population and paid most of the taxes.
- The First and Second Estates, therefore, were dead weight and should be abolished.

Result: Became very popular !!! #bestselling#trendingtopic

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- What was this meeting about?:  Provide a solution to the financial issues. Tax reform to alleviate the debts.

- Who attended? The 3 Estates.

- Main proposal: All subjects, must pay taxes proportionally to their income including a land tax.

-Voting system & main issue:  Each Estate would have as a whole 1 vote. Which outnumbered the 3rd Estate and meant that the financial burden would remain upon the 3rd Estate.

- Consequence: Most of the 3rd Estate abandoned the meeting and worked separately as a National Constituent Assembly.