# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Egyptians use yeast to ferment beer and leaven bread

# data[].attributes.body
Over 6,000 years ago, Egyptians used yeast to ferment beer and leaven bread. Over the years yeast has been modified and back then the yeast made the bread much sweeter, more rich, and the crumb is more light and airy than the modern sourdough.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Chinese use moldy soybeans to treat boils, the first use of an antibiotic

# data[].attributes.body
As the first antibiotic the Chinese would use moldy soybeans to treat boils and now it is believed that the fungus that is produces penicillin may have been what was in the soybeans.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation

# data[].attributes.body
Louis Pasteur discovered that all fermentation that is caused by microorganisms and specific fermentation is caused by specific microorganisms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Robert Koch publishes his postulates to determine causal relationships between microbes and disease

# data[].attributes.body
Robert Koch publishes his postulates which were used to determine that bacteria must have a role in every disease. His postulates allowed future studies to be made to identify the many pathogens of infectious diseases.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in England

# data[].attributes.body
In Manchester, England bacteria was used to treat sewage. In the UK it is believed that sewage treatment plants acting as giant "mixing vessels" where a wide range of microbes are living in along with a gene mutation that is a class of antibiotics that is used to treat meningitis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The term “biotechnology” is used for the first time in print by Hungarian Karl Erek

# data[].attributes.body
Hungarian engineer, Karl Erkey first used the term "Biotechnology" in 1919.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin

# data[].attributes.body
In 1928, at St.Mary's Hospital, London, Alexander Fleming discovered penicilin. This discpver reduced the number of deaths from infection.

# data[].attributes.body
Bacillus Thuringiensis was first founded in 1911 by Ernest Berliner. He isolated strain from dead Mediterranean flour moth larvae he found in a flour mil but before the same bacterium from a dead silkworm larvae was found and was called "sotto disease" which is also known as sudden collapse disease.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
James Watson and Francis Crick elucidate the structure of DNA

# data[].attributes.body
James Watson and Francis Crick state that their model of DNA consists of 2 helical strands twistes around each other in a double helix.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is isolated by Osamu Shimomura, who shares the Nobel Prize in 2008 for the discovery of this protein

# data[].attributes.body
Scientist combine the GFP gene to another gene that produces protein they want to study, then they insert the complex into a cell.

# data[].attributes.body
CHY-MAX is the second generation of FPC which has high in milk clotting which leads to the thickness of cheese. The enzyme Rennet also known as rennin is extracted from animals and it used when making cheese. FPC and rennin are what is used to create the thickness and taste of cheese.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer use restriction enzymes and ligases to express a foreign gene in bacteria

# data[].attributes.body
Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen discovered the construction of functional organisms that are combined and replicated from different species of living organisms,enzymes that contain DNA fragments and the act of manipulation of DNA molecules from one organism to another.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein produce the first monoclonal antibodies

# data[].attributes.body
Cesar Milstein and George Kohler published their techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies which were produced by fusing them with tumor cells. They found a way to mimic the effect of cloning antibodies which led the ability of the B cell to produce and grow rapidly allowing a large amount of antibodies to produce and grow. This system was called the "Hybridoma technology."

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The US Supreme Court approves the principal of patenting an organism, allowing oil company Exxon to patent an oil-eating bacterium

# data[].attributes.body
The US Supreme court had ruled that human genes are naturally occurring and they can be patented because they are what they call a "product of nature" so no credit would be given. Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty was able to break down crude oil which were treating oil spills.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The first biotechnology drug, recombinant human insulin, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and marketed under the brand name Humulin

# data[].attributes.body
The FDA approved Eli Lilly and Company's Humulin which is the first insulin made for people with diabetes. This was created using rDNA insulin. Humulin was developed by the first American biotechnology company, Genentech.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

# data[].attributes.body
Kary B. Mullis created the process of polymerase chain reaction which is where chains of DNA can be created, copied, and repeated. The enzyme DNA polymerase is what allow new DNA chains to be formed.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France

# data[].attributes.body
The first DNA fingerprint that was used by the court was used on a man named Richard Buckland when he had confessed in the crime of sexually assaulting and murdering a girl named Dawn Ashworth. The police weren't sure if he was telling the truth which is when the DNA fingerprint testing came into play.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France

# data[].attributes.body
Tobacco was the first produced genetically modified plant in a laboratory. Herbicide-resistant crops were made to enable the chemical control of weeds and helps prevent soil erosion.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The CRISPR DNA locus is first characterized

# data[].attributes.body
CRISPR locus is an array of short direct repeats interspersed with spacer sequences. The first step in the process is to design a customization guide RNA to target the DNA sequences. There are two essential characteristics of CRISPR which are crRNA (mature) and tracrRNA (trans-activating crRNA)

# data[].attributes.body
The Human Genome was created to identify genes and cells that are the cause of rare and common diseases. The human genome is the understanding of genes and how they work with the human body.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
FDA approves recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), branded as Posilac, to increase milk production in dairy cows

# data[].attributes.body
The FDA approved rBST. BST is a natural hormone in cows that regulates thei milk production and because of Recombinant bovine somatotropin it increases the milk production of a cow by 10 to 20 percent.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The first genetically modified staple crops are grown by farmers for commercial use

# data[].attributes.body
GMO has changed breeding in plants by giving the ability of fruits and vegetables to change in color and size. The first genetically modified crop was a delayed ripening tomato and soon after it was summer squash,soybeans,cotton,corn,papayas and more.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut creates Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal from an adult cell

# data[].attributes.body
Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the lamb. This was done by taking one of her unfertilized egg and a mammary gland cell and used electrical pulses to fuse them together. The cell was induced into the normal cycle of growth and when the embryos were done it was a successful clone of Dolly.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The first draft of the complete human genome is released

# data[].attributes.body
The first draft of the human genome sequence was published which included the blueprints of a human being and how their genetics, DNA, blood cells etc, function. The draft was an analysis from the very beginning of the project back in 1977.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Bio-Rad develops a test for developing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease)

# data[].attributes.body
The Bio-Rads test detects BSE also known as mad cow disease. It is the first test to detect the disease within 3 to 4 hours while other tests take roughly 7 to 12 hours. The disease is caused by a protein called Prion.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
GloFish, the first transgenic fish expressing green fluorescent protein, are launched as pets in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
GloFish are fluorescent fish which are created by inserting fluorescent genes from jellyfish and seas anemones into the eggs of a silver and black zebra danio and they glow.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Mature cells first reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells

# data[].attributes.body
Shinya Yamanaka introduced a set of transcription factors into a cell that were able to be induced into an embryonic state in adult cells. Stem cells began to differentiate in 1981 with the study of a mouse stem cells.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
CRISPR-Cas9 system first demonstrated as a tool for editing DNA in eukaryotic cells

# data[].attributes.body
type 1 CRISPR-Cas systems can be used for genome engineering in eukaryotic cells. Genome editing gives scientists the ability to change an organisms DNA.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Human adult skin cells are reprogrammed to have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, for the first time opening the door for personalized stem cell ther

# data[].attributes.body
Stem cells are also known as super cells because they can turn into any cell they want in the starting process of the human body. The study was about cells being able to be reprogrammed into a whole other cell with a whole other function.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is formed and announces the Human Proteome Project, whose mission is to map the human proteome

# data[].attributes.body
The goal of the Human Proteome Project is a systematic effort and technique in which it observes the proteins produced by the sequences translated from the human genome.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
DA approves Provenge, the first cancer vaccine for prostate cancer. Craig Venter and colleagues create the first synthetic cell.

# data[].attributes.body
The Provenge vaccine immune cells are collection and then exposed to a protein to stimulate and direct them against prostate cancer and when the immune cells are activated they then come back to the patient and treat the cancer. However, provenge is not a chemotherapy drug but it does give the same side effect chemotherapy does.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
FDA approves its first plant-based recombinant drug, Eleyso for treating Gaucher disease

# data[].attributes.body
Elelyso is the first FDA approved plant cell based ERT for type 1 Guacher disease. Elelyso enters guacher cells, breaks up any fatty substacne that has been built up in the spleen or liver and reducing the size of the cells.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
U.S. Supreme Court rules that naturally occurring genes cannot be patented

# data[].attributes.body
The US Supreme court rules that naturally occurring genes cannot be patented because they are known as a product of nature. This means that genes cannot be claimed or be taken for credit as "inventing it" because a person cant invent a gene since they are already a part of a human being.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
FDA approves first CAR-T therapies for leukemia and lymphoma

# data[].attributes.body
A CAR T-cell therapy is a treatment for certain blood cancers. Kymriah is a type of CAR-T therapy which is the first and only therapy approved by the FDA to treat leukemia and lymphoma. However, the neurological side effect are speech problems,tremors, and seizures.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
FDA approves Herceptin, a breast cancer drug targeted to a particular cancer genotype, the first form of personalized medicine

# data[].attributes.body
Herceptin first entered clinical development in 1992 qnd was approved in 1998 only for HER2-positive meta-static breast cancer. It then was approved in 2019 for breast cancer.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
First patients receive CRISPR-based treatment for genetic disorders (sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia)

# data[].attributes.body
CRISPR was first used for sickle cell disease. A patient named Jennifer Doudna was the first to be treated with CRISPR having sickle cell disease. Doudna is still alive and well after receiving treatment which shows it did what it was made for.