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a category of artistic composition characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography.

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a small-format photographic film used in single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs), film cameras, rangefinders, and disposable cameras. The number 35 refers to the total width of the film, including its perforated edges.

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the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography.

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a twin-lens reflex camera is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length.

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a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collecton.

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a public display of works of art or items of interest.

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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a workspace specifically designed and built for the purpose of taking photographs. In its basic form, a studio will feature a well lit space with a blank backdrop to allow the capturing of images in an environment free from obtrusive external light sources.

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line
may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or
abstract.

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to
height and width.

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free
flowing.

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are
defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art.

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value,
and intensity.
• Hue: name of color
• Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value
changes when white or black is added)
• Intensity: quality of brightness and purity (high
intensity= color is strong and bright; low intensity=
color is faint and dull)

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look
as if they might feel if touched.

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arranges elements within the frame to achieve visual weight across the image.

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elements of a scene that repeat itself.

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varying elements and objects in an image to avoid making it boring.

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comparing size of objects, or the amount of one thing to the whole.

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elements of a photo that appear to be moving.

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the simultaneous combination of shapes, tones or textures

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an area or object that draws attention and becomes a ​focal point.

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a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point.

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when two almost identical halves of an image seem equal in balance and importance.

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has two sides that are unequal while having elements that balance each other out.

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combining two or more elements in the same picture, highlighting the interesting contrast between them, to create an eye-catching and thought-provoking image.

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conceived or imagined outside of ‘reality’. Can encompass a huge variety of subject matter, take us out of our comfort zone, make us question what we see, or invite us to enter another realm.

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Green, blue, purple, etc.

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Red, yellow, orange, etc.

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often earth-colored tones that relate to the natural elements of an outdoor environment. Neutral tones can be the color of sand, the color of water, or the color of dust, for example.

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red–green, yellow–purple, and blue–orange.

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Monochrome colors are all the varieties of a single hue - the tints, shades, and tones.

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a directional change in the intensity or color in an image.

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a critique that offers actionable, effective feedback.

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Claiming someone else's work as your own.

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Something(s) that is/are morally correct.

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Subjective: matter of opinion
Objective: matter of facts

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Copyrights primarily protect the rights of people who create literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works (like history tests, and software code). Trademarks protect the use of a company's name and its product names, brand identity (like logos) and slogans.

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a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open.

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a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image.

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a guide to where to place a subject (a tree, person, building, etc.) or element in a photo (like the horizon) where it will be most pleasing to the eye.

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emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject. The viewer's eyes may be drawn to a central figure, but they can't help noticing the large section of emptiness that surrounds and defines that figure.

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the actual subject.

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positioning the main light source for a photograph behind the primary subject.

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or soft light, is light that's filtered by something. Sunlight through a sheer curtain is diffused.

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any light a photographer or cinematographer did not bring to the shoot. Also known as available light, it's any light that you haven't set up yourself. This includes natural light or even pre-existing lighting built in and around the location where you're shooting.

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darker backgrounds but also high contrast between highlights and shadows with harmonious saturated tones.

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a solid, dark image of a subject against a brighter background.

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a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast. Or you can create one composition using two entirely different images.

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a group of 3 separate images displayed together.

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a projection of one side of the figure onto its perpendicular plane. An orthographic projection consists of three views: the front view, the top view, and a side view.

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created by the curved shape of the lens. Because the lens is curved, the centre of the photo is magnified slightly more than the edges. That makes straight lines appear to curve around the edge of the image.

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Pincushion distortion produces the opposite effect from barrel distortion. Instead of an image curving in, pincushion distortion causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image.

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your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light. "Film world"

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the device that collects incoming light when the shutter opens and converts that light into an electrical signal.

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the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion. These light-sensitive silver halides change into pure metallic silver when exposed to light, which is how an image is captured on film.

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refers to visual distortion. Noise looks like tiny colored pixels or specks in your photograph, and sometimes resembles the grain that you may see in film photography.

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes.

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the "f" means focal length of the lens. f-stop is about how much light you allow to hit the sensor via the aperture opening.

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focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be.

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how much of your image is in focus.

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the pleasing or aesthetic quality of out-of-focus blur in a photograph.

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The camera does all the work for you. All you have to do is point and shoot.

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marked by 'P' on your camera's mode dial and is one of the Creative Zone modes, though one with the least control over your exposure settings. In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.

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In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls.

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a setting on cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes.

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an exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds. Generally, this would be used in extremely low light situations, such as taking photos of the night sky.

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purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect.

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a three-legged stand for supporting a camera (monopod has one leg).

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accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time.

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a technique where frames are shot much slower than a normal rate

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photographic technique of using a moving light source

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freezes objects in motion in a still frame.

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also known as continuous shooting mode, allows you to shoot a series of rapid-fire images without stopping.

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allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline.

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful.

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evaluates the light in the middle of the frame and its surroundings and ignores the corners.

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ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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a tool onto which photographers could aim a spot meter and use the brightness as the exposure of the scene. Interestingly enough, 18% gray cards will reflect the equal amount of light that they receive.

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the result of the relationship between the subject's location and the direction of the light source.

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the areas of an image that are neither bright nor dark.

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the lightest elements in an image

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound.