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Citation for video:
Ocean Power Technologies. (2019, February 26). Demonstration of OPT PB3 PowerBuoy® capabilities. YouTube. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyiR_vtRR_M
1. Wave Power
2. (a) There are many types of tech used for wave energy, such as point absorbers, attenuator, oscillation water columns and overtopping device. However one of the more notable one now is the point absorber, which typically uses Buoys, Mooring systems, rotating drive shafts, generator,  batteries, etc.
3. For the point absorber system, the KE of the waves is converted to the KE of the buoy, which is converted to the Electrical energy of the generator.
4. The main condition needed for point absorbers- or most of the wave power tech to work, is frequent waves, low and high tides, strong waves.
5. Most of the earth is covered by water, so it has space to be deployed. It will not be too less either as reports suggest that if we are able to harness even 0.1% kinetic energy caused by waves and tides, we can supply the global demand for electricity 5 TIMES!
6. Wave power is a renewable source of energy as it mainly relies on waves, which are caused by the heat of the sun, and the sun will be here for quite a long time.
7.  It can harm marine animals and surplus usage can lead to less habitat for other organisms. It is also quite expensive as it is still in its early stages, and also has a huge sum for maintenance.

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Demonstration of OPT PB3 PowerBuoy® Capabilities

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1. Biofuels
2. Bioreactors. These devices are used to cultivate microorganisms or plant cells to produce biofuels, such as algae or yeast.
3. Biofuels (stored energy) can be combusted in a boiler to produce steam, which can be used to generate electricity.
4. It requires a lot of money to produce those machines
5. Biofuels are renewable and sustainable. They are derived from renewable sources such as crops, algae, and organic waste.
6. Biofuels are renewable and sustainable. They are derived from renewable sources such as crops, algae, and organic waste.
7. The production and transportation of biofuels can also generate greenhouse gas emissions, mainly if fossil fuels are used in the production process.

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[ Nuclear Fusion ]

Devices needed for Nuclear Fusion:
Tokamak / Stellarator

How energy is transferred from one store to another:
Two light nuclei are merged to form a single heavier nucleus. It releases energy as the resulting nucleus has less mass than the two light nuclei, and the leftover mass becomes energy.

Conditions needed to produce such an energy source:
The two nuclei must be heated to an extremely high temperature, around 10 million degrees Celsius, to fuse.
Advantages of this source of energy:
Nuclear fusion represents a long-term, sustainable, economic, and safe energy source for electricity generation.

Is it renewable? :
Nuclear fusion is renewable. this is because some of the energy generated from one fusion can be used to power another fusion, generating an almost limitless supply of energy.

Environmental impacts:
As nuclear fusion does not produce Co2 or pr other harmful atmospheric emissions, it will not contribute to greenhouse gases and global warming. It also does not produce long-lived radioactive waste, causing nuclear fusion to be one of the most environmentally friendly power sources.

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1. Solar energy

2. Solar panels

3. Light energy from the sun is absorbed by the solar panels and converted to electrical energy

4. Sunlight

5. Solar energy is a form of renewable energy and reduces carbon emissions.

6. Renewable energy is sustainable as it can regenerate in a short amount of time and will never run out. Renewable energy also produces much lesser greenhouse gases compared to non-renewable energy

7. Solar energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions and mitigates climate change,

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1. Geothermal energy.
2. created using geothermal wells dug about 3-10km below the earth's surface.
3. heat energy from the earth is converted to electrical energy using an electricity generator
4. better in vocanically and tectonically active regions
5. Geothermal energy is reliable and consistent which allows it to produce base-load electricity
6. it is a renewable source of energy. Geothermal energy comes from heat naturally trapped in the earth's crust
7. geothermal energy produces accidental release of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide

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1. Natural Gas

2. Drilling wells and processing plants

3. Chemical Potential Energy -> Heat Energy -> Electrical Energy

4. Underground reservoirs

5. It produces half the amount of greenhouse gas than fossil fuels.

6. It is a non-renewable source of energy as it would not be able to regenerate as fast as we are using it.

7. While collecting the natural gas, methane may escape into the environment and cause global warning. Methane is also a harmful, transparent gas that is highly toxic.

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1) Biofuels

2) using food crops or cellulosic materials or the lipid production from algae

3) Biomass(CPE) -> direct combustion (Heat energy) -> Biofuel

4)It needs a suitable agricultural conditions which uses water and fertiliser

5) It is energy efficiency and it reduces greenhouse gases. It is also the only viable replacement to petroleum transportation fuels and can help provide energy security in regions that do not have hydrocarbon resources but have suitable agricultural conditions

6) Biofuels are renewable source or energy as they are produced from renewable feedstocks

7) When burned, biofuels produce fewer emissions of particulates, sulfur dioxide, and air toxics although biofuels productions requires land and water resource and also pollutes water quality

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1. Nuclear Fission (Uranium)

2. A nuclear reactor or power plant

3. Fuel rods (Chemical potential energy) -> Water (Heat energy) ->

Steam (Kinetic energy) -> Turbine (Kinetic energy) -> Generator (Electrical energy)

4. A nearby water source

5. A controlled nuclear fission reaction releases one million times more energy per kg than a chemical reaction such as burning coal, oil or gas.

6. It is non-renewable. There is a finite amount of uranium that can be mined.

7. Nuclear energy produces radioactive waste. If not handled properly, it could be a risk to human health and the environment.

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1. wind
2. wind turbines
3. kinetic energy in the wind is transferred to kinetic energy in the wind turbine's blades and then converted to electrical energy in the generator.
4. medium winds
5. can be set up in places with a lot of space
6. it is a renewable source of energy as winds are a natural occurrence and will not run out.
7. it takes up a lot of space

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1. Coal

2. Coal breaker for breaking the coal into smaller pieces for more surface area, thus making it burn faster. A boiler to turn the water into steam. A turbine uses steam to generate electricity

3. Coal (CPE) --> Heat (HE) --> Turbine (KE) --> Electricity (EPE)

4. There needs to be coal.

5.  Coal is very easy to store and transport. There is also a lot of coal in the world.

6. It is a non-renewable source of energy. Coal takes a very long time to form, usually millions of years, so there is a limited amount of coal.

7. Coal can produce carbon dioxide because coal is made from carbon and gases such as mercury, sulfur and nitrogen.

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1. hydroelectric
2. The hydroelectric turbine is a device capable of transforming the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy
3. A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity
4. kinetic energy to electrical energy
5. Hydropower provides low-cost electricity and durability over time compared to other sources of energy.
6. renewable
7. will disrupt wildlife

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1) Nuclear fission, thorium
2) a thorium reactor or a molten salt reactor.
3) During fuel burning, thorium 232 transforms into fissile uranium. Unlike natural uranium, natural thorium contains only trace amounts of fissile material (such as thorium 231), which are insufficient to initiate and sustain the nuclear chain reaction. Therefore, additional fissile material is necessary to initiate the fuel cycle.
4) whenever a nuclei is hit by a smaller neutron, it causes the nuclei to split, which releases energy and fast moving neutrons, which in turn causes more nuclei to split, and cause a domino effect, generating larger and larger amounts of energy.
5) abundance. Although the uranium resources may be very large, it is recognized that the thorium content of the earth’s crust is about three times larger, reflecting its longer half-life. On the other hand, due to the low demand for thorium, the known reserves for uranium and thorium are both nearly identical.
6)   The delayed neutron fraction is significantly lower for uranium 233 than for uranium 235. As a result, a reactor using  uranium 233 responds more rapidly and puts increased demands on the design of the control system.

7) it is highly fragile and will cause an atomic explosion, killing lives animal and human if not handled with care.

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1. Geo-thermal energy
2. Geo-thermal power plants eg. Dry Steam Power Plants & Flash Steam Power Plants.
3.  Geo-thermal plants like the dry steam power plants, use steam from underground reservoirs to turn turbines and generate electricity.
4. A heat source, and a water supply.
5. Using geo-thermal energy is renewable and sustainable, while being highly efficient.
6.  It is a renewable source of energy, as geothermal energy can be harnessed without depleting finite resources or causing environmental damage.
7. Geo-thermal power plants can require large areas of land, which can impact natural ecosystems and habitats.

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1)Nuclear fission(Thorium)
2)Thorium reactor/ Molten-salt reactor
3)In the reactor, Thorium is dissolved into molten salts and uranium and they are broken down until it is converted into heat energy
4)The splitting of one nucleus should only on average cause one nucleus to break to control the reaction and not cause an explosion, there should also be water as it is needed in the process
5)Thorium is three times more abundant that uranium, one ton of thorium can produce as much energy as 200 tons of uranium, or 3,500,000 tons of coal.
6) Thorium is non-renewable as it is unable to produce at the same rate it is being used
7)It produces gamma rays and has a high chance of exploding and killing many people if it is not done correctly

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1. Wind
2. wind turbines, large power grids to connect wind turbines, and a control station
3. KE in the wind is converted to KE in the wind turbine's blades, which is converted to Electrical energy in the generator
4. medium to high but not too high winds
5. not very complex, can be set up in a lot of places
6. it is renewable as it will last as long as there is motion in the form of winds
7. It takes up lots of space and creates uneven air intake for nearby areas

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1. What is the energy that you have chosen or allocated?

Wave Power.

2. What devices are needed to generate the energy? You may include a picture to illustrate your devices(e.g. solar panels, turbines, boilers)

Oscillation Water Columns are partially submerged enclosed structures with the upper part of the structure above the water, which is filled with air, and incoming waves are funnelled into the bottom part of the structure. When these waves flow through the structure, it causes the water column to rise and fall with the wave, which causes the air in the top structure to pressurize and depressurize. this, in turn, pushes and pulls air through a connected air turbine at the top of the structure, converting the energy.

3. How is the energy transferred from one store to another? (e.g. GPE 🡺KE 🡺Electrical)

Waves(KE)=pushing and pulling of water column(KE)=pressurisation and depressurisation of air(CKE)=push and pull of air(KE)=turning of connected air turbine(KE)=electric energy(EE)

4. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains,high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?

Strong waves.

5. What are the advantages of this source of energy? (in terms of storage, transportation, ease of use)

Can be used all year round in the ocean and is not harmful to marine life(I think).

6. Is it a renewable or non-renewable source of energy? Explain.

It is a renewable source of energy as it has no impact on the environment around it and can last forever.It also does not produce greenhouse gases.

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?

Marine creatures may be trapped in it.

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1. Oil

2. Drilling and pumping out oil from oil reserves

3. CPE (Fossils) -> HE (Subjected to heat) -> KE (Subjected to pressure -> HE (Heated by furnace to refine oil)

4. Organisms and a large amount of time

5. It is abundant and powerful. It can also be stored and transported easily

6. It is a non-renewable as it takes a very long time to produce. It thus cannot sustain itself to the rate it is being used.

7. It releases dangerous chemicals to the water and harmful pollutants to the air

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1. Hydroelectric

2. Hydroelectric power uses turbines and generators to convert that kinetic energy into electricity

3. Water(KE) -> Turbine(KE) -> Generator(EE)

4.THe movement of water is needed to spin the turbines and generate electricity.

5.This energy is renewable and will never run out

6. It is renewable as it only requires the movement of water to generate electricity.

7.It will not produce carbon dioxide but may obstruct ways of living for wildlife nearby as they may have to build a dam.

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1. Nuclear Fission ( Uranium )

2. The containment building confines fission products that might be released into the atmosphere in the event of an accident.

3. Fuel rods (CPE) -> Water (HE) -> Steam (KE) -> Turbine (KE) -> Generator (EE)

4. There has to be a nearby water source as water is essential to the transfer of energy from the fuel rods to the turbine.

5. They refuel very rarely, only every 18-24 months and it is the most reliable, consistent and safest source of electricity with 90 deaths/1000TWh

6. It is non-renewable as there is a finite amount of uranium that can be mined from the ground.

7. Nuclear energy produces radioactive waste which has to be disposed of by planting it deep into the ground which if not handled properly could be a risk to human health and to the environment.

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1) Nuclear Fusion

2) A Fusion reactor

3) In a fusion reaction, two light nuclei merge to form a single heavier nucleus. The process releases energy because the total mass of the resulting single nucleus is less than the mass of the two original nuclei. The leftover mass becomes energy.

4) The temperature must be hot enough to allow deuterium and tritium ions to have enough kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier and fuse together. The ions must be confined with a high ion density to achieve a suitable fusion reaction rate.

5)

No carbon emissions. The only by-products of fusion reactions are small amounts of helium, an inert gas which can be safely released without harming the environment.

Abundant fuels. Deuterium can be extracted from water and tritium will be produced inside the power station from lithium, an element abundant in the earth’s crust and seawater. Even with widespread adoption of fusion power stations, these fuel supplies would last for many thousands of years.

Energy efficiency. One kilogram of fusion fuel could provide the same amount of energy as 10 million kilograms of fossil fuel. A 1 Gigawatt fusion power station will need less than one tonne of fuel during a year’s operation.

Less radioactive waste than fission.  There is no radioactive waste by-product from the fusion reaction. Only reactor components become radioactive; the level of activity depends on the structural materials used. Research is being carried out on suitable materials to minimise decay times as much as possible.

Safety. A large-scale nuclear accident is not possible in a fusion reactor. The amounts of fuel used in fusion devices are very small (about the weight of a postage stamp at any one time). Furthermore, as the fusion process is difficult to start and keep going, there is no risk of a runaway reaction which could lead to a meltdown.

Reliable power. Fusion power plants will be designed to produce a continuous supply of large amounts of electricity. Once established in the market, costs are predicted to be broadly similar to other energy sources.

6) It is renewable because nuclear fusion energy is one of the most powerful renewable energy sources. After the initial fusion, the energy generated can be used to power further reactions and so on, creating a virtually limitless supply.

7) Fusion is among the most environmentally friendly sources of energy. There are no carbon dioxide or other harmful atmospheric emissions from the fusion process, which means that fusion does not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions or global warming. Its two sources of fuel, hydrogen and lithium, are widely available in many parts of the Earth.

Thus nuclear fusion is the cleanest energy of all :)

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2. A coal breaker is used to break the coal down into smaller pieces for more surface area and makes it burn faster; a boiler heats the water, turning it into steam, and a turbine generates electricity.

3. Coal(CPE) -> Heat(HE) -> Turning of the turbine(KE) -> Electricity(EPE)

4. The presence of coal is needed to heat the water.

5. There is an abundance of coal, and it is easy to store. It can be easily transported through conveyor belts.

6. It is a non-renewable source of energy. Coal takes millions of years to form, so there is a limited supply of it.

7. It produces a lot of carbon dioxide since coal is mainly made out of carbon and other gases such as nitrogen, mercury, sulphur and heavy metals. SOx is the leading cause of acid rain, and NOx contributes to smog or a yellow cloud that covers larger cities and provides poor air quality.

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1. Natural Gas.

2. Drilling wells are used to extract natural gas.

3. Natural Gas (CPE) --> Heat (HE) --> Electricity (EE)

4. Underground reservoirs containing methane have to be found first.

5. When natural gas is burned, there are fewer greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants when compared to other fossil fuels.

6. It is a non-renewable source of energy. Natural gas takes millions of years to be formed and thus is not renewable.

7. It releases carbon dioxide and methane into the air and methane is a colourless, odourless, toxic gas.

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1. Tidal Power
2. Tidal Barrages, Tidal fences, Tidal Turbines
3. GPE (from tides) -> Kinetic energy (in water)-> Electrical Energy (Tidal Barrage) Kinetic energy in waves -> Electrical Energy (Tidal Fences, Tidal Turbines)
4. They have to be implemented along coastlines which experience two high and low tides everyday. The differences in these two heights must be at least 5 metres
5. It produces more energy than wind as water is 832 times more dense than air and it is easy to install.
6. It is renewable as it uses the Earth's tides, a byproduct of the gravitational forces of the sun, the moon and the rotation of the earth.
7. The land around generators of tidal energy may be affected so plants and animals living there may be harmed.

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1. Tidal power
2. Tidal barrages, fences or turbines are used to harness the energy of tidal waves.
3. Tides(KE)--}Turning of the turbine(KE)--Electricity(EE)
4. High tides and low tides must be present, with the difference being at least 5 metres.
5. Easy to install and renewable, having no direct greenhouse gas emissions and a low environmental impact. It is also a very predictable energy source due to the ocean patterns being well-understood.
6. It is a renewable source of energy as it doesn't run out, and it has a zero-carbon footprint.
7. Tidal power can damage marine life, their rotating blades may kill the creatures living in the sea. Noise from the rotation of the turbines may also impact fish habitations in tidal power locations. Tidal energy can also impact the quality of water and sediment processes.

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1. tidal energy
2. horizontal axis turbine, vertical axis turbine, oscillating hydrofoil, enclosed tips, archimedes screw, tidal kite
3.The kinetic energy from the natural rise and fall of tides is harnessed and converted into electricity.
4.tides going in and out of the dam
5.renewable energy
6.it is renewable as it harnesses the tides of the ocean which is natural
7.As it is renewable this type of harnessing energy will not harm the environment