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Predator lies in wait, but burst attacks prey from farther distances than ambush predators and intercepts the prey based on the prey's motion.

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i liked that the mindmap contains many different subpoints which makes it neat and helps the reader to understand the content easily. The eel diagram explaining it's pharyngeal jaw helps me to visualize too! Overall very good mindmap.

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Loved the color coding and the way you guys organized your mind map, it makes it really easy to understand the flow. The bolding and italics were a nice touch too and it highlights the main parts of the paragraph well. Information was easy to read too

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Hi Team1, your mind map was detailed and nicely elaborated, making it easier to read and understand the main points of each parts of the various sections (keywords were bolded/italicized)

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The mindmap is very neat and organised, especially with the colour-coding. Information provided is also concise with key points highlighted, making it easy to follow and read the mindmap

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Overall contents are factual and accurate. 

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Overall contents are factual and accurate. 

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I like how organised and detailed your mindmap is and how you used the colours to separate the different categories and included diagrams such as the moray eel diagram

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Hi, I think your team has a nice and clear mindmap! I like the extra info on shark adaptations. However, there is overlapping information between characteristics under the stages of predation and adaptations of both predations

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1. Jaws
2. Teeth

Jaws:
Many predators have jaws and muscular structures that enables them to create a partial vacuum to suck prey into their mouth - terminal protrusible mouth (created by a pressure difference)
- This can be seen in some aquatic predators such fishes, sharks and whales

Teeth:
- Have teeth/claws to secure prey
Example:
Moray eel have sharp teeth that are curved backwards that prevents prey from being able to back out from the eel's mouth. They also have pharyngeal jaws (2nd set of teeth) that can lunge forward to grab its prey and swallow it

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1. Eyes
2. Olfactory bulb
3. Ears
4. Lateral line
5. Ampullae of Lorenzini

Eyes (vision):
Marine predators have complex and rapid eye-motor coordination that helps them in finding and capturing prey
- Some elasmobranchs (sharks, skates) and most teleost fishes (catfish, gobiidae, salmonoids), have colour vision
Example:
Octopuses have movable lens in their eyes that allows quicker focus on moving prey

Olfactory bulb (smell):
- Odour detection: Marine predators like sharks have an olfactory bulb that can detect soluble chemical substances released by their prey
Example:
Sharks have nares (nostrils) that help them sniff out prey or their potential mates

Ears (hearing):
Fish only have inner ears. Bony fishes can detect vibrations through their otoliths ("earstones")
Example:
Marine predators like dolphins emit sound waves and receive returning echoes to detect the location of their prey

Lateral lines:
The lateral line organ (LLO) is a system of sensory organs that can be found in fish that is used to detect vibration and pressure gradients in the surrounding water
Example:
The lateral line of a shark can sense tiny vibrations in the water

Ampullae of Lorenzini (electroreception):
The ampullae of Lorenzini are sensory organs that allows sharks to electrical fields created by prey
Example:
Hammerhead sharks have an increased ampullae sensitivity to find its prey (especially stingrays) that bury themselves under the sand

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Sharks:
- Able to regrow lost teeth ensures that prey will always be less likely to escape.

- Special receptors that detect electromagnetic fields to find hidden prey and

- Countershading to be less detectable from both above and below to close the distance needed to chase their prey.

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- Characterized by engagement in high speed chases with rapid accelerations and sharp changes in direction in response to prey evasion
- More streamlined body for faster swimming
- High reactivity and engagement in constant estimation of prey movements
- Round bodies and tails with high aspect ratio. (Greatest body depth 1/3 away from head)
- Some are group pursuers (e.g. dolphins and killer whales) and some are individual pursuers
- Group hunting is comparatively rarer in fish

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1. Search - leads to detection
2. Assess - prompts pursuit
3. Pursue
4. Handle - capturing, killing, removing of shells, etc -> consumption

-> The foraging cycle and predation are linked

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1. Detection - search and find prey via sensory cues
2. Pursuit - initiate attack & pursue prey
3. Capture - secure prey
4. Handle/consumption - final step; eating the prey

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Mode of pursuit: Ambush predation (sit-and-wait foraging *passive*)

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Mode of pursuit: Ambush predation (sit-and-wait foraging *passive*)

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- Predator engages in sudden strike on nearby prey before the prey escapes (expends less energy), securing prey within approachable distance before it can react
- Lying in wait with crypsis (camouflage *blending into the background through posture or coloration, hiding in physical structure *rock crevices or subterranean burrows, or employ aggressive mimicry *to not resemble a predator)
- Better suited for dense distribution of prey that are mobile

Common characteristics of ambush predators are such that:
-> they have fast speed (elongated and flexible bodies), but lack sustained speed and maneuverability
-> the ability to strike accurately
-> symmetrical median fins located far towards the rear of the body directly opposite one another
-> relatively large caudal fin with low aspect ratio (more drag, but generates more power with quick bursts, as it catches more water)
-> low body profile that evokes slower response by prey

Structural adaptations: long snout with many sharp teeth that are often thin

Examples: Needlefishes, gars, pikes, barracudas, Moray eels, seahorses, and specialized fish in the families of characins and cichlids

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Camouflage in the Ocean - Ambush Predators - Colleen Slater Photography %

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Venomous ambush predators are perfectly camouflaged, staying motionless until unwary prey comes within striking distance. Then they strike with lightening speed, faster than the human eye can see.

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The capture and killing of a live organism

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- Ambush predators sacrifice sustained speed and maneuverability for a fast burst of speed

Consists of pike-like predators
- elongated, flexible bodies
- long snouts with sharp & thin teeth
- Broad and symmetrical median fins in the far back of the body opposite to one another
- Relatively large caudal fins with low aspect ratio
- Low body profile evoke slower response by prey

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- ambush prey when it is in approachable distance
- bust forth to catch prey rapidly and securely before the prey can react
- requires perfectly/carefully timed strikes
- need to detect -> access if prey is worth attacking -> strike when prey is in the right place
- capturing movement is rapid to trap the prey as they direction of attack cannot be changed once launched

Example(s):
Deep-sea tripodfish
- uses tactile & mechanosensory cues to identify food in its low light environment
Pantherfish
- uses bioluminescent organs to attract prey towards it

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Mode of pursuit: Pursuit predation (active foraging)

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Mode of pursuit: Pursuit predation (active foraging)

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- Predator engages in active chase of fleeing prey (expends more energy) using high speeds with rapid accelerations, and sharp directional change in response to prey evasion
- Better suited for the search of sparsely distributed prey that are mobile

(watch video starting at the 2:04 mark for Dorado leap and Marlin in hot pursuit)

Common characteristics of pursuit predators are such that:
-> they have sustained speed and maneuverability from their streamlined body
-> the ability to swim fast, have high reactivity
-> round bodies and tails with high aspect ratio (less drag where tail length over surface area is high)
-> greatest body depth is one-third away from the head

Examples: Tuna, marlin and sharks

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AMAZING BLUE MARLIN FOOTAGE - A MUST SEE !!!

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1. jawless
Adaptation: scavenging/parasitic behavior
Example: Lampreys lack of jaw which help them to suck and cling onto fishes like parasites

2. tweezer-like
Adaptation: poking into crevices
Example: butterfly fish have thin tweezer-like mouth which is helpful for them to capture prey that is hiding in small cracks.

3. suction tube
Adaptation: slurping/sucking prey
Example: seahorses have a long tube like mouth, they are ambush predators that create a vacuum that sucks their prey into their mouth. They usually feed on small crustaceans.

4. large mouth
Adaptation: swallowing large prey
Example: groupers eat anything and tend to swallow their prey whole.

5. beak-like teeth
Adaptation: biting hard objects
Example: Parrot fish can crunch up hard objects like corals

6. Tiny and turned up
Adaptation: capture plankton
Example: Plantivorous fish attack visible plankton, they have very large eyes which help them to see and feed on planktonic prey.

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1. Pointed
It is normally use for stabbing its prey.
Example: deep sea anglerfish don't always encounter suitable prey so they have large mouth and very sharp pointed teeth to help facilitate capturing and swallowing any prey they can find.

2. comb-like
It is used for scraping food particles/matter from rocks
Example: combtooth blenny used its teeth to scrape algae or organic matter from rocks/hard substrates.

3. heavy and flat, molar like
This set of teeth is normally used for grinding food.
Example: Chimaera have 3 pairs of large permanent grinding tooth plates to help grind food with shells like crabs or mollusks.

4. fused like a beak
Like the comb-like teeth this set of teeth is also used to scrape hard materials off rocks.
Example: Parrot fish have 2 front teeth fused together, enabling them to scrape and bite off chunks of coral to extract algae.

5. incisors-like
It is used to cut/shred up prey.
Example: Piranha fish have a powerful bite as their teeth help them shred the flesh of their prey

6. broom-like
This set of teeth is mainly used for filtering of food.
Example: Whale shark have a large mouth with 5000 teeth, which help them to draw large amount of water with copious amount of tiny creatures like plankton or shrimps for them to feed on.

7. serrated
It is mainly used to tear up the flesh of prey.
Example: Great White Shark's teeth is longer than 5cm, it is triangular and serrated which is designed to help them tear off chunks of flesh from prey.

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Key adaptations of ambush and pursuit predators

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Key adaptations of ambush and pursuit predators