# data[].attributes.headline
FATIMAH MAKSUUMAH BINTI MOHAMAD ZAIN | LG243 | 2023165081

# data[].attributes.subject
FATIMAH MAKSUUMAH BINTI MOHAMAD ZAIN | LG243 | 2023165081

# data[].attributes.body
Author's note: Hello! I'm Fatimah Maksuumah, I usually go with Fatimah for short. I may don't have much words to say here, but I hope the information beside me that you're about to read will make up for it. Enjoy your stay whilst reading and watching videos about languages of these cultures in our country!

# data[].attributes.body
Peninsular Malaysia's indigenous minorities are known as the Orang Asli. 'Original peoples' or 'first peoples' are the transliterations of the name, which is a Malay term. It is a collective word created by anthropologists and bureaucrats for the 18 ethnic groups that are (officially) subdivided into Negrito, Senoi, and Proto-Malay for official purposes.

# data[].attributes.body
The Peninsular Malaysia region, which shares a very homogeneous cultural zone with Southern Burma and Southern Thailand, is home to the majority of the Malaysian Siamese or Thai Malaysians until the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Siam kept them apart.

# data[].attributes.body
Within the Malaysian Chinese community, the Hakka dialect group is the second largest. Up until 2016, its population was estimated to be around 1.5 million, making up 23.5% of all Malaysian Chinese. The early immigrants from the several provinces of Southeast China are the ethnic Hakka's primary line of descent. Northern China was the origin of the first immigrants.

# data[].attributes.body
A small fraction of Malaysia's two million or so Indians are Punjabi. They have managed to maintain a distinct Punjabi/Sikh identity within Malaysian society, which distinguishes them from the Tamil and other Hindu Indian minorities.

# data[].attributes.body
The indigenous non-Muslim people of Borneo known as Dayak, also spelt Dyak and Dutch Dajak, have typically lived near the banks of the largest rivers. It is used somewhat less frequently in Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah), where it is frequently thought to refer exclusively to the Iban (formerly known as Sea Dayak) and Bidayuh (previously known as Land Dayak) peoples.

# data[].attributes.headline
Some history of the formation of Orang Asli's language.

# data[].attributes.subject
Some history of the formation of Orang Asli's language.

# data[].attributes.body
Although the Orang Asli's original tongues are unknown, it is believed that they started assimilating Aslian languages gradually. But later, Austronesian speakers started to colonise the southernmost regions of the Peninsula, and by ancient times, they had risen to dominate the region. As a result, many southern Orang Asli started learning Austronesian languages, particularly Malay.

# data[].attributes.body
Malaysian Siamese speaks both Thai and Malay.

# data[].attributes.body
Hakka is not only the name of the culture, the language is also called the same. The language spoken by the Hakka is Chinese, with the Hakka dialect.

# data[].attributes.body
The primary original language for the Sarawak Dayak of Malaysia is Bau Bidayuh.

# data[].attributes.headline
Incorporation of other languages into Bau Bidayuh

# data[].attributes.subject
Incorporation of other languages into Bau Bidayuh

# data[].attributes.body
Bau Bidayuh incorporates Malay language into their daily conversations, making the conversation sounds something like, "Ada saya rasa makanan tuwak dayung kamu.", which translates to "I‘ve tasted your aunt’s cooking." Besides that, rural and urban Dayaks also have different patterns of language. Most rural Dayaks uses more Malay in their sentences, whilst urban Dayaks sticks more to their original language.

# data[].attributes.body
The name of a Chinese ethnic group whose ancestors are thought to have originated in north central China, like those of all Han Chinese, is Hakka, which literally translates to "guest people" or "stranger" (Constable, 1996b, p. 3).

# data[].attributes.body
There are four subfamilies of Aslian languages, which are primarily spoken in the Central and Northern jungles of the Malay Peninsula today. These are the Aslian languages' Northern branch (predominantly spoken in the states of Kedah, Perak, and Kelantan, as well as Pahang and Trengganu), Central branch (Perak, Kelantan, and Pahang), Southern branch (Pahang and Trengganu), and a single Aslian language, Jah Hut (Pahang), which makes up a lone fourth branch.

# data[].attributes.headline
Pronunciation of some Bau Bidayuh's words

# data[].attributes.subject
Pronunciation of some Bau Bidayuh's words

# data[].attributes.body
Some words ending in the nasals m, n, and ng are frequently spoken with an unreleased voiceless articulation, and to distinguish them from the typical nasal sounds, they are listed in the list as p, t, and k, respectively. Giyamp (a rapid), isint (flesh), and asink (urine) are a few examples.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Dayak
2. Hakka
3. Malaysian Siamese
4. Orang Asli
5. Punjabi

# data[].attributes.headline
Can you recognise a Malaysian Siamese in public?

# data[].attributes.subject
Can you recognise a Malaysian Siamese in public?

# data[].attributes.body
If someone is not speaking their mother tongue, it is impossible to tell if they are Malay or Siamese. Their language and religion serve as their only identifying features. Other than that, Malaysian Siamese are similar to Malays because they are conversant in regional Malay dialects. The majority of Malaysian Siamese are literate in Thai thanks to the schools that have been operating inside village temples since 1943, where Thai language instruction is provided.

# data[].attributes.headline
Let's unwind and watch this comparison of Bau Bidayuh and Malay Sarawak's language

# data[].attributes.subject
Let's unwind and watch this comparison of Bau Bidayuh and Malay Sarawak's language

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bahasa Bidayuh Dayak(Bau) vs Bahasa Melayu Sarawak

# data[].attributes.body
1. Anonymous. (n.d.) People Name: Sarawak Dayak of Malaysia. People Groups. https://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=9324

# data[].attributes.headline
Curious of the difference between Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hakka? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Curious of the difference between Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hakka? 

# data[].attributes.body
Watch this video to find out!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mandarin vs Cantonese vs Hakka - Slow & Clear Comparison

# data[].attributes.body
1. Constable, N. (1996b). Guest people: Hakka identity in China and abroad. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

2. Wang, X. M., Lee, K. H.,Fan, P. S., Fan, P. W., Lee, P. P., Danny, W., Tze, K. D., Seong, L. (2016). Sustaining of Hakka Identity in Malaysia. University of Malaya. https://malaysianchinese.um.edu.my/sustaining-of-hakka-identity-in-malaysia

# data[].attributes.body
'Lesem' means 'rain', 'bulus' means 'spear', and 'bakes' does not mean cake. 'Bakes' translates to 'old'. An interesting fact we could throw in right here, there are some other Austronesian words that relates to these Aslian words such 'kebus' (in Aslian) and 'kabus' (in Dayak). Both of these translates to the same thing, which is 'dead'.

# data[].attributes.body
Malaysian Punjabis orginally uses Hindi with Punjabi dialect. Since it is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India, calling it the Punjabi language is not a problem.

# data[].attributes.body
This Padlet will be all about languages around cultures in Malaysia, specifically Dayak, Hakka, Malaysian Siamese, Orang Asli, and Punjabi.

# data[].attributes.body
Jaafar, M. F., Mat Awal, N. Mis, M. A., Lateh, N. (2016). The Patterns of Language Choice at the Border of Malaysia-Thailand. Balai Bahasa Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJAL/article/view/1342

# data[].attributes.headline
How many of them still treasures the Punjabi language?

# data[].attributes.subject
How many of them still treasures the Punjabi language?

# data[].attributes.body
Since Punjabi is a minority in Malaysia, the national and secondary language has become a popular resort for Punjabis to speak in their daily life. A study of Language Choice among the Punjabi Sikh Community in Kota Kinabalu reveals only 3 out of 43 respondents only speaks Punjabi at home, whilst the highest being English, and second lowest being English and Malay.

# data[].attributes.headline
You must have listened to Orang Asli talking before, but have you seen a 'Mat Salleh' done it?

# data[].attributes.subject
You must have listened to Orang Asli talking before, but have you seen a 'Mat Salleh' done it?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mat Salleh Cuba Bercakap Dalam Bahasa Orang Asli (Temiar)

# data[].attributes.body
Let's greet someone in Punjabi!
To say 'Hello!' we pronounce it as 'Sata srī akāla' or we could also write it as 'ਸਤ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ'.

# data[].attributes.body
Johari, F., & Wong, K. V. (2016). Whispers among the leaves: the Aslian languages of the Malay Peninsula. Unravel. https://unravellingmag.com/articles/the-aslian-languages/

# data[].attributes.headline
Are you feeling a little sleepy? It's okay, you can learn the Punjabi language before falling asleep.

# data[].attributes.subject
Are you feeling a little sleepy? It's okay, you can learn the Punjabi language before falling asleep.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Learn before Sleeping - Punjabi (India) (native speaker)  - with music

# data[].attributes.body
Kaur, S., Singh, G. S. B., David, M. K., Shanmuganathan, T., Dumanig, F. T.  (2022). Language Choice among the Punjabi Sikh Community in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. IARS' PRESS. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/6638/663872727007/html/