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1. hierarchy - a system in which animals or humans are ranked

2. muzzle - nose and mouth part of an animal

3. kinship - blood relationship

4. yelp - a short, sharp cry

5. methodology - a system of methods used to research

6. horde - a large group of people or animals

7. submissive - meekly obedient or passive

8. turf - grass and the surface layer of the earth

9. tempered - having a specified temper

10. gangues - worthless minerals or rocks

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Though people nearly hunted wolves to extinction in the lower 48 states, northern gray wolves have returned to the Great Lakes, the northern Rockies, California and the Pacific Northwest. But just as the U.S. was making progress for gray wolves, protections were stripped. In 2011, Congress ended protections in the northern Rockies, and in 2020 the Trump administration stripped wolves of their critical ESA protections across the country. Anti-wolf legislators and extremists have been on the offensive ever since.

Wolves play a key role in keeping ecosystems healthy. They help keep deer and elk populations in check, which can benefit many other plant and animal species. The carcasses of their prey also help to redistribute nutrients and provide food for other wildlife species, like grizzly bears and scavengers. Scientists are just beginning to fully understand the positive ripple effects that wolves have on ecosystems.

The Trump administration's premature decision to strip gray wolves of their federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) protections was nothing less than a betrayal of wildlife and of the advocates who have spent decades helping bring wolves back from the brink of extinction.

Thankfully on February 10, 2022, a judge ruled that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) prematurely removed federal Endangered Species Act protections for gray wolves in most of the Lower 48 states. The decision restored protections for thousands of wolves.

You can be a part of the solution for endangered species: support our efforts to protect the wild!

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Though people nearly hunted wolves to extinction in the lower 48 states, northern gray wolves have returned to the Great Lakes, the northern Rockies, California and the Pacific Northwest. But just as the U.S. was making progress for gray wolves, protections were stripped.

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newsela.com

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Wolves return to Sawtooth Valley
SNRA, Clayton packs bring new hope, tensions
"We're very excited to have wolves back in the SNRA. But we need to make sure they're here to stay."
- Lynne Stone, executive director, Boulder-White Clouds Council

First in a series of two
By GREGORY FOLEY
Express Staff Writer

"This is good wolf country," he said.

"They can den in the hills and then come down to hunt. There's plenty of
territory and plenty of food along the edges."

"It's an alpha female and an alpha male,"
he noted. "They just had their first litter with five new pups."

Indeed, gray wolves have returned to the
Sawtooth Valley, filling a void left last year by two erstwhile wolf packs.

The discovery this spring that a new wolf
pack had established itself in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area has renewed
an ongoing debate over how Idaho's wolves-and the public lands they inhabit-should be managed.

"In the SNRA, I've been advised that if
there is depredation, we cannot do any lethal or non-lethal wolf management," he
said.

Yet, two other groups of wolves outside
the SNRA boundaries are not afforded the extra protection of Judge Winmill's
order. One-the Buffalo Ridge pack located south of Clayton-is in increasing
danger of having to be eliminated. The second, a mating pair that inhabits the
East Fork of the Salmon River area, has yet to be confirmed by management
officials as a viable pack.

"It appears that all six pups and all the
adults survived the year," Niemeyer said.

Niemeyer said the health of the pack
indicates that Clayton residents "are not poaching wolves," but noted that the
probability that the pack has taken calves in the area has put them at risk of intervention by USFWS.

"This pack is on the ragged edge of having
to be controlled," Niemeyer said.

Niemeyer, who oversees the federal
government's wolf recovery program in Idaho, Wyoming and Montana, works to
oversee and manage an estimated 1,000 wolves in the tri-state region, including approximately 300 in Idaho.

Despite the success of wolves in central
Idaho, Mack said, populations that live outside of established wilderness areas
remain especially vulnerable to lethal-control measures. "There's less pressure
now from livestock producers to kill wolves," he said. "But the Fish and
Wildlife Service is now more intent on using lethal control because the wolves
are now well established."

With the Buffalo Ridge pack already facing
control measures, environmental activists are alarmed that some 4,470 sheep and 2,500 cattle will be allowed to graze in the SNRA this summer-many in pastures
immediately adjacent to the den of the Champion Creek wolves.

"We're very excited to have wolves back in
the SNRA," said Lynne Stone, executive director of the Boulder-White Clouds
Council. "But we need to make sure they're here to stay."

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SNRA, Clayton packs bring new hope, tensions "We're very excited to have wolves back in the SNRA. But we need to make sure they're here to stay." - Lynne Stone, executive director, Boulder-White Clouds Council First in a series of two By GREGORY FOLEY Express Staff Writer "This is good wolf country," he said.

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How Did Wolves Evolve? | National Geographic

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The book, "Gray Wolves," is mainly about wolves hunting, their threats, and their future. Gray wolves hunt by using teamwork and hunting the slowest animal in the other animals' pack. They were once hunted to near extinction because they killed most farmers' wild stock. The gray wolf species' future is in our hands, whether we decide to educate ourselves about it or hunt them more. They have basic information of how wolves function, eat, and more.

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The article, "Wolf hunts in Wyoming will begin in the fall, but with rules to follow" is mainly about people threatening the population of wolves. It talks about how we can now hunt wolves, but with a limit. Before, hunters and farmers used to kill wolves because they ate their livestock. They added wolves to the endangered animals list, and for a while they couldn't be killed. But when wolves were taken off the endangered species list, the hunting started again.

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This is a good source to start your research about wolves. This is because it gives you a brief overview of wolves and their story. It shows how a wolf normally hunts and how they were hunted to near extinction. It also says how we decide the wolves' fate. This source relates to my book club because it shows the basic information about how most wolves function.

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This source is a good source to read after the children's book. This is because they give you a more in-depth reason for how the wolves are being hunted now. They talk about why the hunting started in the first place and why it's happening now. This source is connected to my book club book because it shows how the wolves became close to extinct in the first place.

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This source is mainly about how wolves returned to Sawtooth Valley. There had been no wolves there for the past 50 years. It was about how wolves have slowly come back and stopped being endangered. There are now over 1,000 wolves in the tri-state region and about 300 in Idaho. People are trying to restore wolves, although many are still being hunted. They want to bring back the amount of wolves there were before they were hunted in the 1990s.

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This source is mainly about how wolves turned into what they are today. It also talks about how domesticated dogs evolved. They were researching how the wolves and dogs came to be what they are and if the first dogs were just wolves that hadn't grown up. They talk about if dogs were domesticated wolves. They research how newborn wolves function when around humans and not wolves, to see if they just evolved to work for humans.

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This source is mainly about how gray wolves were hunted and why. It talks about how and why farmers and hunters killed most wolves. They also talk about why you shouldn't kill wolves. It helps us understand that wolves aren't what most people think they are. People have been trying to restore wolves and their population for over a decade now. Wolves help the ecosystem and the world healthy. They help redistribute food for other wildlife species, and if we get rid of them then it will also cripple the food chain.

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This source is a good source to read after you read the article because it gives you an understanding of how wolves started to come back in the first place. It has information about each wolf in the Sawtooth pack, helping us strengthen our understanding of each of them. This source relates to my book club book because it explains the Sawtooth wolf pack, which helps to understand why wolves made a comeback in population.

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This is a good source to use after reading from the website because it will help you understand how the wolf made the dog. It shows how dogs came from wolves and evolved, and it will show us how wolves can act like dogs, domesticated and nice. They are not what most people depict them to be, ruthless hunters of wild stock and evil entities. This relates to my book club book it shows how people think of wolves, which helps understand why people used to hunt wolves so much in the first place.

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This is good source to used after you've read and watched all the other sources because it gives you a final understanding of the fact that we need to help wolves stay alive. Wolves help our ecosystem and food chain thrive by giving their leftover meat to other animals. This source connects to my book because it explains why you need to keep wolves alive with all the information you have about wolves.