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Virtual Machine - Software that emulates a computer, sometimes used to provide a different O/S or hardware architecture than the host. Ex. VirtualBox

Virtual Machines exist only as code. Multiple VM's can reside on a single computer managed by a Hypervisor.

Benefits

Cost savings—running multiple virtual environments from one piece of infrastructure means that you can drastically reduce your physical infrastructure footprint. Decreasing the need to maintain nearly as many servers and saving on maintenance costs and electricity.

Security, Because virtual machines run in multiple operating systems, using a guest operating system on a VM allows you to run apps of questionable security and protects your host operating system(Sandbox).

Scalability - Microsoft Azure or adding more virtual or physical servers, JBOD.

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a Firewall is a security device, computer hardware or software that can help protect your network by filtering traffic and blocking outsiders from gaining unauthorized access to private data on your computer.  it is used to spot and prevent cyberattacks.

A hardware firewall sits between your computer and the internet like your router and your software firewall sits between your computer and the network like an antivirus that you would install.

With remote learning and remote workforce over the last 2 years cyber security has become a real issue to constantly stay on top of.

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A hacker is a person who uses their technical knowledge to achieve a goal or overcome an obstacle, within a computerized system by non-standard means. 

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Though the term hacker has become associated in popular culture with a security hacker- someone who utilizes their technical know-how of bugs or exploits to break into computer systems and access data which would otherwise be inaccessible to them--hacking can also be utilized by legitimate figures in legal situations.

Law enforcement agencies sometimes use hacking techniques in order to collect evidence on criminals and other malicious actors. Utilizing anonymity tools such as VPN, or the dark web to mask their identities online, posing as criminals themselves.

Hacker culture is an idea derived from a community of enthusiasts computer programmers and systems designers in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT's) Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

The concept expanded to the hobbyist home computing community, focusing on hardware in the late 1970s (e.g. the Homebrew Computer Club) and on software (video games, software cracking, the demoscene) in the 1980s/ 1990s. Later, this would go on to encompass many new definitions such as art, and life hacking.

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Black-hat Hackers are also known as an Unethical Hacker or a Security Cracker. These people hack the system illegally to steal money or to achieve their own illegal goals. They find banks or other companies with weak security and steal money or credit card information. They can also modify or destroy the data as well. Black hat hacking is illegal.

White hat Hackers are also known as Ethical Hackers or a Penetration Tester. White hat hackers are the good guys of the hacker world.

These people use the same technique used by the black hat hackers. They also hack the system, but they can only hack the system that they have permission to hack in order to test the security of the system. They focus on security and protecting IT system. White hat hacking is legal.

Gray hat Hackers are Hybrid between Black hat Hackers and White hat hackers. They can hack any system even if they don't have permission to test the security of the system but they will never steal money or damage the system.

In most cases, they tell the administrator of that system. But they are also illegal because they test the security of the system that they do not have permission to test. Grey hat hacking is sometimes acted legally and sometimes not.

Script kid or Kiddie: A person with little technical knowledge who follows the instructions of others to hack networks

Hacktivist: A hacker who hacks networks for a social cause or perceived greater good

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What are hacking tools?  Hacking tools are programs that generally crack or break computer and network security measures.

Key-logging software
-Software used to collect and relay commands and keystrokes which are later used by the hacker to gain access to your computer. Examples ( KidLogger, Blackbox Express) are softwares that can accomplish said tasks.

Packet-sniffing software
-Software that captures and analyzes all packets flowing over a network or the Internet. packet is a small segment of a larger message(Data). Goal is to look for personal information that may aid in gaining access.

Wireless network scanning software
-Software used to locate unprotected wireless networks. Once found, a hacker will try to connect to it. If unable to connect to it, wireless sniffing software can be used to capture the information being sent over the network.

Port-scanning software
-Software that searches random IP addresses for open ports. Port-scanning software is allowed to run continuously, allowing the attacker to collect a list of IP addresses waiting to be hacked.

Social engineering
-A technique that uses social interactions to manipulate individuals to give up personal information. Examples (Phishing, Spearing Phishing).

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Malware, or malicious software, entails any software created with intent to damage, corrupt, or illegally manipulate computer resources. These include viruses, worms, and spyware.

Viruses infect programs and can spread to other systems. The virus is attached to a file and is executed once the file is launched. The virus will then encrypt, corrupt, delete or move your data and files among other nastiness.

Adware serves unwanted or malicious advertising. While relatively harmless, it can be irritating as ads continually pop up while you work, significantly hampering your computer’s performance. In addition, these ads may lead users to download more harmful types of malware inadvertently.

Trojan horses are named after the Greek mythology. They appear to be harmless programs, but when run, they open a port or "back door" that let in often much more devastating malware.

Spyware is used to monitor the activities of users. By recording the keystrokes a user inputs daily, the spyware can provide access user names, passwords, and personal data.