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Admitting to UrFU, joining C1 level group

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An essay is a piece of writing in which you discuss a question or topic. We were given three areas to consider and had to discuss two of them and there were three opinions which we could use.
Essay topics we had to discuss:
- "Methods schools and universities use to help students find suitable jobs"
- "Methods schools and universities should use to help students with stress"
- "Technological progress"
- "Helping immigrants to integrate"

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A report is a short, sharp, concise document which is written for a particular purpose and audience. It generally sets outs and analyses a situation or problem, often making recommendations for future action. It is a factual paper, and needs to be clear and well-structured.
We had to write a report on:
- English-language TV programmes in our country
- Work experience programme
- Ways of attracting students to a language school

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A review will require some description followed by a recommendation.
In a review, usually for an international magazine or newspaper, you are expected to express your opinion about something which readers may be thinking of seeing, doing or buying, e.g. a film, a concert or an exhibition.
We were offered to write reviews of a book and of two hotels.

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A proposal may be written for a superior, for example a boss or a teacher, or for a peer group, for example club members or work colleagues. You are expected to make suggestions, supported by factual information, to persuade your reader(s) that a certain course of action should be taken. t A proposal should be clearly organised and may include headings. The style should be formal if you are writing for a superior, but may be more informal if your readers are colleagues or club members.
We had two topics to discuss: honouring a local hero and  ways of conserving resources and reducing waste.

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VERBS + TO INFINITIVE
The infinitive without to is used after:
modal verbs: We must hurry or we’ll be late.

The to infinitive is used after:

some verbs which are modal in meaning:

I have to go to work tomorrow. You ought to get more sleep. You need to think again. You don’t need to worry.

Note!!! The verb need has an alternative negative form, needn’t, which is followed by the infi nitive without to:

You needn’t worry.

certain verbs, e.g.

afford, agree, arrange, appear, attempt, choose, decide, expect, hope, intend, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seem:
We can’t afford to go on holiday this year.

certain verbs + object, e.g.

advise, allow, ask, convince, enable, encourage, forbid, force, get, instruct, invite, order, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, train, want, warn, wish: You can’t force people to believe something. My father taught me to swim.

Note!!! After the verb help, the to can be omitted before the infinitive:
She helped me (to) revise for my exam.

VERBS +  -ING

The -ing form of the verb is used after:

some verbs which express likes and dislikes, e.g.

dislike, enjoy, loathe, (don’t) mind, (can’t) stand:

She can’t stand getting stuck in a traffic jam.

But note the following exceptions:
– hate/like/love/prefer are usually followed by the -ing form but are sometimes followed by the to infinitive .
– would + hate/like/love/prefer is always followed by the to infi nitive: I’d hate to get up early every morning.

certain verbs, e.g.

admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay, deny, fi nish, imagine, involve, keep, miss, postpone, prevent, recommend, report, resist, risk, suggest:

The prime minister has just finished speaking.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY TO INFINITIVE OR -ING
A small number of verbs can be followed either by the infi nitive or by the -ing form.
With no difference in meaning
begin, can’t bear, cease, commence, continue, hate, intend, like, love, propose, start:
I’ve just started to learn / learning to ski.
He had intended to leave / leaving before midnight.

Note!!! With the verbs like, love, hate there can be this slight difference in meaning:
I like to clean my car every week. (The focus is on the result of the activity.)
I like cleaning my car every week. (The focus is on the activity itself, i.e. I enjoy cleaning it.)
With different meanings

verbs expressing perception

I saw the plane land. (= I saw the whole action.)
I saw the plane landing. (= I saw part of the action.)

forget

I forgot to phone my brother. (= I didn’t phone him.
I’ll never forget phoning my sister that night. (= I phoned her and I recall it well.)

remember

Tom remembered to close the windows before he left. (= He did something he had to do; he didn’t forget.)
Tom remembered closing the windows before he left. (= He recalled doing it.)

go on

She won her first race when she was seven and went on to break the world record. (= Breaking the world record was something she did later.)
He went on walking even though he was exhausted. (= He didn’t stop walking.)

mean

I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to be rude. (= intend)
If we want to catch the early train, it’ll mean getting up at 5:00. (= involve)

regret

I regret to inform you that you have not passed the test. (= I’m sorry about something unwelcome I’m about to say.)
He now regrets taking the day off work. (= He wishes he hadn’t taken the day off work.)

stop

We’d better stop to look at the map. (= stop what we are doing in order to do something else)
There’s nothing you can do about it, so stop worrying. (= fi nish worrying)

try

I’ve been trying to repair my computer all morning. (= attempt something diffi cult)
Have you tried kicking it? (= do something which might solve a problem)

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GRAMMAR: gradable and ungradable adjectives

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GRAMMAR: gradable and ungradable adjectives

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Emphasis involves showing that something is particularly important or worth giving attention to. Cleft sentences are one way of doing this. These can be formed by:

a clause starting with what, linked to the rest of the sentence by is/was:

I really enjoy pasta. What I really enjoy is pasta.

She wanted to find a job in New Zealand. What she wanted was to find a job in New Zealand.

Note!!! The verb in the what clause is often do. In this case, is/was is followed by an infinitive, with or without to:

They advertised on television. What they did was (to) advertise on television.

a clause starting with all:

My house only needs a swimming pool now. All my house needs now is a swimming pool.

a clause starting with It is/was, linked to the rest of the sentence by that or who:

Mike paid the bill. It was Mike who paid the bill.

You should speak to the manager. It’s the manager (that) you should speak to.

They left Poland in 2012. It was in 2012 that they left Poland.

I like visiting other countries, but I don’t enjoy flying.

I like visiting other countries – it’s flying (that) I don’t enjoy

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Successfully passing the exam tests:
69.8 points out of 100 in 1st term
94 points out of 100 in 2nd term
93 points out of 100 in 3rd term
81 points out of 100 in 4th term