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If the point of a headline is to grab readers and drag them into a story, mission accomplished, Washington Times. $22 an hour -- wow! What will Elizabeth Warren think of next? But if the point of a headline is to accurately describe the facts, it's do-over time. Here's what the report actually says: “If we started in 1960, and we said [that] as productivity goes up … then the minimum wage was going to go up the same … if that were the case, the minimum wage today would be about $22 an hour,” the senator said, at a recent Education, Labor and Pensions Committee hearing on “Keeping up with a Changing Economy: Indexing the Minimum Wage.” Important word, "if." Makes all the difference.

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In this case, the news presents misinformation by misinterpreting Sen. Elizabeth Warren's speech. According to the news, Senator Elizabeth Warren advocates a minimum wage of $22 per hour, however this is not an accurate representation of her statement's context.

In her speech, Senator Warren did not suggest a minimum wage of $22 per hour. Rather, she employed a fictitious situation to highlight the growing gap between productivity and the minimum wage. According to Warren, the minimum wage now would be about $22 per hour if it had increased in line with productivity improvements since 1960. But the crucial word in her remark is "if," which indicates that this is more of a theoretical illustration than a policy proposal.

This important background is missing from the headline in the Washington Times, giving readers an idea that Warren is advocating or supporting a $22 minimum wage. Readers may be misled by this interpretation to believe and forming incorrect conclusions about Warren's opinion on the minimum wage.

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A video shared hundreds of thousands of times on Facebook is edited to falsely depict former president Barack Obama rejecting democratic ideals and calling for individuals to submit to totalitarianism. The clip shows Obama making a speech in which he says, “…and for the international order that we have worked for generations to build. Ordinary men and women are too small minded to govern their own affairs. That order and progress can only come when individuals surrender their rights to an all-powerful sovereign.” The excerpt lacks context and is misleading.

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In this case, the video clip depicts a false attribution to the former president Barack Obama since it has been altered to change his original message and provide false impression about his political views and beliefs. Obama's speech is taken out of context and rearranged in the edited video to give the impression that he supports centralized government and dictatorship. By removing the surrounding context, the editor shows that Obama supports subordination to an all-powerful sovereign and thinks that regular people are incapable of governing themselves.

However, in unedited video, Obama focused on the value of international organizations and group efforts in his speech, highlighting the fact that nations function best when individuals cooperate within a set of common laws and moral standards.

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Multinational Johnson & Johnson is known for its wide range of consumer goods, medical devices, and pharmaceutical products. Among its most iconic products is Johnson's Baby Powder, a staple in many households for decades.
 Johnson & Johnson faced significant controversy over its Baby Powder product. The company was accused of targeting specific demographics, particularly African-American and overweight women, for its talc-based Baby Powder. This strategy was pursued despite emerging concerns about the product's safety. 
Targeting specific demographics is a common marketing practice. However, when it involves a product with potential health risks, it raises ethical concerns. Companies must balance marketing strategies with the responsibility to provide accurate information about their products, especially when there are health implications.
 Numerous lawsuits were filed against Johnson & Johnson, alleging that its Baby Powder and Shower to Shower products caused ovarian cancer or mesothelioma. A Reuters investigation further revealed that small amounts of asbestos had been found in the company’s talc products, information that was not disclosed to the public or regulators. This led to a significant public backlash and legal battles, with Johnson & Johnson facing thousands of lawsuits that eventually prompted it to discontinue talc-based baby powder

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A case of misleading practices is illustrated in several ways by the Johnson & Johnson dispute over its Baby Powder product. The product's targeting of particular customer categories—like African Americans and overweight women—reflects a marketing strategy that ignored any health dangers and instead focused on appealing to particular consumer groups. Advertising frequently emphasizes market segmentation, but when it comes to a product that may include carcinogens, this focus can be misleading and illegal especially if the targeted groups aren't given enough information about the risks. The company failed to disclose known risks and just continued to market these products as safe, maintaining their iconic status without publicly acknowledging the health risk.

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Clickbait

https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/medialit/clickbait#:~:text=Clickbait%20is%20probably%20the%20most,This%20would%20be%20huge%20news.

Doctored content

https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/putin-obama-tie-pull/

Satire

https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/c.php?g=849536&p=6077637

Hoax

https://www.bsi.bund.de/EN/Themen/Verbraucherinnen-und-Verbraucher/Cyber-Sicherheitslage/Methoden-der-Cyber-Kriminalitaet/Spam-Phishing-Co/Hoax-Falschmeldung/Aktuelle-Beispiele-fuer-Hoax/aktuelle-beispiele-fuer-hoax.html

Partisa

https://www.8list.ph/8-marcos-apologists-and-what-makes-them-awesome/

Sponsored Content

https://www.techinasia.com/bad-sponsored-articles

Error

https://www.poynter.org/newsletters/2013/the-best-and-worst-media-errors-and-corrections-in-2013/

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/atheism-to-be-taught-irish-schoolchildren

Conspiracy Theory

COVID-19 as population control

https://www.teenvogue.com/story/most-popular-conspiracy-theories

Pseudoscience
https://www.indy100.com/viral/flat-earther-aliens-theory

Counterfeit
https://lowninstitute.org/power-to-the-people-how-a-single-tweet-could-reignite-a-movement/

Propaganda
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/first-world-war-canada-recruitment-posters-guilt-shame-1.6224689

Misleading

https://www.publift.com/blog/misleading-advertising-examples

False Attribution

https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN22U2AH/

Misinformation

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/great-moments-misleading-headlines-flna1c8948455

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During World War I, Canadian recruitment posters played a significant role in shaping public perception and encouraging citizens to contribute to the war effort. Distributed widely in urban centers and rural communities, these posters conveyed messages of sacrifice, patriotism, and the need for men to enlist. Employing powerful imagery and persuasive language, the posters often resorted to shaming tactics to pressure young men into joining the military, reflecting societal attitudes of the time. As the war progressed, conscription was implemented in 1917 due to the growing demand for soldiers. While some posters used sports analogies and appeals to masculinity to sway public opinion, others emphasized the collective responsibility and sacrifices necessary for the war. Despite their outdated methods, the messages of duty and sacrifice from these posters continue to resonate, drawing parallels to contemporary challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

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This content can be considered as a propaganda because of its deliberate attempt to shape public opinion and mobilize support for a specific cause—in this case, recruitment and support for World War I.

It employs a variety of persuasive techniques, such as emotional appeals, shaming tactics, and patriotism appeals, to influence readers' attitudes and behavior. By emphasizing troops' sacrifices and civilians' joint responsibilities, the text attempts to justify and legitimize military enlistment and involvement in the war effort.

Furthermore, the presentation of war as a noble and essential undertaking, combined with the glorification of military service, serves to further a specific ideological goal.

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A tweet claiming insulin was now free, purportedly from pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly, sent shockwaves through social media, highlighting the consequences of Twitter's recent policy changes allowing easy impersonation. The fake tweet, created by Sean Morrow of More Perfect Union, aimed to critique corporate greed but quickly spiraled out of control. Elon Musk's takeover of Twitter, intended to make the platform profitable through subscription models, led to chaos as impersonators wreaked havoc with impunity. Eli Lilly faced significant backlash, with shares plummeting and real harm inflicted on its reputation. Similar incidents targeted Nestle, Lockheed Martin, and even Musk's Tesla, exposing systemic issues like exorbitant insulin pricing and arms sales to oppressive regimes. Despite the chaos, these events sparked crucial conversations about corporate accountability and the need for a fairer system.

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The issue depicts a fictional scenario where a tweet from a fake Eli Lilly account announces that insulin is now free, causing significant repercussions for the company and sparking debates about pharmaceutical pricing. However, this scenario was entirely fabricated and not based on any actual event or statement from Eli Lilly or any other involved parties.

This created a false narrative of a corporate decision and its consequences, attributing actions and responses to individuals and organizations without any basis in reality.

Overall, the passage is counterfeit because it presents a wholly invented scenario as if it were real, potentially misleading readers as a result.

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David Weiss, once seeking to debunk the flat Earth theory, has now embraced it, asserting that hidden lands beyond a ring of ice encircling Earth harbor extraterrestrial beings instead of visitors from outer space. His transformation began when he sought to disprove flat Earth beliefs but stumbled upon an ancient Tibetan map depicting unfamiliar continents beyond the icy barrier. Weiss contends that UFOs originate from these concealed lands, rejecting conventional notions of space travel and claiming that the concept of space itself is a falsehood. He argues that the suppression of Earth's true shape serves as a means of controlling humanity's thoughts, likening the heliocentric model to a mental prison. Weiss further posits that celestial bodies like the sun, moon, and planets possess consciousness, disputing mainstream explanations such as the sun being a giant ball of gas and labeling the moon landing as a fabrication designed to perpetuate the flat Earth deception.

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The content presents pseudoscientific claims by David Weiss, a proponent man of the flat Earth conspiracy theory. We all know that the whole belief of "Earth is Flat" lacks empirical evidence and contradicts established scientific knowledge. Weiss's assertion that aliens inhabit hidden lands beyond Earth's icy barrier lacks substantiation and flies in the face of credible scientific understanding of astronomy, geography, and space exploration.

And I want to add that his rejection of the heliocentric model, denial of space travel, and belief in sentient celestial bodies like the sun and moon are not supported by scientific evidence and run counter to centuries of astronomical observation and research.

Furthermore, his characterization of the moon landing as a hoax lacks credible evidence and disregards the overwhelming documentation and scientific consensus affirming the reality of the Apollo missions.

In conclusion, Weiss's delusional claims promotes unfounded beliefs that defy scientific evidence. Meaning everything he was saying was all misinformation and pseudoscience.

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If we’re going to talk about bad examples of sponsored content, a lack of disclaimers is a good place to start. This article and photo gallery declaring Lord & Taylor’s new clothing line as “the season’s must-have line” was published on the Nylon website as an editorial piece, but neglected to state that it was sponsored by that very brand. The article was accompanied by a successful Instagram campaign involving several fashion influencers, all wearing the same paisley dress, leading to that dress being sold out. None of the influencers disclosed they were each paid a few thousand dollars for the brand’s promotion. The article and Instagram campaign led to Lord & Taylor having to settle a complaint from the Federal Trade Commission for “misrepresenting that paid commercial advertising is from an independent or objective source.” The article has since been removed. That’s not to say that fashion magazines can’t create meaningful content featuring brands. In 2012, Refinery29 worked with Levi’s to produce a series of interviews featuring innovative entrepreneurs, including Instagram’s Kevin Systrom and the two founders of Warby Parker, all clad in Levi’s clothing. The success of this piece was telling in the comments, where many complimented the publisher on creating great branded content. One comment read: “Kudos on a sponsored post with great content while avoiding the feeling that the company dictated it.” What we learned: Always disclose if it is a paid article; it won’t necessarily blow up in your face. In fact, good sponsored content is so few and far between that producing quality ones can be a win in your favor.

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The issue of transparency about the products' sponsored content on different media outlets that led to the company's success is a sentiment to how misinformation and lack of disclaimers can cause.

The clothing line Lords & Taylor garnered success in their “the season’s must-have line” due to lack of disclosure from influencers in their campaign in Instagram and Nylon.

The content caused misrepresentation that the Federal Trade Commission complained about the misuse of media from an "objective source"--the company.

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Russian troll farms, such as the Internet Research Agency, have been involved in spreading false information and divisive content on social media platforms. Their activities have included creating fake accounts, posting inflammatory content, and disseminating misleading news articles to sow discord and influence public opinion in the United States and other countries.

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This content became bogus through the deliberate actions of Russian troll farms, like the Internet Research Agency, which have systematically engaged in spreading false information and divisive content on social media platforms with the intent of influencing public opinion and sowing discord. These troll farms create fake accounts that appear authentic, post inflammatory and provocative content to evoke strong emotional responses, and disseminate misleading news articles that distort facts and support specific narratives. Their activities are politically motivated, aiming to undermine trust in democratic institutions, amplify societal divisions, and influence political outcomes both in the United States and other countries. By exploiting vulnerabilities within target audiences and leveraging sophisticated amplification strategies, these troll farms seek to manipulate public discourse and advance Russian geopolitical interests through deceptive practices and disinformation campaigns.

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U.S. president Donald Trump was targeted by critics in July 2018 for seemingly failing to confront Russian president Vladimir Putin over Russia's reported meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. While pundits described Trump's performance as "disgraceful," "shameful,"  and "treasonous," the President's supporters attempted to steer the conversation away from Trump by sharing an image purportedly showing Putin aggressively grabbing President Obama by the tie and pulling him close, along with comments about how the picture demonstrates that Trump's predecessor was actually the "weak" one when it came to dealing with Russia.

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In this case, the content became doctored through the alteration of an original image to create a misleading narrative. The manipulated image, likely depicting a diplomatic interaction between President Obama and President Putin, was altered to make it appear as though Putin was aggressively grabbing Obama by the tie. Alongside this doctored image, comments were added to suggest that the picture demonstrated Obama's "weakness" in dealing with Russia, aiming to deflect criticism away from Trump's perceived failure to confront Putin over election meddling. This doctored content was then shared across social media platforms by Trump's supporters, spreading misinformation and reinforcing political biases.

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Claim To Fame: Former spokesperson for Imelda Marcos; leader of Marcos Loyalists for God; Believes Martial Law was “the best thing to ever happen to our country.” Cherry Cobarrubias is as textbook as they come for Marcos loyalists, and that’s what makes her downright breathtaking. As she goes on and on about how Martial Law saved a country supposedly on the brink of communist takeover. This doesn’t sound particularly remarkable until you replace the words “Martial Law” with “The Drug War” and “communist takeover” with “becoming a narcostate,” which suddenly gives you this weird feeling of Deja vu. Piece De Resistance: The part where she happily proclaims no human rights violations happened during Martial Law, despite every record and living human rights victims clearly standing as proof to the contrary.

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The issues about the horrifying incidents that occurred during the Martial Law in 1972 are being resurfaced as Ferdinand Marcos Jr. takes his chance to be the next Leader of Philippine Government in the Election 2020.

Many humanitarians are on a rampage about the justice that the families of martial law victims didn't get.

As a reply to these sentiments, Cherry Cobarrubias, former spokesperson of Imelda Marcos and Leader of Marcos Loyalists for God, passionately announced her belief about how Martial Law saved the Philippine Government against the "Communist takeover."

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The vaccine implants a microchip used to track people; the fatality rate has been wildly inflated; oh, and Bill Gates is not only responsible for the virus but also the head of a plot to use the virus as population control. 

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This statement presents a conspiracy theory by making several unsubstantiated claims that involve secret plots and manipulation of information. Firstly, the assertion that vaccines implant microchips to track people is a common conspiracy theory without any scientific basis. Secondly, the suggestion that the fatality rate of a virus, likely referring to COVID-19, has been deliberately inflated to deceive the public is another conspiracy theory that undermines trust in public health institutions and data. Finally, the claim that Bill Gates is responsible for creating the virus and is orchestrating a population control agenda is a widely circulated conspiracy theory known as the "Bill Gates microchip conspiracy" or the "Bill Gates vaccine conspiracy," which has been debunked by experts. Overall, these claims rely on speculation, misinformation, and mistrust of authoritative sources, characteristic of conspiracy theories.

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BREAKING NEWS - new drug in schools ...': this subject line is a new version of the 'Strawberry Quik hoax' that is sent over Facebook and WhatsApp every few years. In the original hoax, the drug was called 'Strawberry Quik meth'. Today, messages warn readers about similarly named drugs being shared in fizzy drink powder on school playgrounds. 

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This statement appears to be a hoax because it disseminates false information about a new drug that does not exist. There is no evidence to support the claim that a drug called "Christal Meth" with different flavors like strawberry or watermelon exists, let alone that it is immediately addictive and fatal. The use of alarming language and unsubstantiated claims suggests that this message is intended to spread fear or manipulate people rather than inform them accurately about a real threat. Therefore, it fits the definition of a hoax, which involves deliberate deception or trickery.

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MENLO PARK, CA—In response to criticism about the social network’s failure to address the spread of falsehoods and offensive content on its site, Facebook apologized Thursday for giving Mark Zuckerberg a platform. “Lies and harassment have absolutely no place on Facebook, and we want to express our deep regret at offering someone like Mark Zuckerberg a space to spread his clearly abhorrent views,” said Monika Bickert, Facebook’s head of global policy management, adding that the company wanted to clarify any lingering doubt over its previous statements by issuing a full-throated condemnation of Mark Zuckerberg. “While someone’s intent isn’t always clear, there are some kinds of speech that are plainly beyond the pale and only meant to hurt or defame, and that’s obviously the case when we look at the types of things Mark Zuckerberg says. We support free speech, but there is a limit to First Amendment rights, and that limit is Mark. Providing Mark Zuckerberg a platform goes against all the values upon which Facebook was founded.” Bickert added that Facebook’s policy team was working around the clock to delete hundreds of thousands of offensive posts made or shared by Mark Zuckerberg.

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This passage is a satire because of its use of exaggerated irony and sarcasm to criticize Facebook's handling of misinformation and offensive content on its platform. By attributing the apology to Facebook for giving Mark Zuckerberg a platform to spread falsehoods and offensive content, the passage humorously highlights the perceived hypocrisy of Facebook's actions. The absurdity of the situation, where the company is apologizing for its founder's behavior and vowing to delete offensive posts made by him, adds to the satirical nature of the piece. Overall, the passage employs satire to comment on issues of censorship, accountability, and the role of social media platforms in regulating content.

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The headline clearly indicates that McDonalds is about to stop selling its flagship product, the Big Mac. However, when we actually read the article, we can see that it’s just one McDonald’s outlet in France that is doing this as an experiment with the cafe concept, which they’ve done in other cities around the world: "In a controversial move by the fast food giant that’s made a name from its famous burger and fries, a new McDonald’s outlet in Paris has wiped its menus clean, replacing burgers for bagels and chips for artisan coffee."

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The headline "McDonald's to stop serving the Big Mac" became clickbait by creating a sense of urgency and shock that grabs readers' attention. The wording suggests a major change by implying that McDonald's is discontinuing its iconic Big Mac burger, which would be a significant departure from its traditional menu. However, the actual content of the article reveals a different story. It clarifies that only one McDonald's outlet in Paris is experimenting with a new cafe concept by temporarily replacing burgers with bagels and fries with artisan coffee. This experimental change is not representative of McDonald's global menu or a decision to permanently remove the Big Mac from all locations.

The clickbait headline exaggerates the situation to attract clicks and generate interest, even though the content of the article does not support the sensational claim made in the headline. This tactic can mislead readers and create unnecessary panic or confusion by presenting a misleading interpretation of the actual news.

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An article (Ireland gets its first curriculum for teaching children atheism, 27 September, page 35) was amended to clarify that pupils in multi-denominational schools will learn about atheism as part of the wider curriculum covering ethics, beliefs and religion. Atheists will not be teaching children that God does not exist, as originally stated, rather, children will be educated about atheism, including the atheist belief that God does not exist. 

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The error in the article occurred due to a misinterpretation or misrepresentation of the curriculum content. Initially, the article stated that atheists would be teaching children that God does not exist, which implied a biased and inaccurate portrayal of atheism. However, upon clarification, it was revealed that the curriculum aimed to educate students about various beliefs and philosophies, including atheism, as part of a broader study of ethics, beliefs, and religion. The correction highlighted that the curriculum did not involve atheists actively promoting their belief that God does not exist but rather aimed to provide an understanding of atheism as one perspective among many. Therefore, the error stemmed from a misunderstanding of the curriculum's intentions and misrepresented the role of atheists in teaching atheism to children.