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The Great Migration, sometimes known as the Great Northward Migration or the Black Migration, was the movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970.

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African-American men making the trip to the Northeast, Midwest, and West. 

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Short summary of the Great Migration.

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1. Pull Factor- promise of greater prosperity in the north and west

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2. Push Factor- oppressive economic conditions in the south

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3. Immigration Wave-great numbers of African-Americans settled in the urban areas of the Northeast, Midwest, and West regions, in search of better economic opportunities

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4. Voluntary Migration- took advantage of the need for industrial workers that arose during the First World War and began to build a new place for themselves in public life, actively confronting racial prejudice as well as economic, political and social challenges to create an impactful Black urban culture

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5. Migrant Labor- Many new arrivals in the North, Midwest, and West found jobs in factories, slaughterhouses and foundries, where working conditions were arduous and sometimes dangerous

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6. Intervening Opportunity-the North, Midwest, and West offered the possibility of greater economic success for African-Americans than other regions of the country

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1. “Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration”- This law applies as more African-Americans are moving back down to the South (from Northern states such as New York) to retire as they recognize a much different southern society than when they left some century ago.

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2. “The majority of migrants move a short distance”- This law doesn’t apply as the first wave of the Great Migration saw about 1.6 million people move from mostly rural areas in the South to northern industrial cities, and the second wave saw about 4.5 million move further west to the Midwest and the West. Consequently, these were not particularly short distances to travel.

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3. “Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations”- This law proved to be extremely true as the most popular cities were further up North and Midwest such as New York, Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit.

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4. “Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas”- This law applies because African-American inhabitants of rural areas in the South migrated at a much greater rate than those in Urban areas in order to escape ongoing racial oppression in the form of Jim Crow laws, among other things.

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5. “Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults”- This law does not apply to the Great Migration as the movement of African-Americans during this time period was solely in the US.