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The earliest Croatian concentrations in the United States were in San Francisco, but in the 20th century these shifted to Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania

At the end of World War II, in 1945, Croatia became a constituent republic of Yugoslavia and declared its independence in 1991

The people are ethnically divided between Croats, mostly Roman Catholics, who make up 78 percent of the population; and Serbs, mostly Orthodox Christian, who make up 12 percent

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For a majority of history, the country of Slovenia was dictated by German and Austrian rule and the mostly Serbian-populated state of Yugoslavia.

It wasn’t until recently, in 1991, that Slovenia won its independence.

Although, when Slovenians immigrated to the United States, many settled in Cleveland, Ohio and about 176,691 Americans are from Slovenian decent according to the 2000 U.S. census.

The chief religion is Roman Catholicism

Most Slovenes immigrated to the United States as a part of the new immigration between 1880 and 1923, and more arriving after World War II (1939–45) between 1949 and 1956.

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-about 1/3 of immigrants from Germany wwere Catholic
- with many Catholics from Germany and other countries immigrating to the United States, in the 20th century, 1/6 of the U.S. was Catholic

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-Holy Trinity church was completed and began celebrating mass in 1844

- differences in traditions and dialect between the high and low Germans which led to disagreements

-Eventually many pastors resigned

-Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatrick invited Jesuit priests to take control

- Their ministry at  Holy Trinity lasted from 1848 to 1961

-In the beinning onf the 20th century, the churc became a model parish in Boston

--It built the first Catholic parish school  in New England
--It founded many parish groups embracing social, intellectual, and religious objectives

--Throughout the first half of the 20th century there were many Jesuit priests who played key roles in the expansion and development of the church

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-from the Diocese of New York
- After traveling several times a year from New York to Boston to minister to the German Catholic community, Rev. John Stephen Raffeiner saw the need for a permanent parish in Boston

-Holy Trinity (German) Church began in 1842 as a result of his leadership

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-German immigrants came to Boston in the early 19th century

-Initial fear of rapidly assimilating into American lifestyle an losing their cultural identity and faith

-Irish pastors in Boston attempted to help the German Catholic immigrants but faced the struggles of language barrier and cultural differences
-They celebrated holidays such as Christmas and Easter differently

-Introduced the idea of Christmas trees to New England

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-"Irish American Journey: Irish Immigration to America: How America Became Irish." Irish American Journey: Irish Immigration to America: How America Became Irish. Irish American Journey, 2013. Web. 01 May 2016.
-"When America Hated Catholics." POLITICO Magazine. POLITICO Magazine, 2016. Web. 01 May 2016.
-"Italian Americans." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2016.
-"Frances Xavier Cabrini." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2016.
- "History of Holy Trinity (German) Church." History of Holy Trinity (German) Church. Holy Trinity Church, n.d. Web. 05 May 2016.
- "Catholic Church in the United States." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 05 May 2016.

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-Stereotypes characterizing the Irish as aggressive and drunken were common
-Cartoons of the Irish were made and were portrayed as small, ugly, and ape like with liquor
-Despite all the stereotyping the Irish Catholic immigrants possessed important advantages. They arrived in great numbers, most were able to speak English, and their Western European culture was similar to American culture.  This allowed the Irish Catholics to blend in far more easily than some other ethnic groups. Even their Catholicism, once scorned by many, came to be accepted in time

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-In the twentieth century immigration from Ireland was steady at some points but at other points it was not.
-After World War I Irish immigration to the United States was high.
-Congress passed legislation limiting immigration during the 1920s, this declined irish immigration.
- After World War II numbers increased
- In the 1960s emigration from Ireland fell dramatically as a result of new quota laws restricting northern Europeans.

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- As the Irish came over they were discriminated for not having any skills.  Very few had formal training at anything
-They were forced to work long hours with minimal pay

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-The Irish famine left many people out of work and money
-Many people from Ireland decided to immigrate to America by transatlantic voyage to the East Coast Ports (primarily Boston and New York) or by land or sea from Canada, then called British North America.

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Catholic Immigrant Experience in the 20th Century America

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Catholic Immigrant Experience in the 20th Century America

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-also known as Mother Cabrini
-She was an American-Italian sister who founded the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart.
-This was a Catholic institute that was in support of Italian immigrants.
-She was canonized on July 7, 1946.

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-Pope Leo XIII sent priests along with nuns and brothers from St. Charles Borromeo to aid immigrants in the Little Italies.
-Many parishes were found by the St. Charles missionary to help assist the Italian immigrant community.
-By the year of 1910, Italians had founded 219 Italian Catholic Churches and 41 schools.
-Italian immigrants were drawn to the East Coast where there were work opportunities in fishing, agriculture, mining, and lumbering.
-Near the end of the 20th century, Italian immigrants had advanced in education and employment in America.
-Over two dozen Italian Americans were serving as bishops in the Catholic Church and four were Cardinals.

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Karl Marth, Maggie Murphy, Gabby Pawlak, and Isabella Santangelo 

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Karl Marth, Maggie Murphy, Gabby Pawlak, and Isabella Santangelo 