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Biography - Caroline Chisholm - Australian Dictionary of Biography. (2021). Retrieved 1 June 2021, from https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/chisholm-caroline-1894

Health, M. (2021). About Catherine McAuley - Mercy Health. Retrieved 3 June 2021, from https://www.mercyhealth.com.au/our-history/about-catherine-mcauley/#:~:text=Catherine%20McAuley%20was%20born%20in,of%20the%20Sisters%20of%20Mercy

Judith Iltis, 'Chisholm, Caroline (1808–1877)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/chisholm-caroline-1894/text2231, published first in hardcopy 1966, accessed online 1 June 2021.

Legacy of Edmund Rice. (2021). Retrieved 3 June 2021, from http://edmundricemsm.weebly.com/legacy-of-edmund-rice.html

Log in | Learning to Give. (2021). Retrieved 3 June 2021, from https://www.learningtogive.org/user/login?destination=node/10512

Mary MacKillop's Story - Mary MacKillop Today. (2021). Retrieved 3 June 2021, from https://www.marymackilloptoday.org.au/who-we-are/mary-mackillops-story/#:~:text=At%20the%20age%20of%2024,provide%20education%20for%20underprivileged%20children

This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, (MUP), 1966
This rare book sheds light on the long history of the Catholic Church in Australia. (2019). Retrieved 3 June 2021, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-25/australias-first-catholic-bishop-polding-legacy-reverberates/11432598#:~:text=Bishop%20Polding%20was%20Australia's%20first,legacy%20that%20still%20lingers%20today

Theological Background Details - Religious Education Services - Brisbane Catholic Education . (2021). Retrieved 2 June 2021, from http://www.rec.bne.catholic.edu.au/Pages/Theological-Background-Details.aspx?tbid=269

Homepage - Caroline Chisholm Society. (2021). Retrieved 31 May 2021, from https://www.caroline.org.au/

Purity & Priesthood. (2021). Retrieved 2 June 2021, from https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cclergy/documents/rc_con_cclergy_doc_01011993_purity_en.html

Significant Individuals - Caroline Chisholm. (2021). Retrieved 4 June 2021, from https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/learning/significant-individuals-caroline-chisholm

Caroline Chisolm — kidcyber. (2021). Retrieved 4 June 2021, from https://www.kidcyber.com.au/caroline-chisolm

Caroline Chisholm - Nazareth College. (2021). Retrieved 4 June 2021, from https://www.nazareth.vic.edu.au/our-college/about-the-college/caroline-chisholm/

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Description Of A 21st Century Group Who Continues Similar Participation In The Priestly, Prophetic And Kingly Roles Of Jesus:

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Description Of A 21st Century Group Who Continues Similar Participation In The Priestly, Prophetic And Kingly Roles Of Jesus:

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Caroline Chisholm’s Society is a 21st century organisation that has similar participation in the priestly, prophetic and kingly roles of Jesus and Caroline herself. It was founded by Dr Philomena Joshua in the 1960’s, after a group of volunteers were determined to help support vulnerable pregnant women and mother with babies. With this goal, they set up the first pregnancy support telephone line. The association is inspired by Caroline Chisholm herself; they remain grounded in the heritage of their founders. The society still continues providing a range of programs and services to vulnerable families in Victoria. They follow in the ways of Caroline Chisholm as she dedicated her life to improving the living conditions of single women, and women with children arriving in the new colony of New South Wales. They provide housing, work and social protection as well as campaigning for change on behalf on women and children.

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Examples Of Prayers And Spiritual Practices That Nourished This Reformer:

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Examples Of Prayers And Spiritual Practices That Nourished This Reformer:

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There were many prayers and spiritual practices that helped influence and nourish Caroline Chisholm life’s work. In 1841, Caroline vowed at St Mary’s Cathedral in Sydney that “I promise to know neither country nor creed, but to serve all justly and impartially. " This commandment demonstrates that everyone is equal, and Caroline refused to display inequality. This can be linked to the Parable of the Good Samaritan, as the Priest and Levite didn’t help the ill man, however, the Samaritan knowing all men to be equal, offered him help. Many believe that Caroline Chisholm was truly inspired by this story. An additional motivation for Caroline was the order “Love thy neighbour”, also amplifying that everyone is and should be treated equally.

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The world in front of text considers how the interpretation of the text relates to the reader through their social and cultural context. The key message of this parable is to emphasise ‘Love Thy Neighbour’, educating readers that everyone is equal and deserves assistance. This commandment is still relevant today in contemporary society. Caroline Chisholm’s actions were greatly inspired by this parable The Good Samaritan (10:25-37). In this parable a Jewish man was robbed, attacked and left to die on the road between Jerusalem and Jericho. Both a priest and Levite saw the injured man and passed along the other side ignoring his need of assistance. A good Samaritan, however, helped the Jew despite the fact that they had differing religions and beliefs. The Samaritan took care of the man until he was well and safe. It was the Samaritan love for his Jewish neighbour that motivated Caroline Chisholm. The injured man can be envisioned as the vulnerable young women and children that Caroline helped; the priest and the Levite parallel society as they didn’t do anything; and finally, the Good Samaritan mirrored Caroline Chisholm, as she fought for better rights and helped women to find employment.

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The purpose of the parable ‘The Good Samaritan’ was to educate a biblical lawyer who wanted to know how to inherit eternal life. Jesus then replied in simplified terms to love thy neighbour. The world of the text is about the physical words on the page and how the authors are shaping the readers thoughts.  Parables are written in the past tense, and all have narrative structures: a beginning, complication (problem) and a resolution. In ‘The Good Samaritan’ the beginning introduces the readers to the setting and the characters. The setting is the road from Jerusalem to Jericho and the characters include the injured man, Priest, Levite and the Good Samaritan himself. The complication of the story commences when the reader is informed about the injured man. It becomes are larger problem once the priest and Levite see the man and both pass over on the other side – ignoring his apparent need of help. The problem is resolved once the Good Samaritan sees the vulnerable and injured man, and helps him until he is safe and well, despite their different religious beliefs and ongoing fight. The main message and moral of the story are to educate readers and listeners to ‘love thy neighbour’, meaning that everyone is equal and should be treated the same. No matter what a person’s belief, religion, culture, morals or ethics is, if someone is in need of help, they should be assisted.

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The world behind the text is an analysis of the time and place of when the story was written. It is to help the reader understand the historical and social context of the time in which the parable was set. This knowledge must be understood in order to understand ‘The Good Samaritan’. This means that the history, location and the law of that time should be considered. The parable was set on the road from Jerusalem to Jericho, which at the time we would have been a rural and undeveloped dirt road. An educated guess would be that the road could have been between two mountains, as Jerusalem is on the top of a mountain and the road gradually goes down to Jericho. This makes the path secluded and prone to robberies which could be the reason why the priest and Levite did not offer to help the injured man - they may have been worried for their own safety. During this time the parable was written, a priest’s role was to officiate offerings under the law of Moses. This included many Passovers and sacrifices – similar to nowadays. Juxtaposition, temples where priests preached had strict laws about cleanliness. The book of Leviticus explicitly outlines that a priest, in the Temple of Jerusalem, had to attain purity. Sources that lead to becoming unclean included, unclean animals, improperly slaughtered animals, sexual activities as well as corpses. Therefore, when they priest saw the injured man, he may have thought he was at risk of becoming unclean and breaking the law. This could also be the reason the Levite passed over on the other side as well. Additionally, in biblical times, Jews and Samaritans were unfriendly towards each other and had a long history of not getting along. This shows the true meaning and power behind the parable. From the history of the religious groups, it is reasonable to assume that the Samaritan wouldn’t have helped the injured Jew, however he did.

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A Parable That May Have Inspired Caroline Was...

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A Parable That May Have Inspired Caroline Was...

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The Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10: 25-37)
25 And behold, a lawyer stood up to put him to the test, saying, “Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?” 26 He said to him, “What is written in the Law? How do you read it?” 27 And he answered, “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind, and your neighbour as yourself.” 28 And he said to him, “You have answered correctly; do this, and you will live.”
29 But he, desiring to justify himself, said to Jesus, “And who is my neighbour?” 30 Jesus replied, “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who stripped him and beat him and departed, leaving him half dead. 31 Now by chance a priest was going down that road, and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. 32 So likewise a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. 33 But a Samaritan, as he journeyed, came to where he was, and when he saw him, he had compassion. 34 He went to him and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he set him on his own animal and brought him to an inn and took care of him. 35 And the next day he took out two denarii[c] and gave them to the innkeeper, saying, ‘Take care of him, and whatever more you spend, I will repay you when I come back.’ 36 Which of these three, do you think, proved to be a neighbour to the man who fell among the robbers?” 37 He said, “The one who showed him mercy.” And Jesus said to him, “You go, and do likewise.”

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A Miracle Story That May Have Inspired Caroline Was...

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A Miracle Story That May Have Inspired Caroline Was...

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Jesus Heals two Blind Men (Matthew 20: 29-34)

29 And as they went out of Jericho, a great crowd followed him. 30 And behold, there were two blind men sitting by the roadside, and when they heard that Jesus was passing by, they cried out, “Lord,[a] have mercy on us, Son of David!” 31 The crowd rebuked them, telling them to be silent, but they cried out all the more, “Lord, have mercy on us, Son of David!” 32 And stopping, Jesus called them and said, “What do you want me to do for you?” 33 They said to him, “Lord, let our eyes be opened.” 34 And Jesus in pity touched their eyes, and immediately they recovered their sight and followed him.

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Priestly, Prophetic & Kingly Ways Of Caroline Chisholm

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Priestly, Prophetic & Kingly Ways Of Caroline Chisholm

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Caroline Chisholm demonstrated the Priestly work of Jesus when she
dedicated her life to living out daily catholic practices and commitment in living in the image and acting like Jesus. Caroline would continuously put others before herself and think of their needs, instead of her own. Her whole life revolved around acting priestly, kind and loving towards everyone and everything.

Caroline Chisholm demonstrated the Prophetic work of Jesus when she
acted against injustice, showed major respect for human dignity and continued to promote her beliefs throughout every part of society. For these reasons, Caroline was depicted as the prophet of laity. She worked within the Catholic Church communicating many of her social change principles, in the hope of swaying the audience at the time.

Caroline Chisholm demonstrated the Kingly work of Jesus when she
used her status for the better. Caroline gained a large amount of respect within her community and therefore became the voice of the people. She used her power to influence, change and promote better conditions for female immigrants. An example of her kingly work is when she wrote letters to the leaders and ultimately met with the governor of New South Wales to discuss change in the social system.

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What Were The Actions Of Caroline Chisholm?

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What Were The Actions Of Caroline Chisholm?

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Caroline Chisholm established the Female Emigrant’s Home in Sydney to provide shelter and support unemployed young women to find work in cities and rural areas. She also dedicated her life to the support of family welfare in Australia. Her legacy continues through the foundation ‘Chisholm Institute’ that helps students in financial hardships receive a high-quality education. This charity thrives to continue the fight against social injustice.

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What Writings Of Caroline Are Available To Us And What Are The Key Messages?

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What Writings Of Caroline Are Available To Us And What Are The Key Messages?

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“Russet-haired, tall and sweet-voiced, her serene face lit by grey eyes, Caroline Chisholm began her work accepting established conventions, but when she encountered the obstruction and indifference of officialdom, her attitude began to harden and she became an uncompromising radical, expounding her belief in universal suffrage, vote by ballot and payment of members. Herself a devoted wife and mother, she helped to give dignity to woman and family in a harsh colonial society. Her achievement was made possible by her idealism and courage allied to her executive ability and personal charm, and by the presence and unwavering support of her husband.”

This is a fragment of text from an autobiography written by Judith lltis. It describes the passion that Caroline Chisholm had for social injustice and the action she took to make a difference. It explains how pure, innocent and beautiful she was, however behind this, laid a woman who was clever, committed, determined, Christian, caring, pioneering and an activist for change. In her early years she was unaware of the situation around her ‘accepting established conventions’, but she later was able to recognise the wrong in the work and her attitude changed. She became a non-conformist and challenged the ways of society.  Devoting herself to change, she accomplished her goal with the help, support and courage of people around her.

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Caroline acted for social change because she noticed the inequalities happening towards women. Many were homeless and unemployed, especially immigrants. Children were disadvantaged, having to work as hard as adults for less money and not being free to achieve an education. Caroline Chisholm’s life goal was to put an end to social injustice.

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What Were The Social Inequalities At The Time?

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What Were The Social Inequalities At The Time?

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During the 1800’s the living conditions of people in the towns and cities were miserable, they suffered from overcrowding, poor sanitation, pollution and a rapid spread of diseases. Workers earned barely enough money to meet their costs of living. Many employees spent an entire day tending to machines in large, crowded and noisy rooms. Additionally, there was also the opportunity to work in coal mines, steel mills, railroads, slaughterhouses and other dangerous occupations. The typical workday was 12 or more hours a day, six days a week. Owners of companies would spend a minimal amount of money to improve the safety and comfortability of workers, since there were no laws regarding employment or human rights. During the industrial revolution, children were also commonly hired to work in factories, to work long hours in harsh and extremely dangerous conditions. In some cases, it their parents were unwell or unable to work, children became the family’s main income earners.

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Where And When Did Caroline Chisholm Live?

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Where And When Did Caroline Chisholm Live?

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There were two exceptionally diverse systems of life in Britain, the wealthy and the poor. As the Industrial Revolution started in the middle of the century, an endless extent of new machinery was designed that saved time and helped make some individuals exceptionally wealthy. This led to the wealthy becoming wealthier, and the poor becoming poorer. Numerous agriculturists and farmers started losing their jobs, as the machines were able to do their occupations both faster and cheaper. The population of the cities increased as people were looking for employment. Therefore, this led the cities to become overcrowded and dirty quickly. The rich were only a very small proportion of the population, and they had the extravagance of living in luxurious and exquisite houses.

Furthermore, Australia in the 1800’s was fairly similar to Britain with factory owners being keen to exploit children as child labour and women received a wage of 50% less than men. A women’s main duty was attending to the household duties and looking after the young children. During the 1800’s there were many illnesses and diseases which affected both indigenous and non-indigenous people. Australia was, however, much warmer than Britain and 10 times larger geographically – although it was less populated and vastly more rural.

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Caroline Chisholm was born on 30 May 1808 and lived on a farm close to Northampton in Britain. She was the daughter of a wealthy agriculturist, Williams Jones, and her mother, Sarah Jones who tended to the desires of the family. Caroline lived in a large and affluent family, and she subsequently had the opportunity to access a more prominent education. She was the youngest within the family and showed an interest in Mathematics and French. Caroline wed Captain Archibald Chisholm at the age of 22, who was 13 years older than her. She agreed to marry him but only if he allowed her to continue her philanthropic work. Caroline’s husband was Roman Catholic, and it was at this time that she started to convert to also becoming Catholic. Both Caroline and her husband decided to migrate to Australia and settled in Windsor, Sydney with their three boys during September 1838. When Caroline’s husband was recalled to war in 1840, she remained with her children in Australia. Many immigrants were arriving in Australia at this time looking for work. While Australia was entering a depression, jobs were still available for farmworkers. Caroline became well-known meeting every migrant ship to help young girls find work and shelter. She often housed many of them at her home, caring for them and making sure they were fed and safe. Caroline was appalled with the conditions that greeted poor and vulnerable women migrating to Australia. She networked to gain permission to start a house for young women to help them find employment. Even though many people did not want to support her because she was Catholic, she tirelessly petitioned for approval and funding – and was successful. Caroline began working on improving women’s lives by setting up job schemes and campaigning for better working conditions when she was just 30 years of age. In 1841, she established the Female Emigrant’s Home in Sydney which not only provided shelter but helped unemployed young women find work both in the city and in rural areas where work was more plentiful.