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DRS Method by ICC (Umpire Decision Review System))

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40 metre break from Kearney needs TMO decision! | RBS 6 Nations

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Precision Science - Technological Advances in Sport | Gillette World Sport

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Video assistant referees (VAR): The story so far

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Match of the Day pundits debate whether the VAR system should be included at the World Cup this summer.

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How does the video assistant referee (VAR) work?

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Referees' chief Mike Riley explains how the video assistant referee (VAR) system works.

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The 2018 World Cup is the first major international football tournament to use the new video refereeing system VAR.

'VAR' may be familiar to some fans after it was trialled in England during the FA Cup this season, but there is still plenty of confusion about how the system actually works and what decisions video referees can decide on.

The first game to see a major VAR decision came with France v Australia on Saturday 16th June, with France earning a penalty thanks to a video referee referral.
What World Cup matches are on TV today?
Find out more about how VAR will be used during Russia 2018 below, including expert guidance from former Premier League referee Mark Clattenburg, and why ex-England players including Rio Ferdinand and Frank Lampard are still sceptical...

What does VAR stand for?

Video Assistant Referee. The system is football's first attempt at using video technology to aid in refereeing decisions. The idea is to help the on-field official make the right call - and stop them making a howler that could cost a side the game.

The system was trialled in the FA Cup last season, but this will be the first time the technology has been used at a World Cup.

Former Premier League referee Mark Clattenburg, who officiated at the Euro 2016 final, expects that the VAR at the World Cup will be much better than the early trials in England.

"After what happened in the early rounds of the FA Cup, there's a lot of negativity in England around VAR," he says. "But Fifa have been doing a lot over the past two years, putting training in place to make sure that it's a success."

How does VAR work?

Four referees sit in a video operation room in Moscow ( in full kit) and follow the action live from the stadium on a series of TV screens. Thirty-three different cameras plus two dedicated offside cameras theoretically give them all the angles they could ever need. The referee can communicate directly with the VAR team via their radio microphone.

When can VAR be used at the World Cup?

VAR can only be used in four "match-changing situations": goals, penalty decisions, red cards and cases of mistaken identity.

This is very important to remember says Clattenburg: "The mistakes using VAR in England were that they were reviewing too many debatable decisions. That's not what the video assistant referees are for. VAR was brought in to stop the scandalous decisions where everybody in football goes, 'That's not correct'."

If the ref makes a clear mistake in any of the four situations above, the VAR team will advise the ref to check the call - you should see the ref point to his earpiece to show that he's receiving advice.

If the ref draws a square in the air with his hands, that means the video team are reviewing the incident. The on-field ref can also watch the same replays as the VAR team on a pitch-side screen.

VAR can only advise on a decision: it's up to the official on the pitch to make the final call.

Goals This includes any offences made in the play building up to a goal. Crucially this includes offside decisions. Referee Clattenburg explains that while in the past the decision would have been debatable, with some wanting to give the "benefit of the doubt" to the attacking player, now with technology there is no wriggle room.

"It's very similar to ball over the line. If the ball is a millimetre over the line, it's a goal. If a player is a millimetre offside then he's offside," he says. "It's a matter of fact."

The VAR team will superimpose a - hopefully straight - line over the footage in order to work out whether a player is offside or not.

Penalty decisions Any foul in the box will be checked to confirm whether it is a penalty. If the decision is debatable, the VAR team can advise the referee to check the replays on his own screen. Again, the ref's decision is final.

Red cards If a referee has made a decision on a foul but it appears that the offence could be more serious, then the VAR team could ask the ref to check the call. Similarly, the video referee could get in touch with the referee if they think a red card is unduly harsh, as can be seen in the video below.

Even more intriguingly, if the ref has missed a violent play incident off the ball that should result in a straight red, then the VAR can pick up on that and let the ref know, even as play is continuing. Clattenburg says theoretically a player could even be given a red card at half time for an incident earlier in the half.

"If a player commits a violent act and it gets picked up on the TV cameras, then VAR will get to know about it and it will be dealt with," says Clattenburg.

"If somebody does something stupid like hitting someone off the ball, then they know that will be dealt with. That's why Gareth Southgate has warned his players to be 'squeaky clean', because he knows that if they do something stupid, VAR will punish them."

Mistaken identity Remember the time English referee Graham Poll booked the same player three times in one match? VAR could step in to sort out the confusion. Similarly if the ref has penalised the wrong person, VAR will let them know they've made a mistake.

What are the criticisms of VAR?

It's still a new system, so both players and fans could be confused about how it's actually being used. Unlike rugby where you can hear the referee's communications, in football it can be hard to tell when a decision is being reviewed.

The VAR footage is set to be shown on the big screen in the World Cup, but Clattenburg says that viewers at home being able to hear the video referee is the obvious next step in order to make things clearer.

"The video referee should be able to speak and help the people understand the decision-making process," he says. "There shouldn't be any hiding. It should be transparent."

Also, different people have different ideas about exactly what is meant by a "clear mistake". If pundits can argue for hours over whether it should have been a penalty or whether a goal was offside, will four refs in a control booth really be able to make things any clearer? Clattenburg says that the system was used too often in the trials in England on debatable decisions, and that in the World Cup he hopes the system is restricted to clear mistakes.

However, with referees under fierce spotlight at the World Cup, there is also the danger they could turn to VAR for every major call, disrupting the flow of the game and meaning even more stoppage time.

Clattenburg says that his one big concern - which can't be fixed by better refereeing - is how the VAR system will affect players and how they celebrate a goal: "The only concern I have as a football fan is that as a player scores a goal, we don't want him to be worrying about VAR. You need to see them celebrate, you need to see them enjoy the moment. What I'm scared of is that players will be worried about celebrating because they're thinking about VAR."

Is VAR ready for the World Cup?

"The technology is ready," Clattenburg asserts. "It's how it's implemented that will be the key. What I will say is Fifa have spent a lot of money educating the referees; there have been courses and seminars in the build-up to the World Cup. In the past there have been maybe two meetings before the World Cup of all the referees. I understand this time there have been six."

Other pundits that Radio Times has spoken to are not so sure. "I always loved the fact that the naked eye gives you an immediate decision and causes a debate," says BBC pundit Rio Ferdinand. "But now we've got technology causing the debate. What have we gained?"

Frank Lampard agrees: "To me, VAR doesn't bode well because it doesn't feel ready. Referees all over the world have a slightly different interpretation of it and what it should be used for. I get that it's intended to rule out huge errors - and, having been on the end of one [his goal against Germany at the 2010 World Cup was wrongly ruled not to have crossed the line], I agree with that. But it's whether they're going to use it to look at every decision. It'll be terrible if we end up talking about VAR instead of some of the world's greatest players."

Clattenburg disagrees: "I'm confident that Fifa will get it right," he says. "What they can't get is a situation in the World Cup where everyone is talking about the refereeing decisions. I don't mind talking about VAR, about whether it should or should not have been used. But what we can't have is a scandal that knocks a team out of the World Cup."

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World Cup 2018 VAR guide: how will the video referee work in Russia?

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The 2018 World Cup is the first major international football tournament to use the new video refereeing system VAR. 'VAR' may be familiar to some fans after it was trialled in England during the FA Cup this season, but there is still plenty of confusion about how the system actually works and what decisions video referees can decide on.

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Uncovering Hawk-Eye | 2012 TEB BNP Paribas WTA Championships - Istanbul

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The 'squiggly line' image shown by broadcasters was not used to disallow Juan Mata's goal in Manchester United's FA Cup fifth-round win at Huddersfield, says the provider of VAR pictures.

Hawk-Eye says a "technical error led to an incorrect graphic being provided".

Mata said "the decision was not very clear", while United boss Jose Mourinho called for the video assistant referee (VAR) system to be made "perfect".

The system is being trialled in the FA Cup and Carabao Cup this season.

It was praised after correctly overturning a decision to rule out Kelechi Iheanacho's strike for Leicester in their 2-0 FA Cup third-round replay win over Fleetwood in January.

However, it was also described as a "shambles" by former England captain Alan Shearer after the system's use failed to result in a penalty for Chelsea during their FA Cup replay with Norwich.

On Saturday, Mata appeared to have put Manchester United 2-0 up just before the break when he ran on to Ashley Young's neat pass - but while the visiting team was celebrating, referee Kevin Friend listened to his earpiece for the VAR input.

After a wait of around a minute, the goal was ruled out for offside, with viewers watching the match live on BT Sport then presented with the faulty graphic.

Hawk-Eye's statement read: "A technical error led to an incorrect graphic being provided by Hawkeye to BT Sport on Saturday.

"To confirm, the VAR saw the correct image with the correct lines to make the decision. This was a case of the wrong image being provided to the broadcaster and we apologise."

Belgian striker Romelu Lukaku scored in each half for United.

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FA Cup: Hawk-Eye apologises over wrong VAR image for Juan Mata 'goal'

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The 'squiggly line' image shown by broadcasters was not used to disallow Juan Mata's goal in Manchester United's FA Cup fifth-round win at Huddersfield, says the provider of VAR pictures. Hawk-Eye says a "technical error led to an incorrect graphic being provided".

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The tech helping drive the Tour de France

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BBC Click joined Team Dimension Data at the Tour de France to see how tech could influence the race.

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Six Nations: Ireland v Wales

Venue: Aviva Stadium, Dublin Date: Saturday, 24 February Kick-off: 14:15 GMT

Coverage: Live on S4C, BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru & BBC Sport website and BBC Sport app, plus live text commentary.

World Rugby has admitted a mistake was made by the television match official in Wales' 12-6 defeat by England.

TMO Glenn Newman ruled Anthony Watson had beaten Gareth Anscombe to the ball, with Wales coach Warren Gatland describing it as "a terrible mistake."

Rob Howley says World Rugby's Alain Rolland has confirmed the error.

"It was good to have dialogue with World Rugby - they confirmed the TMO made a mistake," Howley confirmed.

"That dialogue happens continually throughout international periods," he continued.

"That phone call took place yesterday and Alain Rolland confirmed on behalf of World Rugby that it was a mistake.

"I haven't spoken to any of the match officials. It's happened, it's disappointing that happens in professional sport. But we focus on the next two weeks and getting ready for Ireland."

World Rugby told BBC Sport Wales it "has clarified to the Wales team management... that the TMO made an error in the application of law during the England versus Wales match".

The governing body added: "In accordance with law 21.1 b, Wales should have been awarded a try as the Wales player grounded the ball."

'Retrospective refereeing'

England coach Eddie Jones criticised World Rugby for "retrospective refereeing".

He said: "I'm on a good behaviour bond so I've got to be careful what I say, but I just think that once the game's done and dusted that's the game.

"You can't have retrospective refereeing of decisions being done. The game's done and dusted, so we've got to trust the referees and respect their integrity.

"When I say respect the referee, that's the TV process as well. You leave it at that, and then you get on with it. One side's won, one side's lost."

Jones also compared the incident to a batsman being wrongly given out in a cricket match.

"The decision is made, that's the game and I'm sure Wales are upset about it and I can understand why, but the game is gone."

Injury boosts before Ireland game

However, Howley did have good news for Wales in terms of injuries before the next match with Ireland.

I'd keep the back row as it is against Ireland and bring Taulupe Faletau onto the bench

Martyn WilliamsEx-Wales flanker on the Scrum V Podcast
Scrum V Podcast

Leigh Halfpenny, Dan Biggar and Taulupe Faletau are all expected to return to full training by the end of the week.

Halfpenny will take some part in training in "the next few days" after a foot infection forced him to withdraw from facing England last weekend, while Biggar is expected to take a full part in training by the weekend.

But hopes that Faletau would feature for Bath at Newcastle have been dashed, despite Warren Gatland's preference for him to play club rugby before any international return.

"Toby came through some really good training with Wales, he did a bit of a contact session so that's really good," Bath director of rugby Todd Blackadder told BBC Radio Bristol.

"He certainly won't be ready this week for us, but hopefully in the not too distant future."

Howley also confirmed Saracens' Liam Williams came through his return match without problem but wing Alex Cuthbert is out of the squad because of a knee injury.

Gloucester say that back-rower Ross Moriarty will miss Saturday's Premiership match at Worcester because of a shoulder injury. However, they expect Moriarty to be available to face Ireland.

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Six Nations: World Rugby confirms TMO error in England v Wales match

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Six Nations: Ireland v Wales Venue: Aviva Stadium, Dublin Date: Saturday, 24 February Kick-off: 14:15 GMT Coverage: Live on S4C, BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru & BBC Sport website and BBC Sport app, plus live text commentary. World Rugby has admitted a mistake was made by the television match official in Wales' 12-6 defeat by England.

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BBC Sport's Dan Roan looks at how UK Sport is using advances in technology to stay one step ahead of the opposition.

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How Wearable Technology has Revolutionised Training | Gillette World Sport

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How sports science is changing the way the London Marathon is run

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Better kit, better training and better nutrition are all playing a part in the faster finishing times now being recorded

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Football futurology: how technology could change the sport in 50 years

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In the next few decades robot football could become common, shirts might come with tiny cameras and fans could end up controlling players with smartphones. It all sounds a little strange

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GOPRO SPECIAL | Bolton training from Mark Davies' point of view

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We, as the human race, love to tag things as quantifiable certainties.

But certain numbers are difficult for us to track: Ever since the 1920's, scientists have been trying to put a quantified number on the expansion of the universe. The updated figure lands at about 46.2 miles per second, per megaparsec.

Just try to make sense of that for a second.

Luckily, things here on the big blue dot are a little bit easier to comprehend. Because of technology, we have quantified everything from our phone batteries to the dashboards in our cars. It's important to us. It helps us set goals and make sense of everything.

Over the last few years, we've witnessed a surge of products built to quantify ourselves. A lot of these products often revolve around sports, which makes perfect sense because sports rely so much on numbers.

Fitness has been at the forefront of the quantified-self movement. From heart rate monitors and mobile apps, to watches and bracelets, the fitness market has exploded with tracking products.

Of course, we have seen the same thing in the big four sports as well. But alternative sports, like snowboarding, are quietly making moves into the quantifiable technology market, too. And this is something everyone can get excited about.
Making Sense of It All
Certain things in snowboarding can be difficult to comprehend. For novices and outsiders, numbers are universal language.

Think about snowboarder Sage Kostenburg pulling a trick dubbed the triple cork.

Crazy, right?

Just watching it can seem daunting. But after putting numbers to it, Kostenburg is spinning a total of 1620 degrees while launching from a kicker at roughly 58 miles per hour. Numbers help us better paint this picture.

As we have seen many times in the past, the good folks at Sports Science put their minds to the sport of snowboarding and unraveling the triple cork. The only problem is that data is not available on the spot. Rather, it's figured out in a "lab".

Fortunately for snowboarders and skiers everywhere, the human race is finding ways to bring the lab to the mountain. Being able to strap pieces of technology to bodies is helping quantify snowboarding in real-time.
The Mobile Trend
Strictly speaking, mobile technology has become a trend on the slopes. Connectivity has allowed this tech to rapidly expand.

The cellphone is much like a Swiss Army Knife in this case. Applications are really the keystone of any tech that hits the slopes, with few exceptions.

But take the Ski Tracks app, for example. Through your phone, Ski Tracks is able to record your entire day on the mountain. From your maximum speed and elevation, to distance and mapped routes. And the kicker: it tracks your ski trip without chewing up your phone data or juicing for a wireless signal. Ski Tracks is a pretty simplistic app, good for recording what you have been up to all day.

But if you're out West, Vail Resort's EpicMix app has a little more to offer and can be used at any Vail-owned mountain: Beaver Creek, Breckenridge, Keystone, Canyons, Heavenly, Northstar, Kirkwood, Afton Alps, and Mount Brighton.

Using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, EpicMix is very comprehensive. By scanning your pass each time you grab a lift, the RFID and EpicMix app are able to track where you've been and how much distance you have covered.

The cool part is, "digital pins" are earned as rewards for completing things, like riding 75 lifts or covering a certain amount of vertical feet. You can take pictures, access trail maps, track your progress in ski or snowboard school, and even race other people down the mountain (including Lindsey Vonn).

As you can see, apps are one way to quantify skiing and snowboarding sessions. But really, they are just the foundation of what is starting to appear on the market.
Technology to Text Home About
With applications building a solid foundation, that can only mean one thing: It's time to connect.

In an effort to record and put numbers to our snowy expeditions, companies such as XON and Recon are raising the bar.

First off, XON is a company full of innovation. Their Snow-1 bindings are packed with quantifying tech that makes this product, dare I say it, cutting edge.

If RoboCop was a snowboarder, these bindings would surely be his top choice. They come with four load sensors, two flex sensors, an accelerometer, bluetooth tech, and two rather dope-looking LED lights.

What this mix of tech accomplishes is the ability to track your weight distribution, center of gravity, board bend, and acceleration. Couple the Snow-1 bindings with the mobile app, and it's easy to monitor all of this in real-time.

The app even allows a second user to record video of the rider with a live analytics style overlay. Although this product is only due out sometime this year, beginners and up may find these bindings useful for dissecting areas that need improvement.

And if RoboCop's bindings aren't enough, Recon has the heads up display (HUD) covered. The Snow2 (ironically, has no chronological relation to the bindings) is a HUD that comes loaded in a few of the most popular goggle brands.

Due to its mirror and prism technology, the display a rider sees is equivalent to looking at a 14" screen from five feet away. This allows information to be provided in an unobtrusive manner.

Just check out what this product can do:

Speed is accurately calculated by GPS and barometric pressure data

Jump analytics show airtime either in the park, or backcountry kickers

Track your vertical feet by run, by day and over the course of the season

The onboard altimeter tracks your altitude to within 1 meter

Find your way around new resorts and easily track down points of interest

Never lose track of friends or family on the slopes again

View calls and read text messages immediately, as you receive them

Be in full control of your favourite tunes as you ski or board

And for the geek in all of us, you can check out the tech specs here, which features 1GB of RAM and 2GB of flash. The only true drawback is the six hour battery life.

In case you were wondering, the Snow 2 comes with a "wristable" for easy control over calls, music, and other things, like what's popping up in your field of view.

Going along with the whole fitness craze, this thing will even hook up to popular heart rate monitors. Imagine viewing your heart rate as you drop in on that double black diamond.

It doesn't end there either. The Snow 2 will also hook up to third-party cameras as well, which brings us to our next gadget.

The AirDog is a drone that is capable of auto-following its subject matter. In other words, you set an altitude and follow distance; and the Airdog will follow you down the mountain, recording or streaming your every move on a GoPro.

This drone works by tracking the person donning the AirLeash. It will keep up with anyone doing up to 40 MPH.

But the Airdog could prove very useful on a freestyle run through the board park (although the battery only lasts 10 to 20 mins per charge).

Combining the AirDog with the Snow 2 could easily create an interesting situation. Ultimately, you could watch yourself ski or snowboard down the mountain while...err...skiing or snowboarding down the mountain.

Whether or not that is useful remains to be seen. But this idea at least outlines the possibilities of coupling such high-tech devices.
Quantifying with Only One Problem
Technology is clearly making its way to the slopes. Just like it is off the mountain, tech is enabling us to quantify ourselves while we're on the mountain.

Just the few apps and devices listed in this article are enough to more than quantify one's self, while "shredding the gnar".

This quantification should allow a skier or snowboarder of any skill level to set goals. In turn, snow-goers can improve upon their skills and even make a record-statistically or visually-to reminisce about their improvements later on.

As of now, there is only one drawback to all of this: while technology is on a double black diamond path, battery technology is on the bunny slope. The lack of battery technology is a trend subtly outlined in this article. So for any scientists, engineers, or inventors out there, let's put a little more thought into batteries, so everyone can have a fully juiced, quantified ride down the mountain.

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Cutting Edge Technology is Hitting the Slopes and Transforming Snowboarding

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We, as the human race, love to tag things as quantifiable certainties. But certain numbers are difficult for us to track: Ever since the 1920's, scientists have been trying to put a quantified number on the expansion of the universe. The updated figure lands at about 46.2 miles per second, per megaparsec.

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Hosts: England and Wales Dates: 18 September-31 October

Coverage: Live commentary on BBC Radio 5 live and sports extra, plus live text commentary on every match on the BBC Sport website.

Television referees will use Hawk-Eye technology to help them make key decisions at the Rugby World Cup.

It will supplement the existing Television Match Official (TMO) system following successful trials.

The technology will also be available to medical staff to help assess potential head injuries from impacts.

"It has clear benefits for the match officials, medical teams and fans around the world," said World Rugby chief executive Brett Gosper.

"Central to our sport is the integrity of player welfare and the match official decision-making process."

TMOs will now have access to simultaneous multiple angle replays in real-time and slow motion, along with a zoom-function, to help them make decisions.

And, with concussion an issue in the sport following high-profile cases involving England full-back Mike Brown and Wales and Northampton wing George North the technology will also help officials to identify and review head injuries.

Hawk-Eye is used by a number of sports including cricket, tennis, baseball, athletics, horse racing, football, badminton and volleyball.

The technology works by recording all broadcast angles in real time and making the footage available immediately to help officials, medical staff and coaches.

England begin the World Cup against Fiji at Twickenham on 18 September.

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Rugby World Cup 2015: Hawk-Eye to be used for first time

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Hosts: England and Wales Dates: 18 September-31 October Coverage: Live commentary on BBC Radio 5 live and sports extra, plus live text commentary on every match on the BBC Sport website. Television referees will use Hawk-Eye technology to help them make key decisions at the Rugby World Cup.

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Kline is the architect at Fulham of what he calls the "Both Boxes Checked" system which is intended to give equal weight to traditional scouting methods and Kline's own brand of statistical analysis. Without a positive score in both categories, a player will not be signed and that means, at the very least, that he has equal authority on signings with Jokanovic and the club's chief football officer, Mike Rigg.

The thinking behind the scheme is that there should be consensus between the analytics department and the manager. Neither side should lay claim to the final say but instead, by a process of elimination, they alight upon a player who checks both boxes. Judging by Jokanovic's reaction on Saturday evening, they are a long way from that utopia of agreement.

At Shahid's NFL franchise, the Jacksonville Jaguars, Tony Khan has the title of "senior vice-president in football technology and analytics" and there has been a push since the Khans took over the Jaguars to place data at the centre of recruitment. Tony's official Jaguars biography says that he created Fulham's "statistical research department", and Kline, whom he met at university, is at the centre of it.

Fulham's model has been created for Tony's company TruMedia which offers sports franchises and now football clubs a new horizon in which data analytics can help find them the players they need. The actual detail of the model is the intellectual property of Tony, adjusted by Kline for European football, and it is not divulged to staff.

The plan at Fulham, in spite of Kline's difficult relationships with former manager Kit Symons, and now Jokanoic, has been unwavering. The club are no longer prepared to sign players who are not "Both Boxes Checked".

The American contingent is understood to have been unhappy with the signing of Richard Stearman from Wolverhampton Wanderers last summer for around £2 million on a three-year deal. They felt that he was overpriced, did not score highly on data and has not subsequently justified the investment. After that the introduction of Kline and his statistics-based approach was insisted upon as a key feature of the club's recruitment.

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Why data analyst Craig Kline will have final say at Fulham and not manager Slavisa Jokanovic

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There is still no mention of Craig Kline on the Fulham website which is unusual for a man who is the director of statistical recruitment, although the manager Slavisa Jokanovic is in no doubt of the influence that the American data analyst wields when it comes to signing players.

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It's asking a huge amount of the British & Irish Lions squad to go to New Zealand and beat the back-to-back world champions. Exactly how much it's asking of the 41 players in Warren Gatland's squad is down to Brian Cunniffe to work out.

Cunniffe is the sports scientist in the British & Irish Lions team behind the team, the backroom staff making sure that the Lions have the very best chance of success. "My role on the tour is understanding what player tolerances are," says the Irishman. "Everybody's got an energy budget or an energy bank and that can be depleted on the field or depleted off the field."

As you would expect, Cunniffe is one of the best in his business. Qualifications-wise, he has an MSc in sports nutrition, a PhD in exercise physiology and is an honorary research associate at University College London.

He was senior sports scientist at the British Olympic Association in the lead-up to London 2012, supporting the 541 athletes in Team GB. His present day job is performance lead at the renowned English Institute of Sport, from which he has been given leave to go on his second Lions tour, after being a key part of the 2013 success in Australia.

He sees many parallels between his Olympic experience and a Lions tour. "We've got a group of people trying to be the best version of themselves in a high-pressure environment and that's no different to our Olympic athletes," he says. "It's ultimately about helping them achieve their aspirations through some scientific rigour and best practice."

For Cunniffe, this means an almost non-stop work routine on a Lions tour because monitoring the players' energy levels and general health is a full-time job. "A large proportion of my day would be spent collecting information," he says. "I suppose the other half would be interpreting that information and making sense of it so we can make some well-informed decisions going forward."

He gets up at about 6.30am on a training day. "My role is very much the eyes and ears of the group," he says. "I'll probably be the first person they'll see in the morning as they enter the team environment."

Nutrition is a key part of Cunniffe's responsibility and he will liaise with the chefs to make sure that the players' intake of food and drink is exactly right at all times.

Information is gathered from observation, conversation and then the crucial part of Cunniffe's equipment, the GPS tracking device worn by all players in training and matches.

"You'll all be used to seeing that little slight bulge on the back of players' necks in their training jerseys, the GPS device," he says. "So we'll collect information in real time around how they move and how much they move, the load tolerances of these players, and feed that back. That informs our week's plan going ahead."

So Cunniffe will have a specific, individual gauge for each of the players, knowing how much energy they have, or don't have, and will advise the coaches and other teams behind the team accordingly. He works closely with the strength and conditioning team, led by Paul Stridgeon, and the medical team, led by Eanna Falvey.

"I do cross [over with] both teams," he says. "I probably cross into logistics as well because there's a fair amount of performance planning in terms of what we should employ at certain stages of the tour so I guess it's about having really live and open conversations between all parties."

That teamwork is embedded in everything the Lions do, on and off the field. "The benefit of this tour is that you are in a very close-knit bubble and you do bump into people on a pretty regular basis throughout the day," Cunniffe says. "So if you can't communicate and close those loops you're in trouble."

The same spirit that ensures the Lions defend their own line on the pitch with everything they've got exists within the team behind the team. Cunniffe knows his role demands long hours and a huge commitment but that's fine by him.

"Everybody's busy and that's something that everybody's got to get their head around on these tours," he says. "You're living off probably six hours' sleep a night for eight weeks and it's just something you've got to prepare for and embrace that chaos. I don't think it's about the number of minutes clocked in and clocked out. It's very much around where you're best needed."
For more insight into the Lions tour of New Zealand, listen to Brian Moore's Full Contact podcast
The team behind the team

QBE is a principal partner of The British & Irish Lions' 2017 tour to New Zealand, supporting the Lions' management and backroom staff, or the 'team behind the team'.

QBE is a global insurer and reinsurer with operations in all the key insurance markets. QBE believes that the challenges faced and rewards achieved from the Lions one-team approach, builds close and enduring relationships that closely mirrors its own business.

For more information go to QBEeurope.com

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qbe - british & irish lions - list 1

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The eyes and ears of the Lions in New Zealand

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It's asking a huge amount of the British & Irish Lions squad to go to New Zealand and beat the back-to-back world champions. Exactly how much it's asking of the 41 players in Warren Gatland's squad is down to Brian Cunniffe to work out.

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Advances in technology have affected every aspect of society. A baby's growth can be tracked in the womb, and life can be prolonged by pacemakers and dialysis machines. You can buy shares in an overseas company at the click of a button, and order flowers for next day delivery in a country the other side of the globe. No part of our culture is left untouched, and that includes sport. The use of technology in sport and games was initially met with a mixed reaction; how can something that celebrates human physical athleticism benefit from a computer? However, there are great benefits to using technology in sport, and here are four ways that sport has benefited from technology.
Training
The performance of an athlete can be analysed to levels that have previously been unseen. Coaching staff can monitor the performances of their team so that improvements can be made to individual training regimes. It's no longer a one-size fits all approach. Technology allows coaches to give a greater quality of feedback to their team, so that optimal fitness can be achieved. The most significant piece of technology to help with training was the video camera in the 1980s; it revolutionised sports performance analysis.
Spectators
Spectators are given unprecedented viewing of their chosen sports, thanks to improved technology. Not only can the audience see the performance, but they can simultaneously review professional analysis and see statistics. People are now able to access and be involved with sports and games from anywhere in the world. Whether you want to watch the Kabaddi World Cup, play 32Red Slots, or watch the Highland Games, you can join a global audience.
Rules and Legislation
A questionable decision by a referee has caused many instances of very unsportsmanlike behaviour. Technology has provided an error-proof method of taking measurements, and has removed the possibility of wrong decisions being made by human error. Horse racing has benefitted enormously from technology being used to confirm the winner of the races, which is advantageous when there is potentially a lot of money riding on the decision of who won. If a sport or game has legislation to protect it, it will benefit from technology.

Hawkeye is a piece of technology that was first used in 2001, and produces a whole range of statistical analysis including the speed and trajectory of the ball after bounce; initially Hawkeye was used in cricket, but it's now used in tennis to assist in deciding whether a ball is in or out. Technology ensures fairness in sport and games.
Design
Sport is big business, and there is a lot of money invested into the design and development of sports equipment and clothing to help athletes improve their performance. Advances in technology have seen improvements to the materials that are used for manufacturing the equipment and sportswear. One example being the development of polyurethane for swimwear which led to it being banned after the 2008 Olympics due to the extent that it improved performance. Kevlar fibre has been developed for use in sails, football boots and bicycle helmets: a fibre that is 5 times stronger than steel but lighter. The good news is that the technological and design advances that the professional sports athletes benefit from soon trickle down for public consumption as the companies try to recoup the money that has been spent.

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How Technology Has Improved Games and Sports - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency

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Advances in technology have affected every aspect of society. A baby's growth can be tracked in the womb, and life can be prolonged by pacemakers and dialysis machines. You can buy shares in an overseas company at the click of a button, and order flowers for next day delivery in a country the other side of the globe.

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The Boston Red Sox used an Apple Watch illicitly to gain the upper hand in a recent game, a Major League Baseball (MLB) investigation has reportedly found.

According to the New York Times, the Red Sox used the device to receive messages about what kind of pitch was about to be thrown.

That information was then relayed from the dug-out to the batter - giving him an advantage.

It is unclear what kind of punishment Boston's beloved team might receive following the investigation. The team is currently top of the American League Eastern division.

MLB did not return the BBC's request for comment on Tuesday.

Nor did the Red Sox or the New York Yankees - the team whose complaint provoked the probe. The Yankees provided video from a three-game series that took place in August.

Predicting pitches

In baseball, the catcher, crouched behind the batter, will signal to the pitcher what kind of ball should be thrown, such as a fast ball or slider.

Typically, the catcher will hold up a number of fingers to relay that message.

These signals - known as signs - would be very useful to the batter if he could see them, but he's looking in the other direction, using only the pitcher's posture and grip for guidance.

Stealing signs, as the practice is known, involves a team member seeing the opponent's signal and somehow relaying that information to the batter in the short window before the ball is thrown.

The MLB investigation found the Red Sox would have an off-field person watching a camera feed of the catcher. He would then contact the dug-out via the Apple Watch, and that signal would be passed on from the dug-out to the batter.

The New York Times report said MLB will now look to see if the Red Sox had used the technique in other games.

'Rethink'

Stealing signs by analogue means - such as a team mate at second base seeing the catcher and revealing the signal to the batter opposite - is legal. But using a devices such as binoculars or electronics to aid the process is not.

Teams have long used ingenious ways to steal signs, including in 1951 when the New York Giants' Bobby Thomson hit a series-winning home run, a hit later dubbed the "shot heard round the world".

It was revealed some years later that the Giants had a team member in the club house opposite using a telescope to spot signs.

Joel Sherman, a baseball columnist for the New York Post, said on Twitter that MLB must clamp down on mischievous uses of technology in the sport.

"MLB must rethink how it polices tech use. Perhaps no electronics at all in dugout," he wrote.

"Also, teams might have to rethink how signs are given on field by going to verbal signals or eliminating putting fingers down as the lone way to convey pitch selection."

___________
Follow Dave Lee You can reach Dave securely through encrypted messaging app Signal on: +1 (628) 400-7370 on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC

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The Boston Red Sox used an Apple Watch illicitly to gain the upper hand in a recent game, a Major League Baseball (MLB) investigation has reportedly found. According to the New York Times, the Red Sox used the device to receive messages about what kind of pitch was about to be thrown.

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Paralympics 'pit lane' where athletes get repairs

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Have you ever wondered how athletes cope when their prosthetic limbs or wheelchairs break?

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Has VAR worked? Statistics behind worldwide use show positives

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Since its first use in England in January, the benefits of VAR have been a hot topic of debate. Will it work? Is it even worth it? Or do we just need to be more patient?

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Video Assistant Referee technology will be used in Brighton vs Crystal Palace FA Cup tie... but how does it work and is it reliable?

Video Assistant Referee (VAR) will be used in FA Cup for the first time

Brighton vs Crystal Palace third round tie on Monday week will use it

It will also be used in the EFL Cup semi-finals and final later this season

VAR hub will be located at the Premier League HQ near to Heathrow Airport

When Brighton and Crystal Palace walk out at the Amex on Monday week, there will be a Video Assistant Referee sitting in front of several TV screens about 70 miles away at the Premier League HQ near Heathrow, monitoring the game.

Sportsmail explains the impact of the new technology...

When will VARs be used?

Video Assistant Referees (VARs) will be trialled in the FA Cup third-round tie between Brighton and Crystal Palace on January 8 and the EFL Cup semi-final between Arsenal and Chelsea on January 10 and 24.

They will also be used in the EFL Cup final at Wembley on February 25.

So will this be the first time in England?

Not exactly. The FA Cup will be its first use in a competitive English club game but the technology was also used for England's friendlies against Germany and Brazil last month... though it was not called upon. No controversial decisions to overturn!

So what can you use it for?

The International Football Association Board says VARs are only to be used 'to correct clear errors and for missed serious incidents'. It will only apply to four areas - goals, penalties, sendings-off and mistaken identity.

In last week's clash between Bournemouth and West Ham, Callum Wilson's stoppage-time leveller would not have stood, because the VAR would have caught the offside or the handball.

So can a ref ask for footage to be viewed?

He can, but the VARs can also inform the man in the middle if they think he has made a mistake.

The referee will have a TV monitor in place - by the side of the pitch at the Amex, for example - so that he can review the footage himself. The original decision can then be overturned and, as always, he has the final say.

So will these VARs be out in the open?

The VAR hub will in fact be situated at the Premier League Match Centre in Stockley Park, a short drive from Heathrow.

They will be in constant contact with the referee via their usual headsets. Insiders expect the name of the VARs for the matches will be announced, just like how we get to know the names of the assistants and fourth official.

Give me a scenario...

Harry Kane has just swung a corner in for Tottenham (well this is hypothetical...) and Dele Alli scores. To the referee, it looked a perfectly-fine header in real time.

To the VAR, it was actually a handball. The official based at Stockley Park will then tell the referee: 'No 20 has clearly handled the ball into the goal. The goal should not be given.'

The referee will watch the footage himself to be sure and will disallow the goal, while also showing Alli a yellow card.

Will they show reviews on a big screen?

No, none of that. Imagine a goal has just been scored and the referee walks over to speak to the linesman because of an apparent infringement.

Does that decision then get broadcast on the big screen? No. After a discussion with his assistant, he then indicates a free-kick or gives the goal, and this will work the same way.

Are there any naysayers?

There are plenty. Some feel incorrect calls are part of the game. Will it take the fun out of football if no dodgy decisions slip through the cracks?

What will we talk about at the pub? Plus, there are other concerns that this will slow the tempo of matches.

Are the referees ready for this?

They have all been getting trained for the past 18 months. That includes a three-day practice tournament at St George's Park. They want to cut the time it takes to review a decision.

Referees chief Mike Riley said: 'We don't want to kill the speed or the spontaneity of the game and part of this training is so that we can do it as efficiently as possible. VAR only intervenes if the referee has made a clear error.'

Do the referees like this?

Yes, they do. They have actually been encouraging the Premier League to bring this into play as soon as possible. As referee Andre Marriner has said: 'We've been crying out for help.'

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Video Assistant Referee technology explained

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Video Assistant Referee (VAR) will be used in FA Cup for the first time Brighton vs Crystal Palace third round tie on Monday week will use it It will also be used in the EFL Cup semi-finals and final later this season VAR hub will be located at the Premier League HQ near to Heathrow Airport When Brighton and Crystal Palace walk out at the Amex on Monday week, there will be a Video Assistant Referee sitting in front of several TV screens about 70 miles away at the Premier League HQ near Heathrow, monitoring the game.

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Step aside Black Panther, Great Britain's sliders have new hi-tech suits that have turned them into skeleton superheroes in Pyeongchang.

OK, slight hyperbole, but the fast times posted in training by three of our intrepid heroes - defending champion Lizzy Yarnold, team-mate Laura Deas and men's slider Dom Parsons - have had the skeleton fraternity asking whether their new attire has played a part.

The timing of the article was perfect and a smart strategic move by the British team

USA Bobsled & Skeleton chief Darrin Steele

Those complaints prompted the sport's governing body to clarify that the suits were legal.

It said: "The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation currently checked race suits of the British skeleton team. There were no rule violations at the presented suits."

The items in question, developed by scientists at a company in Northampton and by the English Institute of Sport, have special drag-resistant ridges.

Good aerodynamics is obviously key in an event where you are hurtling down a long sheet of ice on a metal tray at about 80mph - it's not a case of every second counts, more like every 100th of a second.

So have the suits been solely responsible for helping the British trio top the times during some of the training runs? It's worth bearing in mind that in the recent World Cup series, Deas and Yarnold were seventh and ninth overall respectively, while Parsons was 12th in the men's competition.

Skeleton clothing rules - International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (2017)

No aerodynamic elements whatsoever may be attached either outside or under the race suit

Race suits must be manufactured from an uncoated textile

The funding received by GB's skeleton team for this Olympic cycle was £6,549,617 - almost double the amount for the four years leading up to Sochi 2014.

Some of that has been used to develop innovation, although Danny Holdcroft, British Skeleton's current performance director, said other countries have a similar budget.

"We invest in technology, and still have Rachel Blackburn [formerly of McLaren, now a consultant engineer] helping design sleds, as well as the research and innovation team at the English Institute of Sport," Holdcroft told Eurosport.

"But I can categorically say that other countries invest as much in their equipment as us."

The case for the prosecution

That Team GB statement might not placate some of the dissenters, such as USA slider Katie Uhlaender. A tweet from her Twitter account linked to Monday's Guardian article about the British team's new attire.

The tweet said: "Read this article and then based off of what it says see if these suits seem legal? Cause #IDONT know? No aerodynamic elements whatsoever and uncoated..."

I don't know what they have really for suits but I think every athlete [here] has a secret more than in the other races

Germany's world champion Jacqueline Lolling

After Wednesday training runs, Uhlaender, who was 12th overall in the World Cup, told the media that somebody else was in charge of her social media account but then added, "If you see something that is questionably illegal, it is OK to ask."

BBC Sport contacted USA's Bobsled & Skeleton to ask what it thought about GB's suit. Its CEO Darrin Steele suggested that mind games might be at play.

He said: "The rules are clear that there can't be any aerodynamic elements attached to the suit, and we don't expect to see any on the British speedsuits in the race.

"Athletes from various nations are talking about the British suits instead of focusing on the upcoming races. A large part of this sport is mental strength. It's about who can throw down despite distractions, and we'll see who comes out on top over these next few days.

"The timing of the article [referring to The Guardian piece] was perfect and a smart strategic move by the British team."

Jacqueline Lolling, Germany's world champion and World Cup winner, suggested in a sport like skeleton it was gaining an edge over rivals in whatever legal way possible.

She said: "I don't know what they have really for suits but I think every athlete (here) has a secret more than in the other races."

The case for the defence

Amy Williams faced similar scrutiny when she won Great Britain's first ever gold in the event, at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Both the Canada and USA teams protested about the aerodynamics of the helmet worn by the Briton. Both complaints were rejected.

Williams told BBC Sport: "There was a protest after I'd won gold about my helmet.

"It was horrible because my closest friends in the sport for the previous 10 years thought we were trying to cheat.

We all do it, because even if it gives you 0.01% of an advantage, why wouldn't you?

Great Britain's 2010 Olympic skeleton champion Amy Williams

"I knew everything was OK and wasn't worried about the protest because the helmet had been cleared by the jury. But it was still gut-wrenching to think that athletes and coaches were viewing me in that way."

Williams believes that the suits do not actually give the British sliders much of an advantage.

She added: "Everyone tries to think out of the box to gain a competitive advantage, but in reality I don't think the innovations make that much difference.

"We all do it, because even If it gives you 0.01% of an advantage, why wouldn't you?

"In reality, the athlete who has a great push, doesn't make mistakes and puts four consistent runs together will be crowned Olympic champion"

Additional material provided by BBC's Anna Thompson in Pyeongchang

The men's four-run competition begins on Thursday and concludes on Friday, and the women's event begins a day later and finishes on Saturday. Watch all the coverage on the BBC.

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Winter Olympics 2018: Are GB's skeleton suits giving them superhero speed?

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Step aside Black Panther, Great Britain's sliders have new hi-tech suits that have turned them into skeleton superheroes in Pyeongchang. OK, slight hyperbole, but the fast times posted in training by three of our intrepid heroes - defending champion Lizzy Yarnold, team-mate Laura Deas and men's slider Dom Parsons - have had the skeleton fraternity asking whether their new attire has played a part.

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There are many examples of technology in sport, but I thought I would mention a few that you might wish to think about using as examples in your study. The first of our ex amples of technology in sport is the sensor pad. Teakwood

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Can you imagine your life without science? Unless you are OK with the idea of living without medicine, transportation, and PokemonGo - the answer is a resounding no.

Now think about sports. You may not see the obvious link between sports and science, but ti is all around the industry. The TV you watch in your bedroom, the protective gear used when you play, the heart monitors, analytics, fantasy sports apps - it's all forms of science, and it is all around us.

Technology has changed sports. There was a time when your brain was only protected by a thin layer of leather, but now we live in a world with injection molded polycarbonate shells able to defray an impact similar to smashing your head into a wall at 20 mph.

Six Technological Advancements That Have Changed Sports #sportsbiz Click To Tweet

Alas, technology never rests, there are always new ideas, tests, and problems to solve. But in this moment of time, here are six technologies which have changed the sports world:

Hawk-Eye Technology

Just as it sounds, this technology uses 6-7 high-end cameras situated above the field of play (e.g. a birds-eye view) to analyze the flight and trajectory of an object being used in sports competition. Most commonly used in tennis, cricket, rugby and volleyball, Hawk-Eye Technology has been in use since 2006 in tennis and is more accurate than a judges eye.

Benefits of this technology:

Hawk-Eye technology helps to take an error-free decision in cricket, lawn tennis, rugby league, football, and baseball.

This technology has reduced the criticism of the players and spectators about the decision of the match referee.

By analyzing the movement of the balls through this technology, the umpire can take an error-free decision quickly when the game is going on.

The only downside of Hawk-Eye technology is that we haven't been introduced to the next John McEnroe. Without terrible calls by chair umpires, there are no more wildly entertaining tantrums and racket throwing.

With Hawk-Eye Technology, you just don't see this anymore:

HANS device

A vast majority of technological advancements in sports revolve around safety, and the HANS (Head and Neck Support) device used in motorsports is one of the most famous.

At the time of Dale Earnhardt's death on the track at the Daytona 500 due to head and neck trauma, Thomas Gideon, senior director of Safety, Research & Development of NASCAR, claims that only about six drivers were wearing a HANS device. That moment changed the sports as more drivers adopted this technology geared towards saving their lives in the event of a tragic crash.

Details of a HANS device:

U-shaped device which is placed behind the neck and its two arms are placed over the pectoral muscles of the chest

It is only connected to the helmet by two anchors on each side and supported by the shoulders

A HANS device keeps the head from whipping forwards and backward in a crash, while also preventing excessive twisting movements

Video Technology

To remind you just how long ago 1980 was - The 'Miracle on Ice' was not broadcast live. The epic Olympic hockey battle between USA and USSR, won in epic fashion by the US, was on tape delay, ending over an hour before the TV broadcast started.

There is no way that would happen in today's sports era.

Everything is live, and not just on your home TV, but on your smartphone, tablet, and the overhead screen in your local church. In today's sports world you are never far from live access.

But it isn't just access that has adapted to the times, it is features. Instant replay, 1st and ten lines, pitch trackers, HD TV sets, DVR's - the experience of watching sports has changed dramatically for the better.

Wearable Computers

Another advancement in the world of safety and monitoring, wearable computers allow for real-time tracking of an athlete's health. Since their creation, the incidents of dehydration, heart attacks and worse, have dramatically decreased.

When Minnesota Vikings offensive lineman Korey Stringer died of heat stroke during training camp in 2001, companies began to investigate ways to monitor health in real-time and stave off tragedies like this. Wearable tech has made a difference in the lives of many athletes, by supervising pulse rate, hydration, and temperature through its wireless and microscopic health monitoring system.

Prosthetic Devices for Disabled Athletes

What used to be the end of the story is now just a beginning of a new one. People with disabilities, or lost limbs, never had a chance to compete, but with the advancement of prosthetic technology more and more physically disabled are competing like before.

Dr. Rory A. Cooper is a leader in developing cutting-edge prosthetics. As the Director of Human Engineering Resources Laboratories at the University of Pittsburgh, Dr. Cooper places athletes in body suits embedded with motion sensors. The athletes then go through a series of drills based around athletic movement, the cameras and the wearable tech report back on their movements. The prosthetic design process begins after this motion study, which in the end creates a custom prosthetic that moves with their body.

Nothing off the shelf here.

Ingestible Thermometer Pills

If you are an athlete, it is important to supervise visceral organs, temperature and heart rate. But it is not always possible to check it manually. To observe the body temperature accurately, some trainers are using indigestible pills.

When you swallow a pill, it moves around the gastrointestinal tract and transmits vital information of the body to medical personnel. So if there is any problem in your body, it can be solved before any accident.

It will help to minimize death from heat exhaustion which is the second most common reason for athlete fatalities.
Conclusion
There are far more than six technologies that have changed the sports world including GPS golf balls, carbon fiber skis and snowboards, computer software for fitness monitoring etc.

If there is a certain sports technology that has changed your sports life, please share it in the comments below!
This article is a guest contribution from freelance writer Papia.

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Six Technological Advancements That Have Changed Sports

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Can you imagine your life without science? Unless you are OK with the idea of living without medicine, transportation, and PokemonGo - the answer is a resounding no. Now think about sports. You may not see the obvious link between sports and science, but ti is all around the industry.

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LJ Rich tries a vest which measures the wearer's heart rate and tennis racquet which analyses playing style.

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Your answer might include:

- improve access to facilities, provide adapted equipment, raise the sport's profile, increase spectators' knowledge, and enhance athletes' achievements, eg faster/more mobile

- increase costs; excludes those who can't access the technology; unfair advantage for some

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Physical Education - Technology in sport - WJEC - Revision 4

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Your answer might include: - improve access to facilities, provide adapted equipment, raise the sport's profile, increase spectators' knowledge, and enhance athletes' achievements, eg faster/more mobile - increase costs; excludes those who can't access the technology; unfair advantage for some

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Google Glass and Future Technology in Sport

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Sport Technology: Overview of Technology in Sport

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An introductory/overview video touching on the various aspects of technology within modern day sport. Impact of Technology throughout history; including Photo Finish, Tracking devices, Goal line technology, Ref Tech, Assistive Technology and much more. Sport Technology : Overview of Technology in Sport

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With football agreeing to use goal-line technology we looks at how various sports have utilised technology.

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US football team Pittsburgh Steelers take on robot players - CBBC Newsround

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The American football team Pittsburgh Steelers are training with some pretty unusual new players...

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How the Taekwondo Wireless Scoring System Works | The Tech Race

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Here is the Rugby HQ special on the RefCam, a great new initiative to take fans closer to the game, by strapping an HD camera to the referee. This has shown some brilliant new and up close footage. All credit goes to Fox Sports AU

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Adidas miCoach, Google Glass and Future Technology in Sport | Fast Forward #4

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Click goes to Wimbledon to see how artificial intelligence (AI) is being used in tennis.

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VR & brain zapping - how technology is helping the US ski team

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Virtual reality and headphones that zap your brain - the US Ski team’s quest for Olympic gold at the Winter Olympics.

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STATSports: The training technology used by Arsenal, Man City, Barcelona and more

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Ever wondered why players wear those black vests during training? As the 2016/17 season draws closer, Sky Sports investigate the cutting-edge technology being used by Premier League clubs...

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BBC Radio 5 live - Discus champion Dan Greaves: I'm coached through a tablet

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BBC iPlayer Radio - listen to live BBC Radio or catch up on BBC programmes from across the UK and World Service