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The Abolitionists Movement Voice Recording:

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The Abolitionists Movement Voice Recording:

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Voice Recording of The Women's Rights Movement:

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Voice Recording of The Women's Rights Movement:

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abolitionism, also called abolition movement, (c. 1783-1888), in western Europe and the Americas, the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery. The intensification of slavery as a system, which followed Portuguese trafficking of enslaved Africans beginning in the 15th century, was driven by the European colonies in North America, South America, and the West Indies, where the plantation economy generated an immense demand for low-cost labour. Between the 16th and 19th centuries an estimated total of 12 million enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas. The brutality of slavery, made increasingly visible by the scale of its practice, sparked a reaction that insisted on its abolition altogether.

Origin of the abolition movement

The abolition movement began with criticism by rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment of slavery's violation of the "rights of man." Quaker and other, evangelical religious groups condemned it for its un- Christian qualities. By the late 18th century moral disapproval of slavery was widespread, and antislavery reformers won a number of deceptively easy victories during this period. In Britain, Granville Sharp secured a legal decision in 1772 that West Indian planters could not hold slaves in Britain, because slavery was contrary to English law. In the United States, all the states north of Maryland abolished slavery between 1777 and 1804. But antislavery sentiments had little effect on the centres of slavery themselves: the massive plantations of the Deep South, the West Indies, and South America. Turning their attention to these areas, British and American abolitionists began working in the late 18th century to prohibit the importation of enslaved Africans into the British colonies and the United States. Under the leadership of William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson, these forces succeeded in getting the slave trade to the British colonies abolished in 1807. The United States prohibited the importation of slaves that same year, though widespread smuggling continued until about 1862.

Antislavery forces then concentrated on winning the emancipation of those populations already in slavery. They were triumphant when slavery was abolished in the British West Indies by 1838 and in French possessions 10 years later.

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Abolitionism | Movement, U.S. History, Leaders, & Definition

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Abolitionism, movement between about 1783 and 1888 that was chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery. Between the 16th and 19th centuries an estimated total of 12 million enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas.

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Women's rights movement, also called women's liberation movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and '70s sought equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women. It coincided with and is recognized as part of the "second wave" of feminism. While the first-wave feminism of the 19th and early 20th centuries focused on women's legal rights, especially the right to vote ( see women's suffrage), the second-wave feminism of the women's rights movement touched on every area of women's experience-including politics, work, the family, and sexuality. Organized activism by and on behalf of women continued through the third and fourth waves of feminism from the mid-1990s and the early 2010s, respectively. For more discussion of historical and contemporary feminisms and the women's movements they inspired, see feminism.

Women's Strike Day, 1970 Warren K. Leffler-U.S. News & World Report Magazine/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital. id. ppmsca 03425)

Prologue to a social movement

In the aftermath of World War II, the lives of women in developed countries changed dramatically. Household technology eased the burdens of homemaking, life expectancies increased dramatically, and the growth of the service sector opened up thousands of jobs not dependent on physical strength. Despite these socioeconomic transformations, cultural attitudes (especially concerning women's work) and legal precedents still reinforced sexual inequalities. An articulate account of the oppressive effects of prevailing notions of femininity appeared in Le Deuxième Sexe (1949; The Second Sex), by the French writer and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. It became a worldwide best seller and raised feminist consciousness by stressing that liberation for women was liberation for men too.

The first public indication that change was imminent came with women's reaction to the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique. Friedan spoke of the problem that "lay buried, unspoken" in the mind of the suburban housewife: utter boredom and lack of fulfillment. Women who had been told that they had it all-nice houses, lovely children, responsible husbands-were deadened by domesticity, she said, and they were too socially conditioned to recognize their own desperation. The Feminine Mystique was an immediate best seller. Friedan had struck a chord.

Betty Friedan Smithsonian Institution

Reformers and revolutionaries

Initially, women energized by Friedan's book joined with government leaders and union representatives who had been lobbying the federal government for equal pay and for protection against employment discrimination. By June 1966 they had concluded that polite requests were insufficient. They would need their own national pressure group-a women's equivalent of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). With this, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was born.

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The organization was not an instant success. By the end of its second year, NOW had just 1,035 members and was racked by ideological divisions. When the group tried to write a Bill of Rights for Women, it found consensus on six measures essential to ensuring women's equality: enforcement of laws banning employment discrimination; maternity leave rights; child-care centres that could enable mothers to work; tax deductions for child-care expenses; equal and unsegregated education; and equal job-training opportunities for poor women.

Two other measures stirred enormous controversy: one demanded immediate passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution (to ensure equality of rights, regardless of sex), and the other demanded greater access to contraception and abortion. When NOW threw its support behind passage of the ERA, the United Auto Workers union-which had been providing NOW with office space-withdrew its support, because the ERA would effectively prohibit protective labour legislation for women. When some NOW members called for repeal of all abortion laws, other members left the fledgling organization, convinced that this latest action would undermine their struggles against economic and legal discrimination.

NOW's membership was also siphoned off from the left. Impatient with a top-heavy traditional organization, activists in New York City, where half of NOW's membership was located, walked out. Over the next two years, as NOW struggled to establish itself as a national organization, more radical women's groups were formed by female antiwar, civil rights, and leftist activists who had grown disgusted by the New Left's refusal to address women's concerns. Ironically, sexist attitudes had pervaded 1960s radical politics, with some women being exploited or treated unequally within those movements. In 1964, for example, when a woman's resolution was brought up at a Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) conference, Stokely Carmichael flippantly cut off all debate: "The only position for women in SNCC is prone."

While NOW focused on issues of women's rights, the more radical groups pursued the broader themes of women's liberation. Although they lacked the kind of coherent national structure NOW had formed, liberation groups sprang up in Chicago, Toronto, Seattle, Detroit, and elsewhere. Suddenly, the women's liberation movement was everywhere-and nowhere. It had no officers, no mailing address, no printed agenda. What it did have was attitude. In September 1968 activists converged on Atlantic City, New Jersey, to protest the image of womanhood conveyed by the Miss America Pageant. In February 1969 one of the most radical liberation groups, the Redstockings, published its principles as "The Bitch Manifesto." Based in New York City, the Redstockings penned the movement's first analysis of the politics of housework, held the first public speak-out on abortion, and helped to develop the concept of "consciousness-raising" groups-rap sessions to unravel how sexism might have coloured their lives. The Redstockings also held speak-outs on rape to focus national attention on the problem of violence against women, including domestic violence.

Responding to these diverse interests, NOW called the Congress to Unite Women, which drew more than 500 feminists to New York City in November 1969. The meeting was meant to establish common ground between the radical and moderate wings of the women's rights movement, but it was an impossible task. Well-dressed professionals convinced that women needed to reason with men could not unite with wild-haired radicals whose New Left experience had soured them on polite discourse with "the enemy." NOW's leadership seemed more comfortable lobbying politicians in Washington or corresponding with NASA about the exclusion of women from the astronaut program, while the young upstarts preferred disrupting legislative committee hearings. NOW leaders were looking for reform. The more radical women were plotting a revolution.

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The women's movement was so influential that in 1975 TIME awarded its "Man of the Year" award to "American women."

Although the female employment rate had dropped following World War II, by 1954 more women were a part of the workforce than during the war.

In 1972 the first shelter for battered women opened, one of the goals of the women's movement.

Within five years of federal approval of oral contraceptives, about six million women were taking them.

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women's rights movement | Overview, History, & Facts

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Women's rights movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and '70s sought equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women. It coincided with and is recognized as part of the 'second wave' of feminism.

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During the mid 1800's, a continuous growing group of both races ( black and white ) were speaking out against slavery. Many felt to create towards "liberty and equality for all" environment was need for the ending of slavery. This movement originated during the Revolutionary Era-for the response of inhumane and cruel treatment of slaves and an effort to remove blacks from the white societies. Their now primary goal was to end slavery overall part of the United States rather than just the North.

Many people contributed to this minor movement, such as William Lloyd Garrison-which was a vocal abolitionist and the publisher of the newspaper of The Liberator as well as the former of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. Angelina and Sarah Grimke proclaimed lectures throughout the northern half of the United States about the evils of slavery. The two best-known abolitionists: Fredrick Douglass-former slave, lectured against slavery, became the leader in the abolitionist movement and started his own anti-slavery newspaper called the North Star in 1840 and Sojourner Truth-former slave and spoke out about the evils of slavery by the inspiration of Douglass. Harriet Tubman was the conductor of the Underground Railroad-a secret passage way for former slaves to escape into freedom. This fight later contributed toward the women's right movement.

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The Women's Rights movement was based on the unequal treatment of women in general. They had few political or legal rights which included the ability to not to vote as well as the prevention of holding any offices. Their property and wages weren't secured, having their once property or wage given to their husbands rather than themselves. Along with their former belongings taken, there was no law against women being abused by their husbands.

Many people contributed to the Women's Right Movement. This included Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, which started their contribution when  attended the World Antislavery Convention in London on 1840- which they were prevent to speak out about slavery just because of their gender. They later decided to host a national women's rights convention in New York called the Seneca Falls Convention.  The organizers modeled their proposal (The Declaration of Sentiments) to the Declaration of Independence. It demanded equality for women at work, school, church, and the voting booth. This particular convention was a major first step of the Women's Rights Movement.
Many people entered this movement,  such as former Abolitionists like: Douglass, Truth, and the Grimke sisters and many other notable members such as Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone. Laws were eventually passed to keep a women's property and wages and more liberal divorce laws. The right for a women to vote was finally achieved on 1920.