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What causes yellow fever and how is it transmitted?

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What causes yellow fever and how is it transmitted?

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Flavivirus causes yellow fever, which is transmitted by an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito. The mosquito may obtain the disease by biting an infected person or monkey and passes it back and forth between the two species. When a mosquito bites a human or a monkey infected with yellow fever, the virus enters the mosquito's bloodstream and circulates before settling in the salivary glands. When the infected mosquito bites another monkey or human, the virus then enters the host's bloodstream, where it may cause illness. The disease gets it name from the jaundice (yellowing of the skin) that occurs during the toxic phase of the disease.

Source: Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yellow-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353045
Picture: https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/images/yellow%20fever%20transmission.png
Transmission of yellow fever

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Rachel Ludwick & Arianna Greco

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an electron micrograph of yellow fever virus virons

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An Electron Micrograph Of Yellow Fever Virus Virions. Virions Are Spheroidal, Uniform In Shape And Are 40 60Nm In Diameter. The Name 'Yellow Fever' Is Due To The Ensuing Jaundice That Affects Some Patients. The Vector Is The Aedes Aegypti Or Haemagogus Spp. Mosquito.

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1. Spheroidal and uniform in shape
2. Positive sense single-stranded RNA genome
3. Nucleocapsid protein
4. Tegument protein layer
5. Envelope: a flexible coat made of lipids or fats
6. Envelope proteins
7. Three main types of proteins: E, M, and C proteins

Source: Journal of Virology
http://jvi.asm.org/content/81/12/6471.full?site=JVirol&utm_source=TrendMDJVirol&utm_medium=TrendMDJVirol&utm_campaign=trendmdalljournals_0
Picture: https://study.com/academy/lesson/yellow-fever-virus-structure-and-function.html

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Scientists believe that yellow fever evolved in Africa about 3,000 years ago. Through slave ships coming from West Africa, the disease was brought into the western hemisphere. In the 1700s, the disease spread to Europe. In 1898, yellow fever caused difficulties for the U.S. Army in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, and reportedly, more soldiers died of the disease than in battle. In the United States, the last outbreak occurred in 1905; however, the disease still strikes areas of Africa and South America today.

Source: CDC https://www.cdc.gov/travel-training/local/HistoryEpidemiologyandVaccination/HistoryTimelineTranscript.pdf
Picture: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/yellowfev/figure25.gif
Countries at risk of yellow fever/countries that reported at least 1 outbreak from 1985-1999

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1. Vaccine/Treatment:
The 17D vaccine, which is based on a live, attenuated viral strain, is a single injection that usually provides life-long protection. It is relatively safe and highly effective. It is typically given to individuals over 9 months old.
2. Mortality Rate: The toxic phase of the disease, which includes organ failure, jaundice, and bleeding from the nose, mouse and eyes,  results in death of 20 to 50% of those who develop this severe form. The overall mortality rate of all levels of the disease is about 7.5%.
3. Host Organism/Target Cell: Yellow fever affects humans and monkeys. Additionally, a mosquito acts as a vector for mobility of the disease and may cause transmission between or within human and primate populations.

Source: World Health Organization & Mayo Clinic
http://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/yf/en/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yellow-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353045
Picture: https://www.newvision.co.ug/w-images/c645ed2b-7c39-4e1f-9b6b-32fdf51eddcf/2/yelll-703x422.jpg

17D vaccine