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Genes present on the sex chromosomes (X/Y) are sex-linked.
Females - homogametic sex linkage (XX chromosomes)
Males - heterogametic sex linkage (XY)
Sex linkage refers to the phenotypic expression of an allele present on the sex chromosomes.

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Dominance in genetics is the relationship between the alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotypes is controlled by one of the alleles. This dominant allele will also mask the contribution of the second allele.

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Alleles are alternate forms of a particular gene. They occupy the same location on one pair of homologous chromosome. There can be two distinct types of alleles e.g. : dominant and recessive .

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Genes come in pairs, called alleles. If the two alleles are different from each other, that is called being heterozygous.

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- threadlike structure in the cell that carries genetic material
- in eukaryotes,  the chromosomes are present in the nucleus whereas in prokaryotes they are not membrane-bound
- they are tightly coiled, but in mitosis they are in an uncoiled state (and called chromatin)
- after the DNA has been replicated in mitosis, the DNA condense into chromosome

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An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only in it's homozygous state.

In a dominant/recessive relationship between two alleles, the recessive allele’s effects are masked by the more dramatic effects of the dominant allele.

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Genes of an organism for a particular trait

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The position of a gene on a certain chromosome is known as its Locus. Humans are called Diploids organisms due to the fact that they have 2 alleles at each genetic locus.

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A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes. Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways: hereditary mutations and acquired (or somatic) mutations. Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent, while acquired mutations occur at some time during a person’s life and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell in the body.

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Genome is the total genetic information of a cell, organism, or an organelle. This includes all coding and non-coding DNA sequences.
The human genome consists of :-
- 46 chromosone pairs
- 3 billion base pairs
- 21,000 genes

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Exterior/observable characteristics/traits of an organism. For instance, eye colour.

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This happens when a part of the DNA molecule is not copied during DNA replication (could be a single nucleotide or an entire chromosome). The loss of this DNA during replication can lead to a genetic disease for example cystic fibrosis is caused by a point deletion. The deletion affects the protein that moves water and salt in and out of cells.

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When multiple alleles are expressed at the same time.

for example: The A and B alleles for blood type can both be expressed at the same time, resulting in type AB blood.

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The type of mutation which results in a single letter being changed is called a base substitution mutation. For example, sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease gives a different shape to the haemoglobin molecule responsible for giving red blood cells their shape. The mutation GAG to GTG causes the haemoglobin to clump together to make the cells elongated and curved instead of disc shaped. This is due to the fact that valine replaces glutamic acid at a key point in the sequence.

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mutation an accidental change in one base of a genetic sequence

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It is a type of frameshift mutation that occurs when a base is added to the gene sequence. This change affects every codon beyond the point of mutation and thus may dramatically change the amino acid sequence.

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a genetic disease causing the overproduction of mucus in the body

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Definition: a mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a base pair or base pairs in the DNA of a gene resulting in the translation of the genetic code in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene.

Effects: They are extremely likely to bring large changes to polypeptide lengths, resulting in non-functional proteins that disrupts the processes of the cell.

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having the same two recessive alleles for a particular gene

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having the same two dominant alleles for a particular gene