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For my wrap up I leave you with a view of the Yosemite Valley. I have the hardest time understanding how people can look at views like this and not see the importance of conserving these spaces. I know that Yosemite is a National Park, but there many more views like this out there that lack protection, we as people need to reconnect with nature and remember how is has supported us for our entire time on Earth.

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The future is upon us now, natural resources are running short, biodiversity is disappearing and the climate is changing. Now is the time for us as people to make changes and to make them quick. Those of us in this class will hopefully be on the front lines of this change. Helping guide the public in the direction of conservation and preservation. Rallying the community to do what they can to help protect the environment.

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Our Blue Dot
Earth is just one of many planets in the expanse of space. In reality our day to day problems are nothing in the big picture. We have only one Earth and need to do everything we can to preserve what is left of what makes this planet wonderful. We have no other options, no where else to go, so conservation is our only really avenue for success

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Zooniverse
An internet based platform that hosts research done the people. Volunteers connect with scientists to help research. document and gain community support. Anyone can volunteer and become a researcher in a variety of fields. This links with the need for community involvement in conservation. The more people involved, the more eyes watching and more people caring the better the results will be.

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Invasive vs Introduced;
Introduced species are species that brought either on purpose for the benefit of people.(horses, cows and goats) Invasive species are introduced species that pose a threat to the environment, biodiversity or humans. The Burmese Python is an example of an invasive species that has done damage to the biodiversity of the Everglades. The python is an impressive animal that has adapted to its new environment and flourished.

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The lion fish is a reef predator from the Indo-Pacific area. It is a popular pet for saltwater aquarium owners. The large, feathery fins conceal hollow barbs filled with poison. Lion fish have been dumped by people in the Atlantic Ocean coast of Florida. They have no natural predators in this area and are aggressive hunters leading to their population to boom.

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Mono culture farming is the practice of growing the same crop year after year in the same soil. This practice does not allow the soil to recover needed minerals, damaging the land and eventually rendering it dead land. Farmers are encouraged to rotate their crops and land to prevent this problem.

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No til farming has been offered up as a solution to desertification. No til farming, or zero tillage, is a method of growing crops that does not disturb the soil year to year. Plowing and tillage were contributors to the Dust Bowl. Tillage and plowing also release significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the air from the soil.

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Desertification is when vegetated land is turned into desert area due to aggressive agricultural practices and deforestation. The removal of plant cover exposes the soil to wind erosion and irrigation of cropland draws water from the surrounding soil, drying it out and making it easier to be moved by the wind.

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Keystone Pipeline, an oil pipeline that would carry tar sands from Alberta, Canada to Port Arthur, Texas for refining. Opponents of the pipeline argue that the tar sands with greatly increase emissions, and a leak in the pipeline would damage the environment. Proponents sat thousands of new jobs will be created.

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The battle over climate change. Only 50% of the population believes that humans are responsible for climate change, while portions of the population do not believe in climate change. These people argue that the Earth is just going through one of the climate cycles that have happened before. Until there is more understanding of climate change, fixing the problem will be extremely hard.

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Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are gases that were commonly found in Air Conditioners, fridges, fire extinguishing systems and aerosols. HFCs have potential as a global warming gas, and have come under current regulations in the United States. HFCs are the replacement to chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs]. While not as harmful as CFCs, HFCs show ozone damage potential.

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The Tucson Audubon Society is currently restoring part of its center for hummingbirds. The reintroduction of flowering plants and carefully stationed feeders have built an environment suitable for hummingbirds, other wildlife and humans to come enjoy. Cameras have been installed to monitor and allow people anywhere to enjoy the returning biodiversity.

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The Nature Conservancy is a global conservation group. Here in Arizona they have played a crucial roll in the conservation of riparian areas throughout the state. There water and wine program has been successful in encouraging unused water to be traded for credits that can be sold to other farms or wineries along the Verde River.

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The Mexican Gray Wolf was once hunted to extinction in the United States and only a few remained in Mexico, Successful captive breeding programs helped the population recover. In 1998, the Mexican Gray Wolf was reintroduced in Arizona and today there are 114 of these wolves in Arizona.

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Ding Darling was a cartoonist who drew satirical cartoons about man and the environment. His cartoons highlighted the lack of conservation practices and the issues caused by man to nature. He focused on issues like overuse of natural resources, pollution and mans' feeling of ownership of the natural world. Today there is a National Wildlife Refuge named after him on Sanibel Island, Florida.

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Mountain lions can be found throughout the sate of Arizona. Due to the increasing population in Arizona and the increased sprawl of suburban areas, human encounters have increased. Arizona Game and Fish and the Arizona Co-op Research Unit are monitoring and tracking mountain lion movement to help protect both the mountain lions and the public.

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The United States Geological Survey agency was founded March 3rd, 1879. The original purpose of the USGS was to study landscapes and natural resources. Over time the
USGS has adopted wildlife conservation as part of their efforts, teaming up with Co-ops and other agencies in conservation efforts.

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Smokey the Bear becomes the face of forest fire prevention for the US Forest Service. His message of "only you can prevent forest fires" becomes one of the most recognizable slogans in marketing history.

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Federal Agencies control much of the land found in the Western United States. Alaska and Nevada top the list in total area controlled by Federal agencies, with nearly 85% of Nevada falling under Federal control. The Bureau of Land Management is responsible for the largest amount of this land.

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The Forest Service is charged with the role of conserving and proper utilization of natural resources within forests and grasslands. The Forest Service is also charged with leading the way in Forest and wild land fires. The BLM also helps, but the vast majority of resources and response to fires comes from the Forest Service.

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The Spotted Owl would become the center of a controversy surrounding the deforestation of its habitat by loggers. The demand for lumber and the greed of the logging industry would threaten the ecosystem of the Northwest, and the spotted owl.

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Richard Nixon would develop the Environmental Protection Agency during his presidency. He did try to veto the Clean Water Act, but was vetoed by a count of 10 to 1.

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In 1969, the Cuyahoga River caught on fire. The fire raged due the vast amount of pollutants that were being dumped and had been dumped into the river. This incident helped spur the environmental movement in the United States.

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This was the start of the second environmentalism movement, with people really taking ownership of the nature and wilderness around them. Efforts to protect and preserve were made by grassroots movements and drew the attention of politicians.

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Bald Eagles- suffered greatly from the DDT epidemic. Runoff into streams and rivers lead to contaminated fish, which poisoned the Eagles. DDT led to reproduction problems and thinner shells of the eagles eggs.

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Silent Spring- Rachel Carson publishes her book about the effects of DDT on the environment. Written in a public friendly wording, it spread the idea that DDT was dangerous across the country.

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Paul Ehrlich pens his book the Population Boom, citing global issues due to the ever rising human population and decreasing natural resources.

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John Muir starts the Sierra Club, becoming its first president. The club opened May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, CA. The club worked on hands on preservation projects along with having political influence, involved heavily in the many dams built across the United States.

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The Dirty Thirties, or the Dust Bowl began in the Midwest,. With lose dry dirt being blown all the way to Washington DC. Over utilization of crop land coupled with severe drought led to barren dusty conditions. Over grazing by cattle removed the grasses that would help keep the dirt from blowing around.

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Aldo Leopold shots a wolf, and after looking in its green eyes, has a revelation about nature. Leopold goes onto help form the Gila Wilderness, the first protected wildlife area in the United States.

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In 1910, the BIg Burn starts in Montana, spreading into Idaho and Washington. In the end nearly 3 million acres were burned. This lead to creation of trained wildland fire fighters.

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President Teddy Roosevelt develops the National Park Service, and dedicates many more National Parks. His close friend and fellow conservationist Gifford Pinchot is put in Charge of the NPS.

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Hardin's paper, The Tragedy of the Commons" illustrates the issues of common pool resources without some form of supervision. People will take more then their share, depleting the resource and harming others. Grazing lands, fish populations and freshwater are all resources that has suffered from overuse.

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Introduction of Alcohol
Fur Trades and settlers begin trading whiskey for animal pelts and other goods produced by the Native Americans. Catlin described the whiskey lasting only a short time, with many gallons consumed.

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Overexploitation of wildlife
The seemingly endless bounty of wildlife in America lead to the over hunting of many species. The passenger pigeon, once the most populous bird on Earth, was hunted to extinction in under a century. The American Bison, that once numbered 60 million, were hunted til the population was only 300 in the Wild.

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Conservation
With the frontiers having been crossed, access to new resources; salmon in the Columbia River, Redwood forests in California and fertile soil in the Southwest, led to increased population and use. The idea of conserving and preserving nature and the development of National Parks would help protect these resources.

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Broken Hoop
As Westward Expansion happened, Native Americans were forced from their land and homes. Moved into reservations and forts, the simple changing of shape of the houses, from circles to squares, would have profound impacts.

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MANIFEST DESTINY

Settlers in America believed it was their right and fate to expand, explore and control the unexplored lands to west. Resources and riches awaited those willing to make the journey.