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This is one of mathematical instruction strategies that embrace all different level of learners in the same activity. With the same shard activities, depending on student's mathematical thinking levels, they can think and solve problem in their grade-level range or they can challenge themselves harder and deeper. Technically, the activities or math problems accept various ways to solve problems and students can scaffold, model, and learn each other by observing and sharing their own strategies of problem solving.

Resource: http://www.wismath.org/Resources/Documents/Annual%20Conference/210JMetke-Low%20Floor%20High%20Ceiling%20Handouts.pdf

Pros:
1. Students can expand their boundaries to think and solve mathematical problems
2. Truly inclusive teaching strategy by respecting and participating all different level of learners

Cons:
1. It is more like activity based instruction, so the teaching cannot be explicit
2. Take longer time to solve one problem

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This website/ resource shows what typical grade level should perform in literacy/ English, math, science, and social study. Educators can use it as a standard references to see where their students are at. They should also know what component should they teach on each grade level. These standards are unified and all the states agree with the same components and standards. Through these standards, educators can visualize students' development process and progress they have been making.

Website: http://www.corestandards.org/

Pros:
1. Easily accessible tool to understand a general background on teaching components on each grade level
2. Great resources for educators to design their lessons plans

Cons:
1. Bias on student's academic abilities by comparing with other grade level groups
2. Some words and descriptions are vague to understand specifically

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OGAP is a systemic and intentional formative assessment. This intervention program is not a curriculum based but the frameworks are aligned with age-appropriated curriculum. Moreover, it also embraces with some components from Common core standards. OGAP values student's progression in mathematical thinking through pre-assessment, ongoing questions, and curriculum use. In other words, educators can analyze student's present level of performance in math, then respond appropriately by finding the right strategies to improve their challenges, then assess those instructions to students.

Website: http://www.ogapmath.com/about

Pros:
1. The suggestive frameworks are flexible enough to get embedded on each school's math curriculum
2. The program is designed by aligning with Common core standards so that teachers easily to use it as reference or additional resources

Cons:
1. It is a time consuming which is a common disadvantage of formative assessment
2. This program limits from grade 3 to grade 8 only

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Sound partners is a tutoring program which is a phonic-based teaching. This program provides supplemental reading instructions and strategies to students who are grade through 3rd. Sound partners emphasizes letter-sound correspondences, phoneme blending, decoding and encoding phonetically in regular and irregular high-frequency words. This intervention mostly implies in early literacy when educators find students struggle with their reading fluency below than average.

Pros:
1. Scaffolding progression in the complexity of interventions: from simple to complicated words
2. Focus on the basic foundation of phonemic awareness which impacts heavily on reading

Cons:
1. Program is expensive
2. Targeted age group to apply this intervention is not various

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Handbook of Reading Intervention by Rollanda E. O’Connor and Patricia F. Vadasy

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Handbook of Reading Intervention by Rollanda E. O’Connor and Patricia F. Vadasy

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This book is consisted with multiple chapters that explain about specific reading interventions skills and activities. Starting from introducing the essential strategies on how to teach read, the authors are talking about targeted teaching skills on certain literacy issues that children normally struggle with. The book shared some examples on lesson plans, intervention strategies, and reading strategies.

Citation: O’Connor, R, E., & Vadasy, P.E. (Eds.). (2011) Handbook of Reading Intervention. New York,

NY: Guildford Press.

Pros
1. Each chapter describes some quality of examples on reading instructions and assessment tips.
2. In the chapters, some strategies and instructions were explained whether they were evidence-based or research-based

Cons
1. There were not many visual prompts to help literal explanations
2. Wished they shared some resources through online versions