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The Industrial Revolution improved life in Europe in many ways. Manufactured goods became cheaper and more available. More people became wealthy and joined the middle class. At the same time, it made life worse. Cities became dirty, noisy, and crowded. Many workers were still poor. Often lived in cramped apartments. Diseases spread rapidly. Efforts to gain political power were led by suffragettes, women who campaigned to gain the right to vote.

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In this system individuals own most businesses and resources. People invest money in businesses in the hope of making a profit. The growth of industry helped lead to the making of capitalism. By time, the Revolution spread to other parts of Europe.

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Industrial growth led to major changes in the way people worked and lived. Before most people were going to work in factories. Now more people were going to work in factories. Many workers were young women and children. Most workers worked for more than twelve hours or more a day six days a week. Many people died

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In 1769 an Englishman named Richard Arkwright invented a water power spinning machine. This machine could produce dozens of threads at one time. With these new machines workers could produce large amounts of cloth quickly. As a result, the price of cloth fell.

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In 1799 France needed a new leader. Napoleon Bonaparte took control that year. In 1804 Napoleon crowned himself emperor. By 1810 France's empire stretched across Europe. In France, Napoleon restored order. In 1812 Napoleon led an invasion of Russia. Bitterly cold weather stopped Napoleon's army. Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia joined forces and defeated Napoleon in 1814. He died in 1821.

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In the British colonies, the English Bill of Rights did not apply there. For this reason, the colonists were unhappy with British rule. The colonists started to protest . In 1775 the protests turned into violence. The Revolutionary War had began. In July 1776 the colonists signed the Declaration of Independence. This document declared the American colonies were free of British rule. In 1783 the United States won its independence.

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In 1642 the power struggle between Parliament and England's monarchs erupted in civil war. The Parliament forced King Charles I from power. In 1689 Parliament further limited the king's power by writing the English Bill of Rights.

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The use of reason in shaping people's ideas about society and politics was known as the Enlightenment. At the time of the Enlightenment, monarchs, or king and queens, ruled in most of Europe. Many thought that God gave them the right to rule however they want. Many people challenged this idea and thought that power should be limited.

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in 1492 Queen Isabella of Spain helped pay for voyage led by Christopher Columbus an Italian sailor. Columbus reached the Americas which he thought was Asia. Led by Spain, explores from Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands set sail for North and South America

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The scientific revolution before the 1500's most educated people who studied the world relied on authorities such as ancient Greek writers and church officials. Not everyone was happy with new role in science society .New role of science in societies many of the people who most feared the increasing influence of science were church officials.

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Catholicism, once the main religion in most of Europe, was no longer so dominant. Bloody religious wars broke out in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. These wars were fought by Protestants and Catholics. These wars led to political and social changes in Europe.

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Reformation begins in Germany after Martian Luther nailed a list of complaints to a church door in 1517. People who followed Martian were called Protestants. Catholic Reformation starts a little after the Protestant Reformation. Church leaders focused more on spiritual concerns and less on political power.

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Artists of the period created new techniques to improve their work. Many Renaissance artists were humanists. Some famous painters include Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Some made life like statues to honor people.

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Emphasized the abilities and accomplishments of human beings. The humanists believed that people were capable of great things. As a result, they admired artists, architects, leaders, writers, scientists, and other talented individuals.