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You inherit one sex chromosome from each parent: you get one from you mum (x) and one from your dad (x or y)

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1 haploid chromosome from each pair is inherited from the mother and the other is inherited from the father

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Has the ability to mutate allowing for new characteristics and abilities to appear which helps an individual survive and reproduce (evolution)

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The cell theory is a theory based on detailed microscopic and biochemical observations of all types of organisms.

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DNA cannot move move outside the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes where proteins are made RMNA take the copy of the DNA to the ribosome

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DNA cannot move move outside the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes where proteins are made RMNA take the copy of the DNA to the ribosome

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Cells that contain only one copy of a chromosome are called haploid (single) e.g: sex cells
ells that contain chromosomes in paris are called diploid (double) e.g: all other body cells

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Directs the machinery of a cell to make specific proteins and therefore, the DNA indirectly controls all of the functioning of all living things.

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Stores hereditary (genetics, past) information of an individual.

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RNA differs for DNA in 3 main ways…..

DNA is double stranded

Uracil instead of Thymine

Suger in RNA is ribose in DNA its deoxyribose

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Prokaryotes: a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and paramecium’s

Eukaryotes: an organism whose cells are more complex and usually larger than prokaryotic cells.

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The human cell is similar to a animal cell, which is also known as a Eukaryotic cell

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The human cell is similar to a animal cell, which is also known as a Eukaryotic cell

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Involves the production and use of another type of nucleic acid known as Ribonucleic Acid (RNA). RNA differs from DNA in 3 main ways;

1. RNA is single stranded not double stranded.

2. The sugar in RNA is called ribose, rather than deoxyribose

3. RNA has the nitrogen base, URACIL, instead of THYMINE

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The bases that can be found in DNA are known as Nitrogenous bases. These bases can include

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine  (C)

Guanine (G)

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The cell wall is what protects the cell from the outside

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Different types of proteins :

Structural

Defensive

Transport

Catalysts

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Proteins are long chains of amino acids. 

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Proteins are long chains of amino acids. 

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Karyotypes show the pairs of chromosomes within a cell

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Karyotypes show the pairs of chromosomes within a cell

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Proteins are made in the nucleus of the cell. 

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Proteins are made in the nucleus of the cell. 

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Each chromosome contains thousand of genes along its length

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Cells are the basic units of life and make up all organisms (multicellular and unicellular)

There are 2 different types of cells, and organisms (living things) are classified according to the type of cell have

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DNA is made up of building blocks called Nucleotides

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The human male karyotype has 44 autosomes, an X chromosomes and a Y chromosome and is written as 44 + XY

The human female karyotype has 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes and is written as 44 + XX

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Genes are made up of DNA and are found in the nucleus of all cells on structures known as chromosomes

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protein synthesis (make something new) inside cells.

the instructions for how to make a protein are held inside the DNA molecule.

two major stages of making a protein are called transcription and translation.

Stores the hereditary information of an individual.

Has the ability to mutate (change). This allows for new characteristics and abilities appear which may help an individual to survive and reproduce (EVOLUTION).

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Segments of DNA make genes

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Autosomes are somatic chromosomes which means they control body

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Autosomes are Gametes are sex chromosomes which determine the gender of the individual

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Gametes are sex chromosomes which determine the gender of the individual

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Every cell has a cell wall to protect it from getting damaged

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The main method of detecting chromosomal mutations involving with large segments of chromosomes or entire chromosomes is called karyotyping

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Human cells have 46 chromosomes which are arranged into 23 pairs

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Coiled up strands of DNA (genes) make chromosomes

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1.The mRNA attaches to a ribosome
2. AUG is the first codon read by the ribosome
3.  tRNA transfers the correct amino acid for that codon
4.  The ribosome reads the next codon
5. Repeats step 3 and 4
6.Continues until a STOP Codon is reached
7. A protein is created

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There are autosomes and sex chromosomes.
Sex Chromosomes: What makes your gender
Autosomes: Every other chromosome in the body

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STEP 1:
An enzyme named RNA polymerase binds to the DNA inside the nucleus.
STEP 2:
It then begins to unwind/unzip the double-stranded DNA.
STEP 3:
The RNA polymerase slides along the DNA strand. As it takes place, RNA nucleotides match up with base pairs on the DNA strand, forming mRNA (messenger RNA strand.
STEP 4:
The process continues until reaching the termination site.
STEP 5:
Upon completion. The two DNA strands join back together, the enzyme detaches and the mRNA strand is released.
STEP 6:
mRNA strand exits nucleus through a nuclear pore and enters cytoplasm to find ribosome, This is where translation takes place.

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Genes are like instruction that codes for a particular trait e.g: blood group or eye colour

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DNA has the ability to mutate (change) . This allows for new characteristics and abilities to appear which may help an individual to survive and reproduce ( evolution )

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2 Steps: Transcription and Translation. 

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2 Steps: Transcription and Translation. 

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DNA stores the hereditary information of an individual

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Male karyotypes are labeled as 44 x XY, and Female karyotypes are labeled as 44 x XX

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Function of DNA

three main functions of DNA

1st function - DNA directs the machinery of a cell to make a specific protein and therefore DNA indirectly controls all of the functioning of all living things

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Nucleus is the brain or powerhouse of the cells

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1.4 Relationships between DNA, genes and chromosomes (Karyotyping)

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1.4 Relationships between DNA, genes and chromosomes (Karyotyping)