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The spark that led to the explosion of the powder keg was the event that transpired in the summer of 1914. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife Sophia, the Duchess of Hohenberg, visited the Bosnian capital city of Saravejo to open a state museum following the observation of military maneuvers in the city. The ethnic Serbs, this was infuriating since they believed that the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Empire was a form of aggression against them and that the visit of a high-ranking Austro-Hungarian official poses a threat to Serbian independence. The Black Hand, a terrorist organization who wanted an independent Bosnia, threw a bomb at the archduke's but failed to assassinate him. Later that day, after visiting patients at the Sarajevo hospital who were wounded in the failed assassination attempt, the Archduke and his wife were shot by a 19-year old Bosnian Serb Gavrilo.

https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-anniversary-franz-ferdinand/25438468.html

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The alliances between European superpowers were further tested by looming revolutions in the Balkan Peninsula. The importance of the Balkan peninsula lay in its geographic location. Situated at the crossroads of three major empires – Ottoman, Russian and Austro-Hungarian – and with access to several important waterways, the Balkans were strategically vital. Because of this, the area had for centuries been a gateway between East and West, an area of cultural and mercantile exchange, and a melting pot of ehtnicities and people. The Balkans underwent significant change and disorder in the late 19th century. At its peak the Ottoman Empire had ruled most of eastern Europe, including the Balkan states. But by the late 1800's the Ottomans were in retreat. During this century Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria all achieved independence from Ottoman rule. Western European powers – particularly Britain, France, Germany and Russia – developed a strong interest in the region, based on concerns about what might happen once the Ottoman Empire disintegrated. After the establishment of the Balkan League, the nations of Serbia, Greece and Montenegro attacked the Ottoman Empire on October 8, 1912. This was also known as the First Balkan War. This led to the creation of the independent nation of Albania and the expansion of Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro. However, due to the unsettled talks of peace and growing dissent among the victors regarding the spoils of war in Macedonia, the Second Balkan War erupted the year after. on June 6, 1913. Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece but lost after 33 days dissolving the Balkan League.

http://alphahistory.com/worldwar1/balkans/

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Because of conflicting interests and rivalries, a frenzy of nationalistic pride swept the continent, laying the foundation of alliances. Major alliances were created in order to protect similar interests between nation-states.

1882 Triple Alliance

Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia

1914 Triple Entente

Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately.

https://www.historyonthenet.com/world-war-one-causes-2/

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Militarism means that the army and military forces are given a high profile by the government. The growing European divide had led to an arms race between the main countries. The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914 and there was fierce competition between Britain and Germany for mastery of the seas. The British had introduced the ‘Dreadnought’, an effective battleship, in 1906. The Germans soon followed suit introducing their own battleships. The German, Von Schlieffen also drew up a plan of action that involved attacking France through Belgium if Russia made an attack on Germany.

https://www.historyonthenet.com/world-war-one-causes-2/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)

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The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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The root of the rivalries between European powers in the 1800 was the rise of nationalism. Nationalism is the shared belief of loyalty to the ethnicity and culture of a nation-state. National pride became the most important trait. Nationalism brewed tensions between nations such as France and Germany, with the defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-1871, leading to the formation and strengthening of the German Reich. This sparked an air of revenge for the French and a glaring determination for the Germans to keep her conquests. Nationalistic feelings also emerged in Italy after her unification in 1871 due to millions of Italians living in areas controlled by the Austro Hungarian Empire. Instead of promoting peaceful coexistence among European nation-states, nationalism forged rivalries due to increasing industrialization, naval supermacy, colonialism and international trade. This imperialistic rivalry worsened the relationship of nation-states. The British and the Russians rallied for control over territories in Mesopotamia. France and Germany continued to scramble over Moroccan territories in North Africa. These colonial rivalries led to worsening negative sentiments against rival nation-states.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vickers_machine_gun_in_the_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_September_1917.jpg

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Europe has grown to become the most powerful continent in the world affairs. The coming of the 19th century marked the development of nation-states- sovereign countries composed of ethnically groups of self-governing peoples. Europeans believe that in order to create a more peaceful Europe, national lines must be drawn and alliances must be formed under the banner of these nation-states. This belief created harsh political rivalries, which ultimately devastated rather than unified the continent.

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1. Analyze the root causes that gave rise to World War I
2. Describe the significant events that transpired during World War I
3. Assess the effects of World War I
4. Analyze the efforts of nations to achieve international peace and prosperity
5. Analyze the causes that gave rise to World War II
6. Analyze the significant evens that transpired during World War II
7. Asses the effects of World War II
8. Reflect critically on learning experiences and processes
9. Analyze and evaluate major alternative points of view