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Air Pollution Creates an Ozone Hole.In 1985, scientists discovered that the ozone over Antarctica was thinning. They called this thin patch an ozone hole.The loss of ozone is caused mainly by chemicals known as chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs). The thinning of the ozone layer has created health problems for Australians. In recent years, skin cancer rates have risen sharply.

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Many unusual animals live in Australia. This is because most animals need the climate and habitat that Australia has. As you read, Australia was separated from the rest of the continents a very long time ago. Within Australia, however, plants and animals adapted to a wide variety of climates.

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As you recall, Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere. Its seasons are the opposite of those in the northern half of the world. In December its nice and warm in Australia, that's why they have so many tourist.  Warm days and beautiful beaches attract tourists from north of the equator.

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After independence, Australians adopted a “white Australia” immigration policy. The purpose of that policy was to keep people of color from entering the country. The “white Australia” policy ended in the 1970s. Now Australia has a lot of new immigrants after  the “white Australia” law ended.

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Australia's first people are known as Aborigines.In 1770, a British sea captain named James Cook discovered Australia while exploring the South Pacific, in other words he claimed Australia. The loss of the American colonies created a problem for British prisons. Instead, the government decided to set up a prison colony in a place as far away as possible. The new colony grew slowly at first. The convicts supported themselves by farming's influence is still strong today. English is the main language.

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Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is set off from the rest of the world by the vast Pacific and Indian oceans. 200 million years ago, all the land was joined in subcontinent. Over time, this huge landmass broke apart into a number of tectonic plates.

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As you know, the absolute location of a place describes its exact position on Earth. Canberra, the capital of Australia, is located at 35°S latitude and 149°E longitude. The letters S and E refer to hemispheres.  In contrast, the relative location of a place describes where it is in relation to other places.