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This video shows how gorillas live in the wild as families.
It has a lot of information and it is from BBC Earth, which makes a lot of good documentaries.

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Meet This Family of Mountain Gorillas | Cousins | BBC Earth

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This website talks about how pizza was invented. It is a popular website for kids, with many topics, lots of information and sources.

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Mmmm...do you smell that? Fresh out of the oven, a steaming pie sits waiting to be eaten. Your senses are overtaken by the of hot bread, melted cheese, and simmering tomato sauce. Are you ready to dig into that favorite of all foods? What are we talking about? Pizza, of course!

Some kids like meat, and others don't. Some kids like vegetables, and others try not to eat them. Some kids love seafood, while others think fish should stay in the sea. But one thing most kids can agree on is this: Pizza is awesome!

Where did this much-loved food come from? We often pizza with Italian food. But do the Italians get the ? Or did someone else make the very first pizza? There's not an easy answer. Different historians have different ideas. A lot depends on how you "pizza."

Do you think of pizza as a flatbread cooked in an oven? If so, its roots go back to ancient times in the Middle East. The ancient Babylonians, Israelites, and Egyptians all ate flat bread baked in mud ovens.

Do you think a pizza has to have toppings? In that case, it dates back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. They both ate baked flatbreads topped with olive oil and spices. Today, we call this dish focaccia bread.

What about the pizza most are familiar with? You know, the kind with tomato sauce, cheese, and toppings? That did start in Italy. Specifically, baker Raffaele Esposito from Naples is often given for making the first such pizza pie. Historians note, however, that street in Naples sold flatbreads with toppings for many years before then.

Legend has it that Italian King Umberto I and Queen Margherita visited Naples in 1889. There, Esposito was asked to make them a pizza. He topped the pizza with fresh tomatoes, mozzarella cheese, and . That pizza is still known as Pizza Margherita today.

Italian immigrants brought pizza with them to Spain, France, England, and the United States. It didn't gain popularity until after World War II, though. That's when returning soldiers looked for the food they had grown to love while fighting overseas.

The first United States pizzeria - G. Lombardi's - opened in 1905. The owner was Gennaro Lombardi. He opened his restaurant at 53 1/3 Spring Street in New York City. It is still open today using its oven, although it has changed location.

Today, pizza is one of the most popular foods in the United States and, indeed, around the world. Do you like pizza? What are your favorite toppings? Do you think toppings like pineapple belong on pizza? Everyone has their own preferences!

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Mmmm...do you smell that? Fresh out of the oven, a steaming pie sits waiting to be eaten. Your senses are overtaken by the of hot bread, melted cheese, and simmering tomato sauce. Are you ready to dig into that favorite of all foods? What are we talking about? Pizza, of course!

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It describes the two biggest species of wolves, where they live and how they look like.

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This website talks about wolves in Disney's movies

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Seeonee wolf pack

Inspiration

The wolf pack of the same name from Rudyard Kipling's "The Jungle Book"

Occupation

Wolf rulers of the Seonee region of the Jungle

The Seeonee wolf pack is a group of Indian wolves led by Akela in The Jungle Book. They live in the Seeonee region of the jungle.
Background

The Seeonee pack is led by Akela, the pack alpha. The commander of a large pack, Akela ensures that all his charges obey the law of the jungle. Amongst his many pack-mates are his mate Leah, Raksha and her son Grey Brother, and Rama, Raksha's mate. Bagheera the panther serves as an honorary council member for the wolf pack due to his strong friendship with the pack.

Appearances

The Seeonee pack's role in the 1967 film is minor; most of the wolves are not seen until Akela summons them to discuss the return of the man-eating Shere Khan to their part of the jungle. The members seen most often until this point are Raksha, Rama and their pups, who adopt and look after Mowgli after Bagheera leaves him in their care, knowing they can protect him from harm. When word reaches the pack of Shere Khan returning to their part of the jungle, Akela calls a meeting of all his wolves and all agree that Mowgli must leave for his own safety. Though Rama believes Mowgli is entitled to the pack's protection, Akela reminds him that even the strength of the pack cannot match Shere Khan's. Bagheera then settles the matter by saying that he will take Mowgli to the Man-village that he knows of, settling the dispute. Akela wishes Bagheera luck and the pack watches as he leaves to take Mowgli to safety. They are not seen again for the rest of the film.

In Jungle Cubs, Akela and his new mate, Leah, form the Seeonee pack when they leave Cain's pack in the episode " The Coming of the Wolves". During the events of this episode, Leah drew the attention of Cain, but spurned his romantic advances, causing them to run away together. Though they end up in a falling-out with the cubs upon meeting them (due to the wolves taking their lair), they soon band together to face Cain and his pack, with Akela eventually defeating Cain in battle. After, Leah gives birth to eight pups and the pair name Bagheera, Shere Khan, Hathi, Kaa and Louie alike as the pups' godfathers.

Live-action appearances

The wolves in this live action remake were mostly portrayed by wolfdogs. Scenes featuring these characters were filmed at Fall Creek Falls State Park in Spencer, Tennessee.

After Mowgli and Grey Brother find themselves lost in the jungle, the panther Bagheera leads the two across the lush environment where in the waterfall is a wolf pack frolicking across the scenery followed the pack happily staring at Mowgli knowing that they saw the man-cub again. Over lifetime, Mowgli continues adapting his life in the jungle with the Seeonee wolves following him as he continues transitioning from boy to man.

When a grown-up Mowgli returns to the jungle, the Seeonee Pack then runs along with Mowgli, Grey Brother, and Bagheera in a plan to find Dr. Julius Plumford to save Baloo's life only to find out the doctor left with Kitty and her father Colonel Brydon. Mowgli then takes William Boone and his group to explore the jungle around them, just as the Seeonee Pack and Bagheera spy on Mowgli bringing humans to the jungle, believing that Boone and his soldiers are a threat to the jungle. After escaping King Louie's temple and Shere Khan seeing that Mowgli is not harming the jungle animals, Mowgli takes Kitty to the Seeonee Pack where the wolves stare at Mowgli and Kitty falling in love just as Mowgli becomes the protector of the jungle at the end of the film.

In The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story, Akela and Raksha both lead the Seeonee wolf pack. Li'l Raksha is their daughter, and they adopt Mowgli into their family.

The Seeonee wolf pack's role in the film is much greater; they are actively shown training Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves and the laws of the jungle alongside their younger members, with Bagheera serving as their mentor. The wolf pack is again led by Akela, with Raksha serving as Mowgli's mother and protector and Grey Brother, still a puppy, serving as Mowgli's adoptive sibling. During the drought in an event known as the Water Truce, the Seeonee pack comes to drink at the watering hole peacefully alongside the other animals. Mowgli's inventive tricks during their visit unnerve the pack, causing Akela to gently reprimand the boy.

When Shere Khan comes to the watering hole, tension arises when the tiger states that man is forbidden in the jungle, including the man-cub. Though he respects the sanctity of the Water Truce, he asks the pack how many lives Mowgli is worth and to give him an answer by the start of the rainy season before leaving. This leaves the pack divided on whether Mowgli should stay or go, causing Mowgli to leave so he can ensure their safety. Though Raksha protests to this, she agrees in the end that it is the only way to protect him.

When next the pack is seen, Shere Khan comes demanding the Man-cub, only for Akela to say that he has left to be with other humans. Deciding to lure the boy back out, he kills Akela by throwing him off a cliff and instates himself as their new leader, telling the wolves to spread the word of Akela's death so that it reaches Mowgli's ears. During his time as leader, Shere Khan also punishes Raksha by subtly threatening her pups and trying to influence them into hating humans through use of stories.

When Mowgli brings fire into the forest, the Seeonee pack and the other animals gather at the watering hole and see the boy face Shere Khan. Inspired by his refusal to fight Shere Khan with fire after seeing that he accidentally caused a forest fire, the wolves, alongside Baloo the bear and Bagheera, fight Shere Khan to give Mowgli enough time to set a trap in the burning jungle and kill Shere Khan, ending the tiger's reign of terror. They then salute him with howls for his victory over Shere Khan and his calling the elephants to help put out the fire. With peace restored, Raksha takes Akela's place as alpha wolf and re-accepts Mowgli into the wolf pack.

The Seeonee pack's role in the books is great; among the many feats they accomplish are their raising of Mowgli, helping him to get revenge on Buldeo for branding him a witch, and defeating the Dholes, red dogs that destroy everything in their paths.

Shere Khan has a much more prominent influence on the young wolves of the Seeonee pack in the books.

The name of "Seeonee" is an intentional misspelling by Rudyard Kipling, and the name comes from the area of India called the Seoni region, which is located in Madhya Pradesh.

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The Seeonee wolf pack is a group of Indian wolves led by Akela in The Jungle Book. They live in the Seeonee region of the jungle. 1 Background 2 Appearances 2.1 The Jungle Book 2.2 Jungle Cubs 3 Live-action appearances 3.1 Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book 3.2 The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story 3.3 The Jungle Book (2016) 4 Trivia The Seeonee pack is led by Akela, the pack alpha.

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In this website you can learn about Gray Wolves, where they live, what they eat, how they look like.

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Gray Wolf ( Canis lupus)
Also know as Wolf, Timber Wolf, Tundra Wolf, Lobo, and Prairie Wolf.

What they look like: Gray wolves, are the largest wild members of the dog family. Males are usually larger than females. They have silvery gray-brown backs, light tan and cream underparts, and long bushy tails. The fur can be any shade of gray, brown, black, white, or tan. In winter, their fur becomes darker on the neck, shoulders, and rump (see photo below).

Weight:
Male: 80-110 lbs. Female: 60-80 lbs.

Height: 26 to 32 inches

Length:
Male: 5-6.5 feet (nose to tip of tail) Female: 4.5 to 6 feet

Where they live:
Gray wolves are one of the most wide ranging land animals. They occupy a wide variety of habitats, from arctic tundra to forest, prairie, and arid landscapes. Hunting and habitat destruction have caused a steep decline in populations. Gray wolves are now found only in a few areas of Canada and the United States. Wild wolves live in these states: Alaska, Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Wisconsin and Wyoming.

Click the range map to learn more about the distribution of Gray wolves in Washington.

What they eat: Gray wolves are carnivorous -- they primarily eat meat. Wolves often hunt in packs for large prey such as deer, moose, sheep, goats, caribou, elk, bison, and muskox. Wolves also prey on rodents, beavers, fish, and birds.

Behavior: Gray wolves are territorial and live in packs lead by the alpha pair. A pack of 6 to 8 wolves includes some of the alpha pair's offspring and may include some unrelated wolves.

Gray wolves communicate with each other through howling, body language and scent. Howling is used to assemble the pack, communicate with other packs, and assert territorial boundaries.

Reproduction: Gray wolves mate between late January and March. Once the female chooses a partner, the animals may remain paired for a number of years. Litter size ranges from 4-6 pups. They usually breed once each year.

How long they live: Gray wolves have been known to live a maximum of thirteen years in the wild, though the average lifespan is about 5 to 9 years. They can live 14-15 years in captivity.

Did you know?

A wolf pack has been recently discovered in Washington state

Wolf tracks can be difficult to distinguish from those of large dogs.

Howling is used as a form of communication among wolf packs

Wolves can reach speeds of 40 mph during a chase

Wolf in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada (courtesy of Natures Pics)
Animal silhouettes available to purchase "
More information:
Canid Identification
Gray wolf - Defenders of Wildlife
Gray Wolf - Wikipedia

Gray Wolf Conservation and Management - Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW)
Wolf pair confirmed in Okanogan County - WDFW (July 23, 2008)

More photos: Wolf Photos by Tim Knight
Photo Credits: Tim Knight (top), Natures Pics (bottom)

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NatureMapping is a hands-on environmental science and education program linking kids, communities and professionals.

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Here is a very fun activity people might do I will give everyone a lot of videos with some cool magic trick steps so people will learn some

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Mini deck · Mini card · Double-sided tape · Glue stick · Deck of cards

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2 historias reales y ocultas de los pasajeros del Titanic

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2 historias reales y ocultas de los pasajeros del Titanic

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This video have a lot of information it is very easy to understand .

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2 historias reales y ocultas de los pasajeros del Titanic | Misterios en el museo

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This video is interesting because  I  like police officers, keep save money and they protect people.

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Here is a video showing facts about Mount Everest.

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Las 7 cosas que todavía no sabías sobre la tragedia del Titanic

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Las 7 cosas que todavía no sabías sobre la tragedia del Titanic

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This website has good information and it has many details.

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Hace 108 años, el buque transatlántico más famoso de la historia se hundía en las aguas del océano. Todos conocemos la historia y nos sigue asombrando como si no hubiera pasado más de un siglo. Alrededor de 1.500 vidas se quedaron en el mar aquella fatídica noche de abril de 1912. El barco salió de Southampton, Inglaterra, hasta la ciudad de Nueva York cuando un iceberg se presentó delante de su camino, provocando su fatal desenlace.

No fue hasta 73 años después de su hundimiento cuando se descubrieron los restos en el fondo del océano. Mucho se ha contado sobre este buque y sus pasajeros. Sin embargo, todavía hay misterios que siguen sorprendiendo a historiadores, periodistas e investigadores de todo el mundo.

La revista ' Business Insider ' ha recopilado algunos de ellos, relacionados con las personas que allí estuvieron, y cómo sus vidas quedaron truncadas para siempre. Seguro que hay más de una anécdota que todavía no conocías.

La actriz que sobrevivió

Una de las supervivientes más famosas era la actriz Dorothy Gibson, quien participó en una película de cine mudo titulada 'Saved From The Titanic', estrenada tan solo un mes después del terrible acontecimiento. Ella fue una de las 700 personas que lograron salvarse del incidente. Nada más llegar a Nueva York, comenzó a filmar su película. En ella, llevaba las mismas ropas que le cubrían cuando sucedió el hundimiento del buque. Lamentablemente, el documento audiovisual también pasó a mejor vida, debido a que fue grabado en una sola cinta de vídeo que fue desgraciadamente quemada en un incendio.

Dos baños para 700 personas

Así, como suena. Aunque en la película veamos a todos los personajes que encarnan los papeles de los pasajeros de tercera clase bien limpios, la realidad es que no debían ir muy aseados: los más pobres de abordo debían compartir entre ellos tan solo dos baños.

Imagínense el estado de las letrinas después de una noche de juerga, tras beber, fumar y bailar.

Sí, la música siguió sonando sin parar

Este es un hecho que ya hace tiempo que estaba comprobado. Los afables músicos que vemos amenizando la tragedia en la adaptación cinematográfica de James Cameron tocaron sonatas hasta dos horas y media después de que el Titanic hiciera colisión con el iceberg. El miedo no pudo con ellos ni con sus manos a la hora de interpretar canciones clásicas que sirvieron para tranquilizar (en la medida de lo posible) a los tripulantes que veían como a medida que pasaban los segundos se les iba acabando la vida.

Tan solo 37 segundos

Ese es el tiempo que pasó desde que vieron el iceberg hasta que el barco se estrelló contra él, según los informes. En ese minúsculo trasncurso de poco más de medio minuto, el vigía bajó las escaleras desde la parte más alta del barco para avisar a los altos mandos. A partir de ese momento arranca el desenlace fatal que ya todos conocemos.

Superviviente por partida doble

Violet Jessop es quizás una de las mujeres más afortunadas sobre la faz de la Tierra. Básicamente, porque no solo sobrevivió al hundimiento del Titanic, sino que cuatro años después se subió a otro buque que también naufragó. Se trataba del Britannic, al que entró a trabajar como enfermera. Pero estalló la Primera Guerra Mundial y Alemania mandó un torpedo en uno de sus submarinos que hizo que se hundiera. Afortunadamente, se volvió a salvar de aquella tragedia, aunque recibió una herida fatal en la cabeza por la que quedó afectada para el resto de su vida.

Los muertos antes de zarpar

El Titanic ya resultó ser una tragedia antes incluso de que elevara anclas. En su construcción, murieron ocho obreros. Solo se conoce el nombre de cinco de ellos: Samuel Scott, John Kelly, William Clarke, James Dobbin y Robert Murphy. Una placa que hay instalada en el puerto de Belfast desde el año 2012 les recuerda.

La equivocación de los periódicos

Con el objetivo de ser los primeros en presentar la información, tres periódicos ingleses cubrieron el accidente pero se equivocaron al admitir de que no había ningún fallecido entre los pasajeros. El rotativo 'The World' no mencionó ninguna víctima, el 'Daily Mail' declaró que no hubo pérdidas humanas y el 'Belfast Telegraph' aseguró que "no hubo peligro de muerte". En esta carrera informativa ganaron los medios estadounidenses, el primero en ofrecer el balance total de muertos y supervivientes fue 'The New York Times'.

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Las 7 cosas que todavía no sabías sobre la tragedia del Titanic

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Hace 108 años, el buque transatlántico más famoso de la historia se hundía en las aguas del océano. Todos conocemos la historia y nos sigue asombrando como si no hubiera pasado más de un siglo. Alrededor de 1.500 vidas se quedaron en el mar aquella fatídica noche de abril de 1912.

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This is a video on YouTube about how hard candy is made and the process. It is made by a YouTube channel called how it's made. It shows the industrial process of some hard candies that are sold.

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The pupies are so cute

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Los mejores reportajes y documentales de National Geographic sobre Titanic y las mejores fotos e imágenes sobre el Titanic hundido.

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Learn interesting facts about the national monument the Statue of Liberty.

This source is a good source because it has a lot of information. It is a video from 2017 and it is not too old. The author is a person who teaches kids.

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Facts about the Statue of Liberty for Kids

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PEOPL  CAN LEARN THOS SO IT WILL  BE MOR EASY TO DRESS IN https://www.frenchyet.com/

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The  kitsune very old it was in when the dinosaurs existed and the dragons this this was the most powerful oh animal because it contains a lightning in it so that he is the most powerful animal but every single one of them died but there’s one but there’s only one in the world right now because every single one of them died but there’s only one of them on the world and maybe it could be a boy and maybe so it’s hard to get them the last one or it could have lightning and fire bu  the last one has lightning in fire and is a Japanese animal

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Hello i'm Gunther and this story is about the first Videogame console! the first videogame console was named The brown box. it was created by Ralph baerband made in 1967. In this game console there is 1 point and 2 players, you play like to pass the ball. This video will show you how it works.👌

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First Video Game Console Ever: The Brown Box - Rare Obscure or Retro - Rerez

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This is a news website where you can read about a fake chocolate snow.
This information was published on August 2020 so the news is not that old. It was also published on BBC which publish good information, facts and more.

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It's what sweet dreams are made of! A town in Switzerland was left covered in tiny bits of chocolate after a glitch at a Lindt factory.

It started snowing cocoa powder after the air-cooling system at the chocolate factory in Olten broke down.

The technical malfunction affected its production line for roasted 'cocoa nibs', the Lindt & Spruengli company confirmed.

The nibs, which are small pieces of crushed cocoa beans, are one of the basic ingredients that make chocolate.

Twitter / @olten

The chocolate powder spread around the area on Friday morning, helped by strong winds, dusting one car near the factory with a cocoa coating,

The company said the air system has now been fixed, and production has returned to normal.

It also stressed that the cocoa dust was completely harmless to people and the environment.

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Chocolate 'snow' covers Swiss town after glitch - CBBC Newsround

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It's what sweet dreams are made of! A town in Switzerland was left covered in tiny bits of chocolate after a glitch at a Lindt factory. It started snowing cocoa powder after the air-cooling system at the chocolate factory in Olten broke down.

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This source will show you more about chocolate.
This is a good source because it shows a lot of information of chocolate, and Kiddle is a fantastic source because it has a lot of information of a lot of things.

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This video shows the cocoa history that is known as chocolate.
This video it has fantastic information about chocolate, it has pictures, letter and movements which helps understand things better.

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The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli

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This is a Spanish book where you can find how to do healthy food, some of them with chocolate.
It has some recipes about delicious food that you can make with chocolate, some of them are healthy and in the dessert area you can find all the recipes with chocolate.

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This video talks about  facts about Komodo Dragons.Where they live and how are they.This is a good video because it has a lot of information and it is for kids.
By:Matej and Zuzana Dolinay

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The Last Kingdom of Dragons - film about Komodo by Living Zoology film studio

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this is a very good source because it's only 3 months old and it a very good article about the seahorses

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The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), also known as the Komodo monitor, is a member of the monitor lizard family Varanidae that is endemic to the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang. It is the largest extant species of lizard, growing to a maximum length of 3 m (9.8 ft), and weighing up to 70 kg (150 lb).

As a result of their size, Komodo dragons are apex predators, and dominate the ecosystems in which they live. Komodo dragons hunt and ambush prey including invertebrates, birds, and mammals. Komodo dragons' group behavior in hunting is exceptional in the reptile world. The diet of Komodo dragons mainly consists of Javan rusa ( Rusa timorensis), though they also eat considerable amounts of carrion. Komodo dragons also occasionally attack humans.

Mating begins between May and August, and the eggs are laid in September; as many as 20 eggs are deposited at a time in an abandoned megapode nest or in a self-dug nesting hole. The eggs are incubated for seven to eight months, hatching in April, when insects are most plentiful. Young Komodo dragons are vulnerable and dwell in trees to avoid predators, such as cannibalistic adults. They take 8 to 9 years to mature and are estimated to live up to 30 years.

Komodo dragons were first recorded by Western scientists in 1910. Their large size and fearsome reputation make them popular zoo exhibits. In the wild, their range has contracted due to human activities, and is likely to contract further from the effects of climate change; due to this, they are listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List. They are protected under Indonesian law, and Komodo National Park was founded in 1980 to aid protection efforts.

Taxonomic history

Komodo dragons were first documented by Europeans in 1910, when rumors of a "land crocodile" reached Lieutenant van Steyn van Hensbroek of the Dutch colonial administration. Widespread notoriety came after 1912, when Peter Ouwens, the director of the Zoological Museum of Bogor, Java, published a paper on the topic after receiving a photo and a skin from the lieutenant, as well as two other specimens from a collector.

The first two live Komodo dragons to arrive in Europe were exhibited in the Reptile House at London Zoo when it opened in 1927. Joan Beauchamp Procter made some of the earliest observations of these animals in captivity and she demonstrated their behaviour at a scientific meeting of the Zoological Society of London in 1928.

The Komodo dragon was the driving factor for an expedition to Komodo Island by W. Douglas Burden in 1926. After returning with 12 preserved specimens and two live ones, this expedition provided the inspiration for the 1933 movie King Kong. It was also Burden who coined the common name "Komodo dragon". Three of his specimens were stuffed and are still on display in the American Museum of Natural History.

The Dutch island administration, realizing the limited number of individuals in the wild, soon outlawed sport hunting and heavily limited the number of individuals taken for scientific study. Collecting expeditions ground to a halt with the occurrence of World War II, not resuming until the 1950s and 1960s, when studies examined the Komodo dragon's feeding behavior, reproduction, and body temperature. At around this time, an expedition was planned in which a long-term study of the Komodo dragon would be undertaken. This task was given to the Auffenberg family, who stayed on Komodo Island for 11 months in 1969. During their stay, Walter Auffenberg and his assistant Putra Sastrawan captured and tagged more than 50 Komodo dragons.

Research from the Auffenberg expedition proved enormously influential in raising Komodo dragons in captivity. Research after that of the Auffenberg family has shed more light on the nature of the Komodo dragon, with biologists such as Claudio Ciofi continuing to study the creatures.

The Komodo dragon, as depicted on the 50 rupiah coin, issued by Indonesia

The Komodo dragon is also sometimes known as the Komodo monitor or the Komodo Island monitor in scientific literature, although these names are uncommon. To the natives of Komodo Island, it is referred to as ora, buaya darat ('land crocodile'), or biawak raksasa ('giant monitor').

Evolutionary history

Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA shows the Komodo dragon to be the closest relative ( sister taxon) of the Australian lace monitor ( V. varius), with their common ancestor diverging from a lineage that gave rise to the crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) of New Guinea. A 2021 study showed that during the late Miocene, the ancestors of Komodo dragons had hybridized with the common ancestor of Australian sand monitors (including , V. gouldii, V. rosenbergi and V. panoptes).

Fossils from Queensland demonstrate that the Komodo dragon was once present in Australia, with fossils spanning from the Early Pliocene (~3.8 million years ago) to the Middle Pleistocene. The oldest records of the Komodo dragon on Flores date to around 1.4 million years ago, during the Early Pleistocene. Genetic analysis indicates that the population from northern Flores is genetically distinct from other populations of the species.

Description

In the wild, adult Komodo dragons usually weigh around 70 kg (150 lb), although captive specimens often weigh more. According to Guinness World Records, an average adult male will weigh 79 to 91 kg (174 to 201 lb) and measure 2.59 m (8.5 ft), while an average female will weigh 68 to 73 kg (150 to 161 lb) and measure 2.29 m (7.5 ft). The largest verified specimen in captive was 3.13 m (10.3 ft) long and weighed 166 kg (366 lb), including its undigested food. The largest wild specimen had a length 3.04 m (10.0 ft), a snout-vent length (SVL) 1.54 m (5 ft 1 in) and a mass of 81.5 kg (180 lb) excluding stomach contents. The heaviest reached a mass in 87.4 kg (193 lb). The study noted that weights greater than 100 kg (220 lb) were possible but only after the animal had consumed a large meal.

The Komodo dragon has a tail as long as its body, as well as about 60 frequently replaced, serrated teeth that can measure up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in length. Its saliva is frequently blood-tinged because its teeth are almost completely covered by gingival tissue that is naturally lacerated during feeding. It also has a long, yellow, deeply forked tongue. Komodo dragon skin is reinforced by armoured scales, which contain tiny bones called osteoderms that function as a sort of natural chain-mail. The only areas lacking osteoderms on the head of the adult Komodo dragon are around the eyes, nostrils, mouth margins, and pineal eye, a light-sensing organ on the top of the head. Where lizards typically have one or two varying patterns or shapes of osteoderms, komodos have four: rosette, platy, dendritic, and vermiform. This rugged hide makes Komodo dragon skin a poor source of leather. Additionally, these osteoderms become more extensive and variable in shape as the Komodo dragon ages, ossifying more extensively as the lizard grows. These osteoderms are absent in hatchlings and juveniles, indicating that the natural armor develops as a product of age and competition between adults for protection in intraspecific combat over food and mates.

Komodo dragon using its tongue to sample the air

As with other varanids, Komodo dragons have only a single ear bone, the stapes, for transferring vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. This arrangement means they are likely restricted to sounds in the 400 to 2,000 hertz range, compared to humans who hear between 20 and 20,000 hertz. They were formerly thought to be deaf when a study reported no agitation in wild Komodo dragons in response to whispers, raised voices, or shouts. This was disputed when London Zoological Garden employee Joan Procter trained a captive specimen to come out to feed at the sound of her voice, even when she could not be seen.

The Komodo dragon can see objects as far away as 300 m (980 ft), but because its retinas only contain cones, it is thought to have poor night vision. It can distinguish colours, but has poor visual discrimination of stationary objects.

As with many other reptiles, the Komodo dragon primarily relies on its tongue to detect, taste, and smell stimuli, with the vomeronasal sense using the Jacobson's organ, rather than using the nostrils. With the help of a favorable wind and its habit of swinging its head from side to side as it walks, a Komodo dragon may be able to detect carrion from 4-9.5 km (2.5-5.9 mi) away. It only has a few taste buds in the back of its throat. Its scales, some of which are reinforced with bone, have sensory plaques connected to nerves to facilitate its sense of touch. The scales around the ears, lips, chin, and soles of the feet may have three or more sensory plaques.

Behaviour and ecology

The Komodo dragon prefers hot and dry places and typically lives in dry, open grassland, savanna, and tropical forest at low elevations. As an ectotherm, it is most active in the day, although it exhibits some nocturnal activity. Komodo dragons are solitary, coming together only to breed and eat. They are capable of running rapidly in brief sprints up to 20 km/h (12 mph), diving up to 4.5 m (15 ft), and climbing trees proficiently when young through use of their strong claws. To catch out-of-reach prey, the Komodo dragon may stand on its hind legs and use its tail as a support. As it matures, its claws are used primarily as weapons, as its great size makes climbing impractical.

For shelter, the Komodo dragon digs holes that can measure from 1 to 3 m (3.3 to 9.8 ft) wide with its powerful forelimbs and claws. Because of its large size and habit of sleeping in these burrows, it is able to conserve body heat throughout the night and minimise its basking period the morning after. The Komodo dragon stays in the shade during the hottest part of the day and hunts in the afternoon. These special resting places, usually located on ridges with cool sea breezes, are marked with droppings and are cleared of vegetation. They serve as strategic locations from which to ambush deer.

Komodo dragon on Rinca feeding on a water buffalo corpse

Komodo dragons are apex predators. They are carnivores; although they have been considered as eating mostly carrion, they will frequently ambush live prey with a stealthy approach. When suitable prey arrives near a dragon's ambush site, it will suddenly charge at the animal at high speeds and go for the underside or the throat.

Komodo dragons do not deliberately allow the prey to escape with fatal injuries but try to kill prey outright using a combination of lacerating damage and blood loss. They have been recorded as killing wild pigs within seconds, and observations of Komodo dragons tracking prey for long distances are likely misinterpreted cases of prey escaping an attack before succumbing to infection. Most prey attacked by a Komodo dragon reputedly suffer from said sepsis and will later be eaten by the same or other lizards.

Komodo dragons eat by tearing large chunks of flesh and swallowing them whole while holding the carcass down with their forelegs. For smaller prey up to the size of a goat, their loosely articulated jaws, flexible skulls, and expandable stomachs allow them to swallow prey whole. The undigested vegetable contents of a prey animal's stomach and intestines are typically avoided. Copious amounts of red saliva the Komodo dragons produce help to lubricate the food, but swallowing is still a long process (15-20 minutes to swallow a goat). A Komodo dragon may attempt to speed up the process by ramming the carcass against a tree to force it down its throat, sometimes ramming so forcefully that the tree is knocked down. A small tube under the tongue that connects to the lungs allows it to breathe while swallowing.

After eating up to 80% of its body weight in one meal, it drags itself to a sunny location to speed digestion, as the food could rot and poison the dragon if left undigested in its stomach for too long. Because of their slow metabolism, large dragons can survive on as few as 12 meals a year. After digestion, the Komodo dragon regurgitates a mass of horns, hair, and teeth known as the gastric pellet, which is covered in malodorous mucus. After regurgitating the gastric pellet, it rubs its face in the dirt or on bushes to get rid of the mucus.

Komodo excrement has a dark portion, which is stool, and a whitish portion, which is urate, the nitrogenous end-product of their digestion process

The eating habits of Komodo dragons follow a hierarchy, with the larger animals generally eating before the smaller ones. The largest male typically asserts his dominance and the smaller males show their submission by use of body language and rumbling hisses. Dragons of equal size may resort to "wrestling". Losers usually retreat, though they have been known to be killed and eaten by victors.

The Komodo dragon's diet is wide-ranging, and includes invertebrates, other reptiles (including smaller Komodo dragons), birds, bird eggs, small mammals, monkeys, wild boar, goats, pigs, Javan rusa deer, horses, and water buffalo. Young Komodos will eat insects, eggs, geckos, and small mammals, while adults prefer to hunt large mammals. Occasionally, they attack and bite humans. Sometimes they consume human corpses, digging up bodies from shallow graves. This habit of raiding graves caused the villagers of Komodo to move their graves from sandy to clay ground, and pile rocks on top of them, to deter the lizards. During the Pleistocene, before humans introduced its modern prey, the Komodo dragons likely primary prey was dwarf species of (a member of Proboscidea, related to elephants).

The Komodo dragon drinks by sucking water into its mouth via buccal pumping (a process also used for respiration), lifting its head, and letting the water run down its throat.

Although previous studies proposed that Komodo dragon saliva contains a variety of highly septic bacteria that would help to bring down prey, research in 2013 suggested that the bacteria in the mouths of Komodo dragons are ordinary and similar to those found in other carnivores. Komodo dragons have good mouth hygiene. To quote Bryan Fry: "After they are done feeding, they will spend 10 to 15 minutes lip-licking and rubbing their head in the leaves to clean their mouth ... Unlike people have been led to believe, they do not have chunks of rotting flesh from their meals on their teeth, cultivating bacteria." Nor do Komodo dragons wait for prey to die and track it at a distance, as vipers do; observations of them hunting deer, boar and in some cases buffalo reveal that they kill prey in less than half an hour.

The observation of prey dying of sepsis would then be explained by the natural instinct of water buffalos, who are not native to the islands where the Komodo dragon lives, to run into water after escaping an attack. The warm, faeces-filled water would then cause the infections. The study used samples from 16 captive dragons (10 adults and six neonates) from three US zoos.

Antibacterial immune factor

Researchers have isolated a powerful antibacterial peptide from the blood plasma of Komodo dragons, VK25. Based on their analysis of this peptide, they have synthesized a short peptide dubbed DRGN-1 and tested it against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Preliminary results of these tests show that DRGN-1 is effective in killing drug-resistant bacterial strains and even some fungi. It has the added observed benefit of significantly promoting wound healing in both uninfected and mixed biofilm infected wounds.

Komodo dragon stalking a Timor deer

In late 2005, researchers at the University of Melbourne speculated the perentie ( Varanus giganteus), other species of monitors, and agamids may be somewhat venomous. The team believes the immediate effects of bites from these lizards were caused by mild envenomation. Bites on human digits by a lace monitor ( V. varius), a Komodo dragon, and a spotted tree monitor ( V. timorensis) all produced similar effects: rapid swelling, localised disruption of blood clotting, and shooting pain up to the elbow, with some symptoms lasting for several hours.

In 2009, the same researchers published further evidence demonstrating Komodo dragons possess a venomous bite. MRI scans of a preserved skull showed the presence of two glands in the lower jaw. The researchers extracted one of these glands from the head of a terminally ill dragon in the Singapore Zoological Gardens, and found it secreted several different toxic proteins. The known functions of these proteins include inhibition of blood clotting, lowering of blood pressure, muscle paralysis, and the induction of hypothermia, leading to shock and loss of consciousness in envenomated prey. As a result of the discovery, the previous theory that bacteria were responsible for the deaths of Komodo victims was disputed.

Other scientists have stated that this allegation of venom glands "has had the effect of underestimating the variety of complex roles played by oral secretions in the biology of reptiles, produced a very narrow view of oral secretions and resulted in misinterpretation of reptilian evolution." According to these scientists "reptilian oral secretions contribute to many biological roles other than to quickly dispatch prey." These researchers concluded that, "Calling all in this clade venomous implies an overall potential danger that does not exist, misleads in the assessment of medical risks, and confuses the biological assessment of squamate biochemical systems." Evolutionary biologist Schwenk says that even if the lizards have venom-like proteins in their mouths they may be using them for a different function, and he doubts venom is necessary to explain the effect of a Komodo dragon bite, arguing that shock and blood loss are the primary factors.

Reproduction

Mating occurs between May and August, with the eggs laid in September. During this period, males fight over females and territory by grappling with one another upon their hind legs, with the loser eventually being pinned to the ground. These males may vomit or defecate when preparing for the fight. The winner of the fight will then flick his long tongue at the female to gain information about her receptivity. Females are antagonistic and resist with their claws and teeth during the early phases of courtship. Therefore, the male must fully restrain the female during coitus to avoid being hurt. Other courtship displays include males rubbing their chins on the female, hard scratches to the back, and licking. Copulation occurs when the male inserts one of his hemipenes into the female's cloaca. Komodo dragons may be monogamous and form "pair bonds", a rare behavior for lizards.

Female Komodos lay their eggs from August to September and may use several types of locality; in one study, 60% laid their eggs in the nests of orange-footed scrubfowl (a moundbuilder or megapode), 20% on ground level and 20% in hilly areas. The females make many camouflage nests/holes to prevent other dragons from eating the eggs. Clutches contain an average of 20 eggs, which have an incubation period of 7-8 months. Hatching is an exhausting effort for the neonates, which break out of their eggshells with an egg tooth that falls off before long. After cutting themselves out, the hatchlings may lie in their eggshells for hours before starting to dig out of the nest. They are born quite defenseless and are vulnerable to predation. Sixteen youngsters from a single nest were on average 46.5 cm long and weighed 105.1 grams.

Young Komodo dragons spend much of their first few years in trees, where they are relatively safe from predators, including cannibalistic adults, as juvenile dragons make up 10% of their diets. The habit of cannibalism may be advantageous in sustaining the large size of adults, as medium-sized prey on the islands is rare. When the young approach a kill, they roll around in faecal matter and rest in the intestines of eviscerated animals to deter these hungry adults. Komodo dragons take approximately 8 to 9 years to mature, and may live for up to 30 years.

Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenetic baby Komodo dragon, Chester Zoo, England

A Komodo dragon at London Zoo named Sungai laid a clutch of eggs in late 2005 after being separated from male company for more than two years. Scientists initially assumed she had been able to store sperm from her earlier encounter with a male, an adaptation known as superfecundation. On 20 December 2006, it was reported that Flora, a captive Komodo dragon living in the Chester Zoo in England, was the second known Komodo dragon to have laid unfertilised eggs: she laid 11 eggs, and seven of them hatched, all of them male. Scientists at Liverpool University in England performed genetic tests on three eggs that collapsed after being moved to an incubator, and verified Flora had never been in physical contact with a male dragon. After Flora's eggs' condition had been discovered, testing showed Sungai's eggs were also produced without outside fertilization. On 31 January 2008, the Sedgwick County Zoo in Wichita, Kansas, became the first zoo in the Americas to document parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. The zoo has two adult female Komodo dragons, one of which laid about 17 eggs on 19-20 May 2007. Only two eggs were incubated and hatched due to space issues; the first hatched on 31 January 2008, while the second hatched on 1 February. Both hatchlings were males.

Komodo dragons have the ZW chromosomal sex-determination system, as opposed to the mammalian XY system. Male progeny prove Flora's unfertilized eggs were haploid (n) and doubled their chromosomes later to become diploid (2n) (by being fertilized by a polar body, or by chromosome duplication without cell division), rather than by her laying diploid eggs by one of the meiosis reduction-divisions in her ovaries failing. When a female Komodo dragon (with ZW sex chromosomes) reproduces in this manner, she provides her progeny with only one chromosome from each of her pairs of chromosomes, including only one of her two sex chromosomes. This single set of chromosomes is duplicated in the egg, which develops parthenogenetically. Eggs receiving a Z chromosome become ZZ (male); those receiving a W chromosome become WW and fail to develop, meaning that only males are produced by parthenogenesis in this species.

It has been hypothesised that this reproductive adaptation allows a single female to enter an isolated ecological niche (such as an island) and by parthenogenesis produce male offspring, thereby establishing a sexually reproducing population (via reproduction with her offspring that can result in both male and female young). Despite the advantages of such an adaptation, zoos are cautioned that parthenogenesis may be detrimental to genetic diversity.

Encounters with humans

Attacks on humans are rare, but Komodo dragons have been responsible for several human fatalities, in both the wild and in captivity. According to data from Komodo National Park spanning a 38-year period between 1974 and 2012, there were 24 reported attacks on humans, five of them fatal. Most of the victims were local villagers living around the national park.

Conservation

Komodo dragons on Rinca

The Komodo dragon is classified by the IUCN as Endangered and is listed on the IUCN Red List. The species' sensitivity to natural and human-made threats has long been recognized by conservationists, zoological societies, and the Indonesian government. Komodo National Park was founded in 1980 to protect Komodo dragon populations on islands including Komodo, Rinca, and Padar. Later, the Wae Wuul and Wolo Tado Reserves were opened on Flores to aid Komodo dragon conservation.

Komodo dragons generally avoid encounters with humans. Juveniles are very shy and will flee quickly into a hideout if a human comes closer than about 100 metres (330 ft). Older animals will also retreat from humans from a shorter distance away. If cornered, they may react aggressively by gaping their mouth, hissing, and swinging their tail. If they are disturbed further, they may attack and bite. Although there are anecdotes of unprovoked Komodo dragons attacking or preying on humans, most of these reports are either not reputable or have subsequently been interpreted as defensive bites. Only very few cases are truly the result of unprovoked attacks by atypical individuals who lost their fear of humans.

Volcanic activity, earthquakes, loss of habitat, fire, tourism, loss of prey due to poaching, and illegal poaching of the dragons themselves have all contributed to the vulnerable status of the Komodo dragon. A major future threat to the species is climate change via both aridification and sea level rise, which can affect the low-lying habitats and valleys that the Komodo dragon depends on, as Komodo dragons do not range into the higher-altitude regions of the islands they inhabit. Based on projections, climate change will lead to a decline in suitable habitat of 8.4%, 30.2%, or 71% by 2050 depending on the climate change scenario. Without effective conservation actions, populations on Flores are extirpated in all scenarios, while in the more extreme scenarios, only the populations on Komodo and Rinca persist in highly reduced numbers. Rapid climate change mitigation is crucial for conserving the species in the wild. Other scientists have disputed the conclusions about the effects of climate change on Komodo dragon populations.

Under Appendix I of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), commercial international trade of Komodo dragon skins or specimens is prohibited. Despite this, there are occasional reports of illegal attempts to trade in live Komodo dragons. The most recent attempt was in March 2019, when Indonesian police in the East Java city of Surabaya reported that a criminal network had been caught trying to smuggle 41 young Komodo dragons out of Indonesia. The plan was said to include shipping the animals to several other countries in Southeast Asia through Singapore. It was hoped that the animals could be sold for up to 500 million rupiah (around US$35,000) each. It was believed that the Komodo dragons had been smuggled out of East Nusa Tenggara province through the port at Ende in central Flores.

In 2013, the total population of Komodo dragons in the wild was assessed as 3,222 individuals, declining to 3,092 in 2014 and 3,014 in 2015. Populations remained relatively stable on the bigger islands (Komodo and Rinca), but decreased on smaller islands, such as Nusa Kode and Gili Motang, likely due to diminishing prey availability. On Padar, a former population of Komodo dragons has recently become extirpated, of which the last individuals were seen in 1975. It is widely assumed that the Komodo dragon died out on Padar following a major decline of populations of large ungulate prey, for which poaching was most likely responsible.

In captivity

Komodo dragon in San Diego Zoo (video clip)

Komodo dragons have long been sought-after zoo attractions, where their size and reputation make them popular exhibits. They are, however, rare in zoos because they are susceptible to infection and parasitic disease if captured from the wild, and do not readily reproduce in captivity. The first Komodo dragons were displayed at London Zoo in 1927. A Komodo dragon was exhibited in 1934 in the United States at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., but it lived for only two years. More attempts to exhibit Komodo dragons were made, but the lifespan of the animals proved very short, averaging five years in the National Zoological Park. Studies were done by Walter Auffenberg, which were documented in his book The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor, eventually allowed for more successful management and breeding of the dragons in captivity. As of May 2009, there were 35 North American, 13 European, one Singaporean, two African, and two Australian institutions which housed captive Komodo dragons.

A variety of behaviors have been observed from captive specimens. Most individuals become relatively tame within a short time, and are capable of recognising individual humans and discriminating between familiar and unfamiliar keepers. Komodo dragons have also been observed to engage in play with a variety of objects, including shovels, cans, plastic rings, and shoes. This behavior does not seem to be "food-motivated predatory behavior".

Even seemingly docile dragons may become unpredictably aggressive, especially when the animal's territory is invaded by someone unfamiliar. In June 2001, a Komodo dragon seriously injured Phil Bronstein, the then-husband of actress Sharon Stone, when he entered its enclosure at the Los Angeles Zoo after being invited in by its keeper. Bronstein was bitten on his bare foot, as the keeper had told him to take off his white shoes and socks, which the keeper stated could potentially excite the Komodo dragon as they were the same colour as the white rats the zoo fed the dragon. Although he survived, Bronstein needed to have several tendons in his foot reattached surgically.

References

Further reading

Attenborough, David (1957). Zoo Quest for a Dragon. London: Lutterworth Press.

Auffenberg, Walter (1981). The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-0621-5.

Burden, W. Douglas (1927). Dragon Lizards of Komodo: An Expedition to the Lost World of the Dutch East Indies. New York, London: G.P. Putnum's Sons.

Eberhard, Jo; King, Dennis; Green, Brian; Knight, Frank; Keith Newgrain (1999). Monitors: The Biology of Varanid Lizards. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-57524-112-8.

Lutz, Richard L; Lutz, Judy Marie (1997). Komodo: The Living Dragon. Salem, Or: DiMI Press. ISBN 978-0-931625-27-5.

Westwood, Brett (28 August 2018). "Natural Histories: Komodo Dragon" (Audio (28 minutes)). BBC Radio.

External links

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The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis ), also known as the Komodo monitor, is a member of the monitor lizard family Varanidae that is endemic to the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang. It is the largest extant species of lizard, growing to a maximum length of 3 m (9.8 ft), and weighing up to 70 kg (150 lb).

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Your teeth are more mysterious than you think

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Your teeth are more mysterious than you think

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This website uncovers the mysterys of those shiny ones. It has good informastion and it is kids friendly and this website is an expert at teeth. Enjoy!

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Your mouth is a fascinating part of your body that helps to keep you alive in more ways than one! From breathing to eating to being able to communicate and socialize, the mouth is the center of many aspects of who we are as a species and as individuals. If you've ever been curious about this special part of your anatomy, read on to learn a few fun facts about teeth, dentistry, and a few things in between!

1. You'll spend over two months of your life brushing your teeth.

If you brush for two minutes, twice a day, every day, for most of your life, you'll be brushing for between 70 and 80 total days!

2. Your enamel is the hardest substance in your body.

Made up of mineralized tissues, this stuff is tougher than nails. Enamel is designed to help us chew and tear through our food, but it still has its weaknesses. When not cared for, enamel can chip under pressure or decay due to plaque and bacteria.

3. Your smile is as unique as your fingerprint.

There's a reason that detectives use dental records to help identify bodies, and it's because every person's teeth rest in their mouths differently-even identical twins! Additionally, your tongue print is unique to you, too!

4. People used to believe tooth pain was caused by tooth worms.

Before modern times, many people believed that a worm lived in your gums and that this worm was both responsible for boring holes into your teeth, causing cavities. They also believed that when it moved it caused pain. Modern science was able to debunk this theory and we now know poor dental hygiene is to blame for cavities and toothaches.

5. There are about 300 different kinds of bacteria in your mouth.

And altogether, you likely have millions of individual bacteria in your mouth at any given moment! While there are hundreds of strains of bacteria, Streptococcus mutans is the one known to wreak the most havoc on teeth. These bacteria convert sugars and carbohydrates into acids and causes tooth decay.

6. Everyone has (pretty much) the same number of teeth.

All humans have 20 baby teeth that will eventually fall out and make way for their permanent adult teeth, of which we have 32. The slight differences come into play when people start to develop wisdom teeth, or third molars. Adults can have anywhere from 0 to 4 wisdom teeth, and many scientists believe over time humans will evolve to stop developing them altogether!

7. You only see about two thirds of your teeth.

A third of your tooth, known as the root, is hidden beneath your gums. Because there is so much more tooth than meets the eye, it's vitally important to keep your gums healthy to promote your overall oral health!

Your teeth and mouth are fascinating things that require diligent care to keep healthy and happy!
If you'd like to up your oral health game, give us a call at Olympia Fields Dental Associates to schedule your next appointment today!

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7 Fun Facts About Your Mouth - Olympia Fields Dental Associates

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Your mouth is a fascinating part of your body that helps to keep you alive in more ways than one! From breathing to eating to being able to communicate and socialize, the mouth is the center of many aspects of who we are as a species and as individuals.

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This is a very good article about the pygmy seahorses and their camouflage because it was made by a national foundation about stoping the waste in the ocean and saving the sea animals.

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As their name suggests, pygmy seahorses are tiny fish that are nearly indistinguishable from their habitats due to their size and extreme camouflage. They are so well camouflaged that Bargibant's pygmy seahorse was only discovered after a host gorgonian was collected and observed by marine biologist George Bargibant. 1 2

Pygmy seahorses grow to an average size of 0.55 to 1.06 inches (1.4 to 2.7 cm). ² Bargibant's pygmy seahorse grows to a maximum length of 0.94 inches (2.4 cm) and has rounded tubercles on its body that matches the color and shape of its host gorgonian coral. This species is usually one of two colors: purple with pink tubercles or yellow with orange tubercles, depending on the host gorgonian's color. A single gorgonian can be home to up to 28 pairs of Bargibant's pygmy seahorses. ¹

Pygmy seahorses, including Bargibant's, presumably feed on small crustaceans, but more research is needed to confirm the genus' feeding habits. ³

Like all other seahorses, pygmy seahorses give birth to live young. Breeding pairs of Bargibant's pygmy seahorses are possibly monogamous. Males brood the eggs in a pouch for about two weeks ¹ before giving birth to upward of 34 young. Newborns are each a mere 0.07 inches (2 mm) long. ⁴

Coral reef degradation, habitat loss, ocean acidification and rising ocean temperatures are some of the threats pygmy seahorses face. As a coastal species, Bargibant's pygmy seahorses suffer from habitat destruction through indiscriminate fishing practices like blast fishing and gillnetting, as well as pollution and coastal development. The species is also impacted by the effects of climate change, including increased ocean acidification and temperatures, that harm pygmy seahorse coral reef habitats. Further research is needed to understand the full extent of these threats on pygmy seahorses and their host gorgonians. ³

1. Bargibant's pygmy seahorses live between 52.5 to 131 feet (16-40 m) deep.

2. Bargibant's pygmy seahorses grow to a maximum length 0.94 inches (2.4 cm).

3. Bargibant's pygmy seahorses take the color of whichever species of gorgonian corals they live on. ¹

4. Unlike other seahorses, male pygmy seahorses use a pouch in their trunk - not their tail - to brood their young.

5. The Bargibant's pygmy seahorse was discovered accidentally in 1969 on a gorgonian coral being examined and was the first pygmy seahorse species to be discovered. ²

Oceana joined forces with Sailors for the Sea, an ocean conservation organization dedicated to educating and engaging the world's boating community. Sailors for the Sea developed the KELP (Kids Environmental Lesson Plans) program to create the next generation of ocean stewards. Click here or below to download hands-on marine science activities for kids.
References:
⁴ Biodiversity Heritage Library (Whitely, 1970)

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Hippocampus bargibanti, known commonly as the pygmy seahorse, is one of five known species of pygmy seahorses. They are found in the Indo-West Pacific at depths of 52.5 to 131 feet (16-40 m) and live exclusively on gorgonian corals of the genus Muricella.

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I like this websit because is for kids and we can learn a lot and it´s  easy to understand.

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Common Name:

Komodo dragons

Scientific Name:

Varanus komodoensis

Average Life Span In The Wild:

Up to 30 years

Size relative to a 6-ft man:

What is the Komodo dragon?

Reaching up to 10 feet in length and more than 300 pounds, Komodo dragons are the heaviest lizards on Earth. They have long, flat heads with rounded snouts, scaly skin, bowed legs, and huge, muscular tails.

Habitat

Komodo dragons have thrived in the harsh climate of Indonesia's Lesser Sunda Islands for millions of years. They prefer the islands' tropical forests but can be found across the islands. Though these athletic reptiles can walk up to seven miles per day, they prefer to stay close to home-rarely venturing far from the valleys in which they hatched.

Reproduction

Once a year, when they're ready to mate, female Komodo dragons give off a scent in their feces for males to follow. When a male dragon locates a female, he scratches her back and llicks her body. If she licks him back, they mate. Males also sometimes wrestle one another to earn mating rights. Pregnant females then lay about 30 eggs, which they bury in the earth until they hatch eight months later.

When there aren't any males around, female Komodo dragons have other means of reproducing: As they have both male and female sex chromosomes, female dragons can reproduce asexually in a process called parthenogenesis.

Diet

As the dominant predators on the handful of islands they inhabit, Komodo dragons will eat almost anything, including carrion, deer, pigs, smaller dragons, and even large water buffalo. When hunting, Komodo dragons rely on camouflage and patience, lying in wait for passing prey. When a victim ambles by, the dragon springs, using its sharp claws, and serrated, shark-like teeth to eviscerate its prey.

Feeding

The Komodo dragon has venom glands loaded with toxins that lower blood pressure, cause massive bleeding, prevent clotting, and induce shock. Dragons bite down with serrated teeth and pull back with powerful neck muscles, resulting in huge gaping wounds. The venom then quickens the loss of blood and sends the prey into shock.

Animals that escape the jaws of a Komodo will only feel lucky briefly. Dragons can calmly follow an escapee for miles as the venom takes effect, using their keen sense of smell to home in on the corpse. A dragon can eat a whopping 80 percent of its body weight in a single feeding.

Threats to survival

While asexual reproduction does allow female Komodo dragons to replenish their population-an evolutionary advantage-it has a significant drawback: This reproduction process only results in sons. The dearth of other females within a population has led to evidence of inbreeding. The reptile's reluctance to stray far from home exacerbates the issue as the species' population declines and fragments.

Humans have also posed a threat to the Komodo dragon's survival. People have burned the Komodo dragon's habitat to clear it for other uses, while poachers target this reptile and its prey. Tourists, too, offer food handouts and disrupt the dragons' mating process-which led the government of Indonesia to consider a temporary closure of Komodo Island, one of several on which they're found, to tourism. But tourists are also important to conservation efforts, as the economic boost they provide incentives to locals to help protect the Komodo dragon.

Conservation

In 1980, Indonesia established Komodo National Park to protect the Komodo dragon and its habitat. This 700-square-mile refuge is also home to species such as the orange-footed scrub fowl and Timor deer, as well as a rich marine environment supporting whales, dolphins, sea turtles, sharks, corals, sponges, manta rays, and more than a thousand species of fish. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site, Komodo National Park has established patrols to prevent poaching. It also works with local communities to build awareness of the species and the importance of protecting it.

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Common Name: Komodo dragons Scientific Name: Varanus komodoensis Average Life Span In The Wild: Up to 30 years Size relative to a 6-ft man: Reaching up to 10 feet in length and more than 300 pounds, Komodo dragons are the heaviest lizards on Earth.

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it a very good video and descriptive although its like almost 8 years

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This website is very good, it's not very new but it has a publisher and it's an expert.It  also has a publishing date.

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It can be argued that no consumer electronics company has captured the public's fascination the way Apple has. Over the years, it has morphed into more than just a company or corporation, but for many it has become a representation of a lifestyle or culture, and a status symbol complete with a larger fan base than most pop stars.

Here at Mashable, we're also quite fascinated by Apple and its achievements. The company is known just as much for its veil of secrecy and ability to get the Internet buzzing with rumors, as it is for the actual products. You're probably in on the gossip, but there are likely a few things you don't know about Apple.

So read on for the origins of product names, factoids about the Apple logo, what Wozniak sold to finance the Apple I, and more wonders dug up from the archives of Apple's past.

1. The First Apple Logo Featured Isaac Newton

Although the now-retro rainbow logo is arguably Apple's most well known, the very first Apple logo featured Sir Isaac Newton sitting under a tree, with an apple about to hit his head. (Legend has it that he was literally hit on the head with an apple and that led to the concept of gravity.)

The Newton logo was designed by the lesser-known Apple founder Ronald Wayne (the guy who sold his stake to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak for $800 - ouch!) and was only used briefly in 1976, since its high level of detail didn't really show up that well when shrunk down and stuck on a product.

The rainbow apple, designed by Rob Janoff, replaced Sir Isaac and remained the symbol of the company for many years until the simpler monochromatic apple logo was introduced in 1998.

2. Wozniak Sold His Scientific Calculator to Raise Capital

In order to raise enough money to buy parts and build the first few orders of the Apple I, Steve Jobs sold his Volkswagen van and Wozniak, then an HP employee, sold his Hewlett-Packard 65 scientific calculator for $500.

Those born after 1990 might be surprised that a mere calculator would raise any kind of capital, but back in 1976, a scientific calculator will cost as much as a laptop (back in the day), and the HP-65 was in fact marketed as "the smallest programmable computer ever."

Woz got a decent price considering it retailed for $795, and we imagine any calculator in his possession would have been more than fairly well used. We wonder if the buyer knew he was getting a piece of computing history - just imagine how much that calculator would fetch on eBay today.

3. The Apple I Cost $666.66

The high prices of Apple's current computers have recently been among critics' biggest complaints. But historically speaking, Apple products have always boasted a higher a price tag.In fact, when you account for inflation, back in the day, the very first Apple computer would have been more expensive than the MacBook Air or even a 17-inch MacBook Pro today.

The Apple I wasn't priced at $666.66 with any Satanic connotations, but rather for more practical reasons, as Steve Wozniak once explained at a news conference, "I was into repeating digits," he said, and explained that the wholesale cost to stores was $500, and adding a third to get the retail price made it around $667, which Woz changed to all one repeating digit - $666.66 - "was just easier to type."

4. Apple Invented the "Dogcow"

Ever heard of "Dogcow?" Early Apple users probably have, as she - yes she - was included in the Cairo font as part of the original Macintosh. After the Cairo font was discontinued, Dogcow lived on with LaserWriter Driver 4.0 and then became a sort of mascot for the Apple tech staff.

Designed by Susan Kare, Clarus - Dogcow's given name - makes a "moof" sound and was found on all versions of the Mac operating system until OS X. In the late 1980s, she surged in popularity and started to be used by other developer groups - even Microsoft once used Dogcow in an advertisement.

As you could guess, Apple was none to fond of this, and the tech staff decided to write a Technical Note to stop the misuse. Later on, Technical Note #31 was included on the first Apple Developer CDs as an Easter egg, and Apple even registered trademarks for both Clarus the Dogcow, and her "moof" sound.

5. The Name "Macintosh" Was Inspired by an Apple

It's often cited that the Apple Lisa was named after Steve Jobs' daughter, but where did the name "Macintosh" come from? Apple employee Jef Raskin is responsible for coining the machine after his favorite variety of apple, smartly tying the whole fruit theme together.

Macintosh was just a code-name, and Steve Jobs is said to have tried to change the project's name to "Bicycle" while the McIntosh-loving staffer was out of office. But Raskin clearly knew a good name when he coined it, as Macintosh just had too much staying power and stuck right to the end of the product cycle.

6. Apple Made the First Mass-Market Color Digital Camera

Back in 1994, Apple actually launched the first mass-market color digital camera in the U.S. The Apple QuickTake 100 could snap an amazing eight photographs and connected to a Mac via a serial cable.

It cost $749, which is about the equivalent of $1,000 today, which seems ridiculous for a camera boasting less than one megapixel resolution and no digital display.

The QuickTake line expanded to two more models before Steve Jobs shut it down in 1997 when he returned to the helm at Apple and streamlined its product line.

7. The Name "iPod" Was Inspired By 2001: A Space Odyssey

Clever copywriter Vinnie Chieco is credited with coming up with the iPod name as part of a team assembled by Jobs to create a consumer-friendly moniker for the new device.

The story goes that Jobs had already decided the MP3 player's tag-line was to be "1,000 songs in your pocket," which left naming options wide open since it wouldn't have to explicitly refer something music related.

"As soon as I saw the white iPod, I thought 2001," Chieco told Wired in 2006. "Open the pod bay door, Hal! Then it was just a matter of adding the 'i' prefix, as in 'iMac.'"

Of course, Hal has another place in Apple history, in the sinister Y2K warning ad that Apple aired to advertise the fact that Macs would not implode with the whole 2000 switchover, unlike those pesky PCs people insisted on using. Oh wait...

8. The First iPod Had A Secret Easter Egg

Apple's first iPod came with a little secret - an Easter egg - in the form of a game that could be accessed if you knew the right combination of buttons to press.

How to find the game is described in Nick Triano's early 2002 Geek.com review of the iPod (memorable quote: "I don't think it's a stretch to say that it will change the way you listen to music"). "Go to the 'About' menu, hold down the center button for about three seconds, and you'll get a Breakout (Pong) game to play while you listen."

Breakout, the hidden game itself, is notable in Apple's history as it was a product that both Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak worked on together at Atari, where legend has it Jobs cheated Wozniak out of thousands of dollars of bonus money.

9. Who Is John Appleseed?

The name John, or Johnny Appleseed comes up time and time again in Apple history, but so far there is yet to be an official explanation as to why.

As many students will know, Johnny Appleseed was an 18th century American pioneer, missionary, and gardener. He was a kind-hearted folk hero with a penchant for apples, which appears to be the only tenuous connection to Apple Inc.

The earliest Johnny Appleseed reference we can find relates to Apple investor and former CEO Mike Markkula - it was apparently the pen-name he used when he wrote programs for the Apple II. Then there's the letter that could be seen when the Leopard TextEdit icon was enlarged. Yes, there is an actual letter composed on that icon, and it's Apple's "Think Different" campaign that ran in print and television ads in 1997:

"Here's to the crazy ones. The misfits. The rebels. The troublemakers. The round pegs in the square holes. The ones who see things differently. They're not fond of rules. And they have no respect for the status quo. You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them. About the only thing you can't do is ignore them. Because they change things."

That letter, is addressed to "Kate" and signed "Take Care, John Appleseed."

And most notably, John Appleseed shows up in the iPhone ads and related iPhone and Mac imagery. We fully admit to being geeks, as we actually called John Appleseed's number. Sadly, all we got on the other line was a voicemail box that hadn't yet been set up, and when we e-mailed to appleseed_john@mac.com it came back with a "delivery to the following recipient failed permanently," which seems like a missed marketing opportunity to us.

10. Jony Ive Sticks to the Same Shirt Too

Although much is made of Steve Jobs' uniform outfit (black St. Croix turtle neck, Levi 501 jeans, New Balance trainers) it turns out he is not the only senior Apple staffer to stick to the same styling year in and year out.

Apple's senior vice president of Industrial Design Jony Ive appears to have worn, if not the same, then the same style of t-shirt in every single Apple intro product video to date. For the last ten years, at least. Hey, we're on the same page as Jobs and Ive on this style sheet - if it ain't broke, don't fix it.
[Image credits: Apple advertising (main image, Apple I ad) - The MotherShip, McIntosh apple - Lars Zapf, Apple QuickTake - CNet]

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10 Fascinating Facts You Didn't Know About Apple

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It can be argued that no consumer electronics company has captured the public's fascination the way Apple has. Over the years, it has morphed into more than just a company or corporation, but for many it has become a representation of a lifestyle or culture, and a status symbol complete with a larger fan base than most pop stars.

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Learn things that you didn't know abut the Statue of Liberty.

This source has good quality images, is easy to understand for younger audience and is from the year 2019 which makes the information recent.

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9 Secrets of the Statue of Liberty Most People Don't Know

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this boy is going to be a promised of football and this are all the highlight how this boy play at football

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Sports Illustrated Syracuse Orange News, Analysis and More

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Class of 2022 Opa Locka (Fla.) Monsignor Pace linebacker Mekhi Mason released his top seven on Monday, and Syracuse made the cut. The other six schools on Mason's list were Florida State, Georgia Tech, Indiana, Ole Miss, Pittsburgh and West Virginia.

"I love everything at Syracuse," Mason said about the Orange's inclusion on his list. "From the school to the coaching staff."
CLICK HERE TO SUBSCRIBE TO THE FREE ALL SYRACUSE NEWSLETTER TO GET THE LATEST ORANGE UPDATES SENT TO YOUR INBOX!
Mason is visiting Syracuse this week, arriving on Thursday April 8th and visiting the school on the 9th and 10th. The visit will be a self-guided tour as face to face contact with the coaching staff is currently prohibited by the NCAA due to the ongoing pandemic. The fact that Mason and his family are coming up on their own volition and staying multiple days shows that the interest in Syracuse is very real.

"Just to get a feel for the school," Mason said of what he's looking for on the visit.

Mason is listed at 6-1, 220-pounds. He has official visits scheduled to West Virginia and Indiana in June. His lead recruiter at Syracuse is Nick Monroe. Mason saw the Syracuse campus virtually back in February.

"Got a view of the campus and asked a Mikel Jones, who plays on the football team from South Florida, a few questions," Mason said after the virtual visit. "They showed me the whole campus, north and south. The building that stood out to me was the business management building because that's what I want to major in. It has been the nicest campus that I virtually visited so far."

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Syracuse Makes Top Seven for 2022 Linebacker Mekhi Mason

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Class of 2022 Opa Locka (Fla.) Monsignor Pace linebacker Mekhi Mason released his top seven on Monday, and Syracuse made the cut. The other six schools on Mason's list were Florida State, Georgia Tech, Indiana, Ole Miss, Pittsburgh and West Virginia. "I love everything at Syracuse," Mason said about the Orange's inclusion on his list.

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This information is really good because it’s a beginner’s guide to this new app: TikTok. This app is used for entertainment, also it tells you how to use it.

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It's been more than three years since the lip-syncing app Musical.ly, now known as TikTok, first became popular among tweens and teens. The social network has since spread far beyond Generation Z: TikTok has been downloaded over 1 billion times, including 96 million in the United States, according to estimates from the research firm Sensor Tower. It's also owned by the Chinese company Bytedance, now considered one of the most valuable startups in the world. The app itself revolves around sharing 15-second videoclips, which are set to music often licensed from artists and record labels.

TikTok is now beloved not only by lip-syncing 14-year-olds, but also by comedians, athletes, and, yes, brands. Major corporations like Coca-Cola, Nike, ABC, and Google have run advertising campaigns on TikTok. Even Khloé Kardashian has been paid to post sponsored content on the platform. But the app isn't just home to ads: TikTok is also ground zero for some of the internet's most popular memes.

You can be forgiven if you feel like you don't understand TikTok. The app is fast-paced and chaotic, combining elements of Spotify, Snapchat, Vine, and Twitch into a single social network. Here's what you need to know to get started, from TikTok "Challenges" to Coins and Original sounds.

Getting Started: Set Up Your Account

The first thing you'll need is a pair of headphones. There's just no way to enjoy TikTok with the sound off. After you download the app, you can immediately start browsing videos. But in order to post any yourself, you'll need to sign up for an account.

You can make an account using your email, your phone number, or a third-party platform like Facebook. The app automatically assigns you a username. If you sign up for TikTok with your phone number, the app will generate a generic username such as user1234567. Using an email address generates a more personalized ID (although that may present a privacy issue for users).

To change your username, tap the icon in the right bottom corner that looks like a person's upper body. Then hit Edit Profile. Here, you can change it to something more unique, as well as add a bio, picture, and Profile Video.

By default, TikTok accounts are public, meaning anyone can see your profile and view the videos you post. To adjust these privacy settings, tap the three dots in the top right corner of your profile.

Navigating TikTok

Now that your profile is ready to go, it's time to watch some TikToks. The app is divided into two main feeds. The default is For You, an algorithmically generated stream of videos akin to Instagram's Explore page. Swipe left and you'll find the other, Following, which features uploads from people you choose to follow. TikTok is like a never-ending variety show; it's pure entertainment. Follow creators who make you laugh, like @k.chh, who posts hilarious skits, or opt instead for adorable accounts like @cute_puppies12, which posts the tiniest dogs I've ever seen.

You'll notice to the right of every TikTok video a series of icons. The first will take you to the profile of the user who posted it. Then there's a heart, which functions just like hearts, or likes, on Instagram. Next are comments, then a right-pointing arrow for sharing individual TikToks to other platforms. Click the arrow if you want to copy the link to a specific TikTok, for example, to share it on iMessage. (One note for left-handers: You might find TikTok hard to use, at least at first, since it's often right-oriented.)

The very last icon is a spinning record with music notes emanating from it. This represents the song excerpt the user is playing in their TikTok. Click on it to see the track's name and artist, as well as a feed of other TikToks that also feature it. For instance, "Fake ID" by Riton and Kah-Lo-a particularly popular track on TikTok-has been featured in over 1.4 million videos, which are shown on the song's page. These clips are likely not the full extent of "Fake ID" TikToks on the platform, but more on that a little later.

Don't want to see a certain kind of TikTok in your feed? Hard press on the video to reveal a Not Interested button.

Filming and Sharing TikTok Videos

Ready to share your own TikTok? First, tap the plus sign at the bottom of the screen. The camera will open, revealing a red record button reminiscent of Snapchat. Before you start recording, you can add a song, so that your lip-sync, dance, or skit is in time with the music. If you want to film something in the moment, you can skip ahead and start recording without a musical track, then add the music later.

Like Snapchat, TikTok has an array of AR effects that can be used in videos, which do things like change the color of your hair or eyes. Tap Effects on the left-hand side to browse them. The World tab includes options meant for the environment, such as a delicious-looking slice of augmented-reality pizza. There are even special effects designed to be used on dogs and cats.

On the right side of the recording screen is a Beauty button, which subtly erases the dark shadows under your eyes. Below it is the filters menu. Unlike Instagram, whose filters have now-iconic names like Mayfair and Valencia, TikTok's are simply numbered. The last and most important feature here is the timer, which lets users film videos without continuously holding down the record button. It's what makes TikTok's signature dancing videos possible.

TikToks can be up to 15 seconds long, but users can also connect multiple clips together for up to 60 seconds of total recording. You can also upload longer videos that have been recorded outside the app itself.

Once you master regular TikToks, try experimenting with duets, which split the screen in half and let you sing the same song as another creator. To make a duet, tap the share button on the original video, and then hit Duet.

Music, Hashtags, and Challenges

Music is at the heart of TikTok; picking a popular song can be the primary reason a video goes viral. Here's how to choose one. First, tap Add a Sound on the right side of the recording screen. A Spotify-esque streaming menu of artists and records will appear. Here, you can browse the most popular tracks on the platform, as well as check out songs from Apple Music.

There aren't full-length songs on TikTok; the platform is dominated by short clips, which can't be edited. In other words, if you dream of doing the floss to a particular portion of your favorite song, you may be out of luck. But there's a way around this problem. Many TikTok users simply play a song from another device-such as a computer or stereo-while they're recording. TikTok will then register the track as an "Original sound," which other users can then add to their own videos. A word of caution: Using this loophole may result in copyright violations.

On this same music streaming menu are the songs associated with TikTok #Challenges. Challenges are what unite the TikTok community, and they're often sponsored by advertisers. Right now, for instance, ABC is running the #LikeAnAmericanIdol challenge on TikTok, which invites you to "show off your amazing voice!" (So far, 25.3 million videos have been created featuring the hashtag.) Google recently ran a similar challenge campaign with the hashtag #HeyGoogleHelp.

Most challenges aren't sponsored. Instead, they're created by TikTok and the community itself. The app is currently featuring the #faketravel challenge for instance, in which users pretend to be on a luxurious vacation. The meme pokes fun at influencers who brag about their #jetsetlifestyle on other platforms like Instagram.

To browse all of TikTok's current challenges, tap the magnifying glass at the bottom of the home screen. At the top of this same menu, there's a search bar, which can be used to search for specific creators, sounds, or hashtags.

Views, Notifications, and Other Metrics

Once you start sharing TikToks, you can check how many people have watched them by looking at the view numbers on your profile. Tap the notifications icon at the bottom of the home screen to see who has commented or liked your videos. Here, you can also see who has looked at your profile or followed you. One important tip: TikTok is notorious for sending hoards of engagement bait in the form of push notifications. If that sort of spam sounds unappealing, turn off TikTok notifications in your phone's settings menu.

TikTok also notifies users when popular creators are "LIVE streaming" (the feature isn't available for every user). As on Twitch, while watching a live stream you can tip creators in virtual goods, which are purchased with TikTok Coins. $1 equals 100 coins. Creators often acknowledge their fans or answer questions they ask in exchange for these gifts, a portion of which they can convert into regular currency.

You're Ready to Go

You now know how to join the latest TikTok #Challenge. You've added a digital pepperoni slice to your lip-syncing masterpiece. And you maybe even danced a little. You're ready to explore TikTok. The app has plenty of additional features, and the best way to find them is by playing around yourself. So turn up the volume and go forth.

More Great WIRED Stories

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It's been more than three years since the lip-syncing app Musical.ly, now known as TikTok, first became popular among tweens and teens. The social network has since spread far beyond Generation Z: TikTok has been downloaded over 1 billion times, including 96 million in the United States, according to estimates from the research firm Sensor Tower.

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It has lots of usfull informastion its understandable and theres even some unknown things that I bet you did'nt know.

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Teeth are a very important part of your body. Without your teeth, you would not be able to smile, eat the food you love, or talk to people. We all know that seeing your dentist and brushing your teeth regularly will keep your teeth healthy, but do you know these fun facts?

Did you know this about your teeth?

The enamel on the top surface of your tooth is the hardest part of your entire body.

The human mouth contains more bacteria than there are people on Earth.

Tastebuds have a lifespan of about 10 days and take about 1 to 2 weeks to regenerate.

The tooth is the only part of the body that can't heal itself.

You can only see 1/3 of your tooth. The other 2/3 is hidden under your gums.

Did you know this about flossing?

When you don't floss, you miss cleaning roughly 35% of your tooth's surface.

Flossing can extend your life expectancy up to 6 years because it reduces the chances of infectious diseases and can even prevent heart attacks.

73% of Americans would rather go grocery shopping than floss.

Did you know this about your teeth's health?

90% of system diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, have connections to your oral health.

A sore jaw combined with chest pain can signal a heart attack - especially in women.

It's important to keep your toothbrush dry because bacteria grows faster on wet surfaces.

Tooth decay is the second most common disease, second only to the common cold.

78% of Americans have at least 1 cavity by age 17.

Tooth decay is the most common childhood disease.

More Fun Facts About Teeth

The average woman smiles 62 times a day, while men smile only 8 times a day.

50% of people claim that a person's smile is the first feature they notice about another person.

Mice are always gnawing or nibbling on things because their teeth never stop growing. The gnawing helps file down their teeth.

59% of people would rather have a dental appointment than sit next to someone who is talking on a cell phone.

60% of adults are attracted to somebody by their smile alone.

On average, people spend around 38 days in his/her lifetime brushing their teeth.

A smile is the best thing you can wear, so it's important to take care of your teeth. To get the proper care you need for healthy teeth, call Reno Dental Associates to set up an appointment today!
Talk to an Expert!

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Fun Facts About Teeth - Reno Dental Associates

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Teeth are a very important part of your body. Without your teeth, you would not be able to smile, eat the food you love, or talk to people. We all know that seeing your dentist and brushing your teeth regularly will keep your teeth healthy, but do you know these fun facts?

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In this website there are solustions for teeth problems. It also has lots of informastion, you can even see your teeth in a diagramm.

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Teeth Tests

Teeth X-ray films: X-ray pictures of the teeth may detect cavities below the gum line, or that are too small to identify otherwise.

Teeth examination: By viewing and gently manipulating the teeth, a dentist can detect potential teeth problems.

Teeth Treatments

Brushing teeth: Daily brushing of the teeth removes plaque and helps prevent cavities.

Flossing teeth: Using floss or an approved dental gum cleaner cleans teeth below the gum line, where brushing cannot reach.

Rinsing teeth: Rinsing daily with an antiseptic mouthwash kills bacteria that cause bad breath and gum disease.

Teeth cleaning: Professional teeth cleaning every six months may help prevent teeth and gum disease.

Tooth filling: Drilling out the diseased part of a tooth and packing the space with a mineral filling can prevent a cavity from destroying the tooth.

Root canal: The deep pulp of a tooth is drilled out, cleaned, and filled. A root canal is done when damage to the teeth has affected the deep pulp.

Tooth extraction: If a tooth is too damaged to repair with a filling or root canal, it may be removed. Wisdom teeth are often extracted to prevent displacement of the other teeth.

Braces: An artificial device or system that places teeth under tension for a long period of time. Eventually, braces can help crooked teeth become realigned.

Mouth guard: A plastic mouthpiece can provide protection from teeth grinding and injury during sports.

Dental sealants: A plastic sealant applied to the teeth can help block bacteria from hiding in crevices on teeth surfaces. Sealants can help prevent cavities.

Teeth whitening: Over-the-counter and professional chemical treatments can bleach teeth to a brighter white. Tooth sensitivity is the most common side effect.

Image Source

© 2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.

The teeth are the hardest substances in the human body. Besides being essential for chewing, the teeth play an important role in speech. Parts of the teeth include:

* Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Enamel is mostly made of calcium phosphate, a rock-hard mineral.
* Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. It is a hard tissue that contains microscopic tubes. When the enamel is damaged, heat or cold can enter the tooth through these paths and cause sensitivity or pain.
* Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of the teeth.
* Cementum: A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone.
* Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw.

A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about age 13:

* Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws.
* Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors.
* Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars.
* Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food.
* Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth.

The crown of each tooth projects into the mouth. The root of each tooth descends below the gum line, into the jaw.

Teeth Conditions

Cavities (caries): Bacteria evade removal by brushing and saliva and damage the enamel and deeper structures of teeth. Most cavities occur on molars and premolars.

Tooth decay: A general name for disease of the teeth, including cavities.

Periodontitis: Inflammation of the deeper structures of the teeth (periodontal ligament, jawbone, and cementum). Poor oral hygiene is usually to blame.

Gingivitis: Inflammation of the surface portion of the gums, around and between the crowns of the teeth. Plaque and tartar buildup can lead to gingivitis.

Plaque: A sticky, colorless film made of bacteria and the substances they secrete. Plaque develops quickly on teeth after eating sugary food, but can be easily brushed off.

Tartar: If plaque is not removed, it mixes with minerals to become tartar, a harder substance. Tartar requires professional cleaning for removal.

Overbite: The upper teeth protrude significantly over the lower teeth.

Underbite: The lower teeth protrude significantly past the upper teeth.

Teeth grinding (bruxism): Stress, anxiety, or sleep disorders can cause teeth grinding, usually during sleep. A dull headache or sore jaw can be symptoms.

Tooth sensitivity: When one or more teeth become sensitive to hot or cold, it may mean the dentin is exposed.

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The Teeth (Human Anatomy): Diagram, Names, Number, and Conditions

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Teeth X-ray films: X-ray pictures of the teeth may detect cavities below the gum line, or that are too small to identify otherwise. Teeth examination: By viewing and gently manipulating the teeth, a dentist can detect potential teeth problems. Brushing teeth: Daily brushing of the teeth removes plaque and helps prevent cavities.

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This website is good because it shows 30 coffe shops and the writers are experts on the Topic.

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While New York is full of great coffee, the sea of cafes can be hard to navigate. Here to help is a guide to New York's top coffee shops. This map shares where to find the brightest espresso, the best-made cappuccino, or just a really good drip coffee.
Note: Restaurants on this map are listed based on geography, south to north through Manhattan, and north to south through Brooklyn. This is an updated version of a map originally published in 2015.

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While New York is full of great coffee, the sea of cafes can be hard to navigate. Here to help is a guide to New York's top coffee shops. This map shares where to find the brightest espresso, the best-made cappuccino, or just a really good drip coffee.

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This source is not that good because it doesn’t have an author nor suggestions.

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Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company that specializes in consumer electronics, software and online services headquartered in Cupertino, California, United States. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue (totaling US$365.8 billion in 2021) and as of June 2022, is the world's biggest company by market capitalization, the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales and second-largest mobile phone manufacturer. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft.

Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. in 1977 and the company's next computer, the Apple II, became a best seller and one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. The company developed computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces, including the 1984 original Macintosh, announced that year in a critically acclaimed advertisement. By 1985, the high cost of its products and power struggles between executives caused problems. Wozniak stepped back from Apple amicably and pursued other ventures, while Jobs resigned bitterly and founded NeXT, taking some Apple employees with him.

As the market for personal computers expanded and evolved throughout the 1990s, Apple lost considerable market share to the lower-priced duopoly of the Microsoft Windows operating system on Intel-powered PC clones (also known as " Wintel"). In 1997, weeks away from bankruptcy, the company bought NeXT to resolve Apple's unsuccessful operating system strategy and entice Jobs back to the company. Over the next decade, Jobs guided Apple back to profitability through a number of tactics including introducing the iMac, iPod, iPhone and iPad to critical acclaim, launching " Think different" and other memorable advertising campaigns, opening the Apple Store retail chain, and acquiring numerous companies to broaden the company's product portfolio. When Jobs resigned in 2011 for health reasons, and died two months later, he was succeeded as CEO by Tim Cook.

Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to be valued at over $1 trillion in August 2018, then $2 trillion in August 2020, and most recently $3 trillion in January 2022. The company receives criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors, its environmental practices, and its business ethics, including anti-competitive practices and materials sourcing. Nevertheless, the company has a large following and enjoys a high level of brand loyalty. It is ranked as one of the world's most valuable brands.

1976-1980: Founding and incorporation

Apple Computer Company was founded on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne as a business partnership. The company's first product was the Apple I, a computer designed and hand-built entirely by Wozniak. To finance its creation, Jobs sold his only motorized means of transportation, a VW Bus, for a few hundred dollars, and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator for US$500 (equivalent to $2,381 in 2021). Wozniak debuted the first prototype Apple I at the Homebrew Computer Club in July 1976. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips-a base kit concept which would not yet be marketed as a complete personal computer. It went on sale soon after debut for US$666.66 (equivalent to $3,175 in 2021). Wozniak later said he was unaware of the coincidental mark of the beast in the number 666, and that he came up with the price because he liked "repeating digits".

Apple Computer, Inc. was incorporated on January 3, 1977, without Wayne, who had left and sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800 only twelve days after having co-founded Apple. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of US$250,000 (equivalent to $1,117,930 in 2021) to Jobs and Wozniak during the incorporation of Apple. During the first five years of operations, revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980, yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118 million, an average annual growth rate of 533%.

The Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16, 1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics and open architecture. While the Apple I and early Apple II models used ordinary audio cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a -inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II in 1978.

The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the first " killer application" of the business world: VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program released in 1979. VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II: compatibility with the office. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore and Tandy. By the end of the 1970s, Apple had become the leading computer manufacturer in the United States.

On December 12, 1980, Apple (ticker symbol "AAPL") went public selling 4.6 million shares at $22 per share ($.10 per share when adjusting for stock splits as of September 3, 2022), generating over $100 million, which was more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956. By the end of the day, 300 millionaires were created, from a stock price of $29 per share and a market cap of $1.778 billion.

1980-1990: Success with Macintosh

A critical moment in the company's history came in December 1979 when Jobs and several Apple employees, including human-computer interface expert Jef Raskin, visited Xerox PARC in to see a demonstration of the Xerox Alto, a computer using a graphical user interface. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for the option to buy 100,000 shares (22.4 million split-adjusted shares as of September 3, 2022) of Apple at the pre-IPO price of $10 a share. After the demonstration, Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a graphical user interface, and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa, named after Jobs's daughter.

The Lisa division would be plagued by infighting, and in 1982 Jobs was pushed off the project. The Lisa launched in 1983 and became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI, but was a commercial failure due to its high price and limited software titles.

In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh, the first personal computer to be sold without a programming language. Its debut was signified by "1984", a $1.5 million television advertisement directed by Ridley Scott that aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984. This is now hailed as a watershed event for Apple's success and was called a "masterpiece" by CNN and one of the greatest TV advertisements of all time by .

The advertisement created great interest in the original Macintosh, and sales were initially good, but began to taper off dramatically after the first three months as reviews started to come in. Jobs had made the decision to equip the original Macintosh with 128 kilobytes of RAM, attempting to reach a US$1,000 (equivalent to $2,608 in 2021) price point, which limited its speed and the software that could be used. The Macintosh would eventually ship for US$2,495 (equivalent to $6,508 in 2021), a price panned by critics in light of its slow performance. In early 1985, this sales slump triggered a power struggle between Steve Jobs and CEO John Sculley, who had been hired away from Pepsi two years earlier by Jobs using the famous line, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life or come with me and change the world?" Sculley decided to remove Jobs as the head of the Macintosh division, with unanimous support from the Apple board of directors.

The board of directors instructed Sculley to contain Jobs and his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products. Rather than submit to Sculley's direction, Jobs attempted to oust him from his leadership role at Apple. Informed by Jean-Louis Gassée, Sculley found out that Jobs had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup and called an emergency meeting at which Apple's executive staff sided with Sculley and stripped Jobs of all operational duties. Jobs resigned from Apple in September 1985 and took a number of Apple employees with him to found NeXT. Wozniak had also quit his active employment at Apple earlier in 1985 to pursue other ventures, expressing his frustration with Apple's treatment of the Apple II division and stating that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years". Despite Wozniak's grievances, he officially remained employed by Apple, and to this day continues to work for the company as a representative, receiving a stipend estimated to be $120,000 per year for this role. Both Jobs and Wozniak remained Apple shareholders after their departures.

After the departures of Jobs and Wozniak, Sculley worked to improve the Macintosh in 1985 by quadrupling the RAM and introducing the LaserWriter, the first reasonably priced PostScript laser printer. PageMaker, an early desktop publishing application taking advantage of the PostScript language, was also released by Aldus Corporation in July 1985. It has been suggested that the combination of Macintosh, LaserWriter and PageMaker was responsible for the creation of the desktop publishing market.

This dominant position in the desktop publishing market allowed the company to focus on higher price points, the so-called "high-right policy" named for the position on a chart of price vs. profits. Newer models selling at higher price points offered higher profit margin, and appeared to have no effect on total sales as power users snapped up every increase in speed. Although some worried about pricing themselves out of the market, the high-right policy was in full force by the mid-1980s, notably due to Jean-Louis Gassée's mantra of "fifty-five or die", referring to the 55% profit margins of the Macintosh II.

This policy began to backfire in the last years of the decade as desktop publishing programs appeared on PC clones that offered some or much of the same functionality of the Macintosh, but at far lower price points. The company lost its dominant position in the desktop publishing market and estranged many of its original consumer customer base who could no longer afford their high-priced products. The Christmas season of 1989 was the first in the company's history to have declining sales, which led to a 20% drop in Apple's stock price. During this period, the relationship between Sculley and Gassée deteriorated, leading Sculley to effectively demote Gassée in January 1990 by appointing Michael Spindler as the chief operating officer. Gassée left the company later that year.

1990-1997: Decline and restructuring

The company pivoted strategy and in October 1990 introduced three lower-cost models, the Macintosh Classic, the Macintosh LC, and the Macintosh IIsi, all of which saw significant sales due to pent-up demand. In 1991, Apple introduced the hugely successful PowerBook with a design that set the current shape for almost all modern laptops. The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the Macintosh operating system, adding color to the interface and introducing new networking capabilities.

The success of the lower-cost Macs and PowerBook brought increasing revenue. For some time, Apple was doing incredibly well, introducing fresh new products and generating increasing profits in the process. The magazine named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the "first golden age" of the Macintosh.

The success of Apple's lower-cost consumer models, especially the LC, also led to the cannibalization of their higher-priced machines. To address this, management introduced several new brands, selling largely identical machines at different price points, aimed at different markets: the high-end Quadra models, the mid-range Centris line, and the consumer-marketed Performa series. This led to significant market confusion, as customers did not understand the difference between models.

The early 1990s also saw the discontinuation of the Apple II series, which was expensive to produce, and the company felt was still taking sales away from lower-cost Macintosh models. After the launch of the LC, Apple began encouraging developers to create applications for Macintosh rather than Apple II, and authorized salespersons to direct consumers towards Macintosh and away from Apple II. The Apple IIe was discontinued in 1993.

Throughout this period, Microsoft continued to gain market share with its Windows graphical user interface that it sold to manufacturers of generally less expensive PC clones. While the Macintosh was more expensive, it offered a more tightly integrated user experience, but the company struggled to make the case to consumers.

Apple also experimented with a number of other unsuccessful consumer targeted products during the 1990s, including digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, video game consoles, the eWorld online service, and TV appliances. Most notably, enormous resources were invested in the problem-plagued Newton tablet division, based on John Sculley's unrealistic market forecasts.

Throughout this period, Microsoft continued to gain market share with Windows by focusing on delivering software to inexpensive personal computers, while Apple was delivering a richly engineered but expensive experience. Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response; instead, they sued Microsoft for using a GUI similar to the Apple Lisa in Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. The lawsuit dragged on for years before it was finally dismissed.

With Spindler at the helm Apple, IBM, and Motorola formed the AIM alliance in 1994 with the goal of creating a new computing platform (the PowerPC Reference Platform; PReP), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple software. The AIM alliance hoped that PReP's performance and Apple's software would leave the PC far behind and thus counter the dominance of Windows. The same year, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh, the first of many Apple computers to use Motorola's PowerPC processor.

This period was also marked by numerous failed attempts to modernize the Macintosh operating system (MacOS). The original Macintosh operating system ( System 1) was not built for multitasking (running several applications at once). The company attempted to correct this with by introducing cooperative multitasking in System 5, but the company still felt it needed a more modern approach. This led to the Pink project in 1988, A/UX that same year, Copland in 1994, and the attempted purchase of BeOS in 1996. Talks with Be stalled when the CEO, former Apple executive Jean-Louis Gassée, demanded $300 million instead of the $125 million Apple wanted to pay.

Only weeks away from bankruptcy, Apple's board decided NeXTSTEP was a better choice for its next operating system and purchased NeXT in late 1996 for $429 million, bringing back Apple co-founder Steve Jobs.

1997-2007: Return to profitability

The NeXT acquisition was finalized on February 9, 1997, and the board brought Jobs back to Apple as an advisor. On July 9, 1997, Jobs staged a boardroom coup that resulted in Amelio's resignation after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses.

The board named Jobs as interim CEO and he immediately began a review of the company's products. Jobs would order 70% of the company's products to be cancelled, resulting in the loss of 3,000 jobs, and taking Apple back to the core of its computer offerings. The next month, in August 1997, Steve Jobs convinced Microsoft to make a $150 million investment in Apple and a commitment to continue developing software for the Mac. The investment was seen as an "antitrust insurance policy" for Microsoft who had recently settled with the Department of Justice over anti-competitive practices. Jobs also ended the Mac clone deals and in September 1997, purchased the largest clone maker, Power Computing. On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store website, which was tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing that had been successfully used by PC manufacturer Dell.

The moves paid off for Jobs, at the end of his first year as CEO, the company turned a $309 million profit.

On May 6, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the original Macintosh: the iMac. The iMac was a huge success for Apple selling 800,000 units in its first five months and ushered in major shifts in the industry by abandoning legacy technologies like the , being an early adopter of the USB connector, and coming pre-installed with internet connectivity (the "i" in iMac) via Ethernet and a dial-up modem. The device also had a striking eardrop shape and translucent materials, designed by Jonathan Ive, who although hired by Amelio, would go on to work collaboratively with Jobs for the next decade to chart a new course the design of Apple's products.

A little more than a year later on July 21, 1999, Apple introduced the iBook, a laptop for consumers. It was the culmination of a strategy established by Jobs to produce only four products: refined versions of the Power Macintosh G3 desktop and PowerBook G3 laptop for professionals, along with the iMac desktop and iBook laptop for consumers. Jobs felt the small product line allowed for a greater focus on quality and innovation.

At around the same time, Apple also completed numerous acquisitions to create a portfolio of digital media production software for both professionals and consumers. Apple acquired of Macromedia's Key Grip digital video editing software project which was renamed Final Cut Pro when it was launched on the retail market in April 1999. The development of Key Grip also led to Apple's release of the consumer video-editing product iMovie in October 1999. Next, Apple successfully acquired the German company Astarte in April 2000, which had developed the DVD authoring software DVDirector, which Apple would sell as the professional-oriented DVD Studio Pro software product, and used the same technology to create iDVD for the consumer market. In 2000, Apple purchased the SoundJam MP audio player software from Casady & Greene. Apple renamed the program iTunes, while simplifying the user interface and adding the ability to burn CDs.

2001 would be a pivotal year for the Apple with the company making three announcements that would change the course of the company.

The first announcement came on March 24, 2001, that Apple was nearly ready to release a new modern operating system, Mac OS X. The announcement came after numerous failed attempts in the early 1990s, and several years of development. Mac OS X was based on NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, and BSD Unix, with Apple aiming to combine the stability, reliability, and security of Unix with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface, heavily influenced by NeXTSTEP. To aid users in migrating from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications within Mac OS X via the Classic Environment.

In May 2001, the company opened its first two Apple Store retail locations in Virginia and California, offering an improved presentation of the company's products. At the time, many speculated that the stores would fail, but they went on to become highly successful, and the first of more than 500 stores around the world.

In 2003, Apple's iTunes Store was introduced. The service offered music downloads for 99¢ a song and integration with the iPod. The iTunes Store quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over five billion downloads by June 19, 2008. Two years later, the iTunes Store was the world's largest music retailer.

In 2002, Apple purchased Nothing Real for their advanced digital compositing application Shake, as well as Emagic for the music productivity application Logic. The purchase of Emagic made Apple the first computer manufacturer to own a music software company. The acquisition was followed by the development of Apple's consumer-level GarageBand application. The release of iPhoto in the same year completed the iLife suite.

At the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 6, 2005, Jobs announced that Apple would move away from PowerPC processors, and the Mac would transition to Intel processors in 2006. On January 10, 2006, the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to use Intel's Core Duo CPU. By August 7, 2006, Apple made the transition to Intel chips for the entire Mac product line-over one year sooner than announced. The Power Mac, iBook, and PowerBook brands were retired during the transition; the Mac Pro, MacBook, and MacBook Pro became their respective successors. On April 29, 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was building its own team of engineers to design microchips. Apple also introduced Boot Camp in 2006 to help users install Windows XP or Windows Vista on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.

Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share ( split-adjusted) to over $80. When Apple surpassed Dell's market cap in January 2006, Jobs sent an email to Apple employees saying Dell's CEO Michael Dell should eat his words. Nine years prior, Dell had said that if he ran Apple he would "shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders".

2007-2011: Success with mobile devices

During his keynote speech at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would thereafter be known as "Apple Inc.", because the company had shifted its emphasis from computers to consumer electronics. This event also saw the announcement of the iPhone and the Apple TV. The company sold 270,000 iPhone units during the first 30 hours of sales, and the device was called "a game changer for the industry".

In an article posted on Apple's website on February 6, 2007, Jobs wrote that Apple would be willing to sell music on the iTunes Store without digital rights management (DRM), thereby allowing tracks to be played on third-party players, if record labels would agree to drop the technology. On April 2, 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May 2007. Other record labels eventually followed suit and Apple published a press release in January 2009 to announce that all songs on the iTunes Store are available without their FairPlay DRM.

In July 2008, Apple launched the App Store to sell third-party applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch. Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and registered an average daily revenue of $1 million, with Jobs speculating in August 2008 that the App Store could become a billion-dollar business for Apple. By October 2008, Apple was the third-largest mobile handset supplier in the world due to the popularity of the iPhone.

On January 14, 2009, Jobs announced in an internal memo that he would be taking a six-month medical leave of absence from Apple until the end of June 2009 and would spend the time focusing on his health. In the email, Jobs stated that "the curiosity over my personal health continues to be a distraction not only for me and my family, but everyone else at Apple as well", and explained that the break would allow the company "to focus on delivering extraordinary products". Though Jobs was absent, Apple recorded its best non-holiday quarter (Q1 FY 2009) during the recession with revenue of $8.16 billion and profit of $1.21 billion.

After years of speculation and multiple rumored "leaks", Apple unveiled a large screen, tablet-like media device known as the iPad on January 27, 2010. The iPad ran the same touch-based operating system as the iPhone, and all iPhone apps were compatible with the iPad. This gave the iPad a large app catalog on launch, though having very little development time before the release. Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the US. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week. In May of the same year, Apple's market cap exceeded that of competitor Microsoft for the first time since 1989.

In June 2010, Apple released the iPhone 4, which introduced video calling using FaceTime, multitasking, and a new uninsulated stainless steel design that acted as the phone's antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch iPod Nano, an iPod Touch with FaceTime, and an iPod Shuffle that brought back the clickwheel buttons of earlier generations. It also introduced the smaller, cheaper second generation Apple TV which allowed renting of movies and shows.

On January 17, 2011, Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence for an indefinite period to allow him to focus on his health. Chief Operating Officer Tim Cook assumed Jobs's day-to-day operations at Apple, although Jobs would still remain "involved in major strategic decisions". Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world. In June 2011, Jobs surprisingly took the stage and unveiled iCloud, an online storage and syncing service for music, photos, files, and software which replaced MobileMe, Apple's previous attempt at content syncing. This would be the last product launch Jobs would attend before his death.

On August 24, 2011, Jobs resigned his position as CEO of Apple. He was replaced by Cook and Jobs became Apple's chairman. Apple did not have a chairman at the time and instead had two co-lead directors, Andrea Jung and Arthur D. Levinson, who continued with those titles until Levinson replaced Jobs as chairman of the board in November after Jobs' death.

2011-present: Post-Jobs era, Cook's leadership

On October 5, 2011, Steve Jobs died, marking the end of an era for Apple. The first major product announcement by Apple following Jobs's passing occurred on January 19, 2012, when Apple's Phil Schiller introduced iBook's Textbooks for iOS and iBook Author for Mac OS X in New York City. Jobs stated in the biography "Jobs" that he wanted to reinvent the textbook industry and education.

From 2011 to 2012, Apple released the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5, which featured improved cameras, an intelligent software assistant named Siri, and cloud-synced data with iCloud; the third and fourth generation iPads, which featured Retina displays; and the iPad Mini, which featured a 7.9-inch screen in contrast to the iPad's 9.7-inch screen. These launches were successful, with the iPhone 5 (released September 21, 2012) becoming Apple's biggest iPhone launch with over two million pre-orders and sales of three million iPads in three days following the launch of the iPad Mini and fourth generation iPad (released November 3, 2012). Apple also released a third-generation 13-inch MacBook Pro with a Retina display and new iMac and Mac Mini computers.

On August 20, 2012, Apple's rising stock price increased the company's market capitalization to a then-record $624 billion. This beat the non-inflation-adjusted record for market capitalization previously set by Microsoft in 1999. On August 24, 2012, a US jury ruled that Samsung should pay Apple $1.05 billion (£665m) in damages in an intellectual property lawsuit. Samsung appealed the damages award, which was reduced by $450 million and further granted Samsung's request for a new trial. On November 10, 2012, Apple confirmed a global settlement that dismissed all existing lawsuits between Apple and HTC up to that date, in favor of a ten-year license agreement for current and future patents between the two companies. It is predicted that Apple will make $280 million a year from this deal with HTC.

In May 2014, the company confirmed its intent to acquire Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine's audio company Beats Electronics-producer of the "Beats by Dr. Dre" line of headphones and speaker products, and operator of the music streaming service Beats Music -for $3 billion, and to sell their products through Apple's retail outlets and resellers. Iovine believed that Beats had always "belonged" with Apple, as the company modeled itself after Apple's "unmatched ability to marry culture and technology." The acquisition was the largest purchase in Apple's history.

During a press event on September 9, 2014, Apple introduced a smartwatch, the Apple Watch. Initially, Apple marketed the device as a fashion accessory and a complement to the iPhone, that would allow people to look at their smartphones less. Over time, the company has focused on developing health and fitness-oriented features on the watch, in an effort to compete with dedicated activity trackers.

In June 2017, Apple announced the HomePod, its smart speaker aimed to compete against Sonos, Google Home, and Amazon Echo. Towards the end of the year, TechCrunch reported that Apple was acquiring Shazam, a company that introduced its products at WWDC and specializing in music, TV, film and advertising recognition. The acquisition was confirmed a few days later, reportedly costing Apple $400 million, with media reports noting that the purchase looked like a move to acquire data and tools bolstering the Apple Music streaming service. The purchase was approved by the European Union in September 2018.

Also in June 2017, Apple appointed Jamie Erlicht and Zack Van Amburg to head the newly formed worldwide video unit. In November 2017, Apple announced it was branching out into original scripted programming: a drama series starring Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon, and a reboot of the anthology series Amazing Stories with Steven Spielberg. In June 2018, Apple signed the Writers Guild of America's minimum basic agreement and Oprah Winfrey to a multi-year content partnership. Additional partnerships for original series include Sesame Workshop and DHX Media and its subsidiary Peanuts Worldwide, as well as a partnership with A24 to create original films.

During the Apple Special Event in September 2017, the AirPower wireless charger was announced along side the iPhone X, 8 and Watch Series 3. The AirPower was intended to wirelessly charge multiple devices, simultaneously. Though initially set to release in early 2018, the AirPower would be canceled in March 2019, marking the first cancellation of a device under Cook's leadership.

On August 19, 2020, Apple's share price briefly topped $467.77, making Apple the first US company with a market capitalization of $2 trillion.

During its annual WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020, Apple announced it would move away from Intel processors, and the Mac would transition to processors developed in-house. The announcement was expected by industry analysts, and it has been noted that Macs featuring Apple's processors would allow for big increases in performance over current Intel-based models. On November 10, 2020, the MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and the Mac Mini became the first Mac devices powered by an Apple-designed processor, the Apple M1.

The Wall Street Journal reported that an effort to develop its own chips left Apple better prepared to deal with the semiconductor shortage that emerged during the pandemic era and led to increased profitability, with sales of Mac computers that included M1 chips rising sharply in 2020 and 2021. It also inspired other companies like Tesla, Amazon, and Meta Platforms to pursue a similar path.

In April 2022, Apple opened an online store that allowed anyone in the US to view repair manuals and order replacement parts for specific recent iPhones, although the difference in cost between this method and official repair is anticipated to be minimal.

On June 18, 2022, the Apple Store in Towson, Maryland became the first to unionize in the U.S., with the employees voting to join the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.

On July 7, 2022, Apple announced launching a new security feature called the Lockdown Mode. Lockdown Mode will be available in fall along with the new operating system, and it will serve as protection for high-risk users against spyware cyber attacks.

The company is in the process of switching Mac computers from Intel processors to Apple silicon, a custom-designed system on a chip platform.

As of March 2022, there are six Macintosh computer families in production:

iMac: Consumer all-in-one desktop computer, introduced in 1998.

Mac Mini: Consumer sub-desktop computer, introduced in 2005.

MacBook Pro: Professional notebook, introduced in 2006.

Mac Pro: Professional workstation, introduced in 2006.

MacBook Air: Consumer ultra-thin notebook, introduced in 2008.

Mac Studio: Professional small form-factor workstation, introduced in 2022.

Apple also sells a variety of accessories for Macs, including the Pro Display XDR, Apple Studio Display, Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad, and Magic Keyboard.

The company also develops several pieces of software that are included in the purchase price of a Mac, including the Safari web browser, the iMovie video editor, the GarageBand audio editor and the iWork productivity suite.

Additionally, the company sells several professional software applications including the Final Cut Pro video editor, Motion for video animations, the Logic Pro audio editor, MainStage for live audio production, and Compressor for media compression and encoding.

iPhone is Apple's line of smartphones that use the company's proprietary iOS operating system, derived from macOS's kernel. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then-Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS updates.

The iPhone has a user interface built around a multi-touch screen, which at the time of its introduction was described as "revolutionary" and a "game-changer" for the mobile phone industry. The device has been credited with popularizing the smartphone and slate form factor, and with creating a large market for smartphone apps, or " app economy".

As of July 2022, 33 iPhone models have been produced, with five smartphone families in current production:

iPad is Apple's line of tablet computers that use the company's proprietary iPadOS operating system, derived from macOS and iOS. The first-generation iPad was announced on January 27, 2010.

The iPad took the multi-touch user interface first introduced in the iPhone, and adapted it to a larger screen, it was marketed for interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, books, photos, videos, music, documents, video games, and most existing iPhone apps. Earlier generations of the iPad used the same iOS operating system as the company's smartphones before being split off to iPadOS in September 2019.

As of September 2020, Apple has sold more than 500 million iPads, though sales peaked in 2013. The iPad still remains the most popular tablet computer by sales as of the second quarter of 2020, and accounted for nine percent of the company's revenue as of the end of 2021.

In recent years, Apple has started offering more powerful versions of the device, with the current iPad Pro using the same M1 Apple silicon as the company's high-end Macs and Laptops, along with a smaller version of the device called the iPad Mini, and an upgraded version called iPad Air.

As of July 2022, there are four iPad families in production:

Wearables, Home and Accessories

Apple also makes several other products that it categorizes as "Wearables, Home and Accessories." These products include the AirPods line of wireless headphones, Apple TV digital media players, Apple Watch smartwatches, Beats headphones and HomePod Mini smart speakers.

As of the end of 2021, this broad line of products comprises about 11% of the company's revenues.

Apple offers a range of software for its hardware products some of which are bundled with its products while others are available for purchase. These include MacOS, iOS, iBooks, Pages, Numbers, Keynote, iMovie, GarageBand, Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, Xcode, Safari, Time Machine and many more.

Apple also offers a broad line of services that it earns revenue on, including advertising in the App Store and Apple News app, the AppleCare+ extended warranty plan, the iCloud+ cloud-based data storage service, payment services through the Apple Card credit card and the Apple Pay processing platform, a digital content services including Apple Books, Apple Fitness+, Apple Music, Apple News+, Apple TV+, and the iTunes Store.

Corporate identity

Apple's first logo, designed by Ron Wayne, depicts Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. It was almost immediately replaced by Rob Janoff's "rainbow Apple", the now-familiar rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it. Janoff presented Jobs with several different monochromatic themes for the "bitten" logo, and Jobs immediately took a liking to it. However, Jobs insisted that the logo be colorized to humanize the company. The logo was designed with a bite so that it would not be confused with a cherry. The colored stripes were conceived to make the logo more accessible, and to represent the fact the Apple II could generate graphics in color. This logo is often erroneously referred to as a tribute to Alan Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his method of suicide. Both Janoff and Apple deny any homage to Turing in the design of the logo.

On August 27, 1999 (the year following the introduction of the iMac G3), Apple officially dropped the rainbow scheme and began to use monochromatic logos nearly identical in shape to the previous rainbow incarnation. An Aqua-themed version of the monochrome logo was used from 1998 to 2003, and a glass-themed version was used from 2007 to 2013.

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were fans of the Beatles, but Apple Inc. had name and logo trademark issues with Apple Corps Ltd., a multimedia company started by the Beatles in 1968. This resulted in a series of lawsuits and tension between the two companies. These issues ended with the settling of their lawsuit in 2007.

Advertising

Apple's first slogan, " Byte into an Apple", was coined in the late 1970s. From 1997 to 2002, the slogan " Think Different" was used in advertising campaigns, and is still closely associated with Apple. Apple also has slogans for specific product lines - for example, "iThink, therefore iMac" was used in 1998 to promote the iMac, and "Say hello to iPhone" has been used in iPhone advertisements. "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, Newton, iMac ("hello (again)"), and iPod.

From the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984, with the 1984 Super Bowl advertisement to the more modern Get a Mac adverts, Apple has been recognized for its efforts towards effective advertising and marketing for its products. However, claims made by later campaigns were criticized, particularly the 2005 Power Mac ads. Apple's product advertisements gained a lot of attention as a result of their eye-popping graphics and catchy tunes. Musicians who benefited from an improved profile as a result of their songs being included on Apple advertisements include Canadian singer Feist with the song " 1234" and Yael Naïm with the song " New Soul".

Brand loyalty

"The scenes I witnessed at the opening of the new Apple store in London's Covent Garden were more like an evangelical prayer meeting than a chance to buy a phone or a laptop."

Apple customers gained a reputation for devotion and loyalty early in the company's history. In 1984, stated that:

There are two kinds of people in the world: people who say Apple isn't just a company, it's a cause; and people who say Apple isn't a cause, it's just a company. Both groups are right. Nature has suspended the principle of noncontradiction where Apple is concerned. Apple is more than just a company because its founding has some of the qualities of myth ... Apple is two guys in a garage undertaking the mission of bringing computing power, once reserved for big corporations, to ordinary individuals with ordinary budgets. The company's growth from two guys to a billion-dollar corporation exemplifies the American Dream. Even as a large corporation, Apple plays David to IBM's Goliath, and thus has the sympathetic role in that myth.

Apple evangelists were actively engaged by the company at one time, but this was after the phenomenon had already been firmly established. Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki has called the brand fanaticism "something that was stumbled upon," while Ive explained in 2014 that "People have an incredibly personal relationship" with Apple's products. Apple Store openings and new product releases can draw crowds of hundreds, with some waiting in line as much as a day before the opening. The opening of New York City's Apple Fifth Avenue store in 2006 was highly attended, and had visitors from Europe who flew in for the event. In June 2017, a newlywed couple took their wedding photos inside the then-recently opened Orchard Road Apple Store in Singapore. The high level of brand loyalty has been criticized and ridiculed, applying the epithet "Apple fanboy" and mocking the lengthy lines before a product launch. An internal memo leaked in 2015 suggested the company planned to discourage long lines and direct customers to purchase its products on its website.

magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. On September 30, 2013, Apple surpassed Coca-Cola to become the world's most valuable brand in the Omnicom Group's "Best Global Brands" report. Boston Consulting Group has ranked Apple as the world's most innovative brand every year since 2005.

The New York Times in 1985 stated that "Apple above all else is a marketing company". John Sculley agreed, telling The Guardian newspaper in 1997 that "People talk about technology, but Apple was a marketing company. It was the marketing company of the decade." Research in 2002 by NetRatings indicate that the average Apple consumer was usually more affluent and better educated than other PC company consumers. The research indicated that this correlation could stem from the fact that on average Apple Inc. products were more expensive than other PC products.

In response to a query about the devotion of loyal Apple consumers, Jonathan Ive responded:

What people are responding to is much bigger than the object. They are responding to something rare-a group of people who do more than simply make something work, they make the very best products they possibly can. It's a demonstration against thoughtlessness and carelessness.

As of January 2021, there are 1.65 billion Apple products in active use.

Headquarters and major facilities

Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in Cupertino, in the middle of California's Silicon Valley, at Apple Park, a massive circular groundscraper building with a circumference of one mile (1.6 km). The building opened in April 2017 and houses more than 12,000 employees. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs wanted Apple Park to look less like a business park and more like a nature refuge, and personally appeared before the Cupertino City Council in June 2011 to make the proposal, in his final public appearance before his death.

Apple also operates from the Apple Campus (also known by its address, 1 Infinite Loop), a grouping of six buildings in Cupertino that total 850,000 square feet (79,000 m ²) located about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the west of Apple Park. The Apple Campus was the company's headquarters from its opening in 1993, until the opening of Apple Park in 2017. The buildings, located at 1-6 Infinite Loop, are arranged in a circular pattern around a central green space, in a design that has been compared to that of a university.

Apple's headquarters for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) are located in Cork in the south of Ireland, called the Hollyhill campus. The facility, which opened in 1980, houses 5,500 people and was Apple's first location outside of the United States. Apple's international sales and distribution arms operate out of the campus in Cork.

The first Apple Stores were originally opened as two locations in May 2001 by then- CEO Steve Jobs, after years of attempting but failing store-within-a-store concepts. Seeing a need for improved retail presentation of the company's products, he began an effort in 1997 to revamp the retail program to get an improved relationship to consumers, and hired Ron Johnson in 2000. Jobs relaunched Apple's online store in 1997, and opened the first two physical stores in 2001. The media initially speculated that Apple would fail, but its stores were highly successful, bypassing the sales numbers of competing nearby stores and within three years reached US$1 billion in annual sales, becoming the fastest retailer in history to do so. Over the years, Apple has expanded the number of retail locations and its geographical coverage, with 499 stores across 22 countries worldwide as of December 2017. Strong product sales have placed Apple among the top-tier retail stores, with sales over $16 billion globally in 2011.

In May 2016, Angela Ahrendts, Apple's then Senior Vice President of Retail, unveiled a significantly redesigned Apple Store in Union Square, San Francisco, featuring large glass doors for the entry, open spaces, and re-branded rooms. In addition to purchasing products, consumers can get advice and help from "Creative Pros" - individuals with specialized knowledge of creative arts; get product support in a tree-lined Genius Grove; and attend sessions, conferences and community events, with Ahrendts commenting that the goal is to make Apple Stores into "town squares", a place where people naturally meet up and spend time. The new design will be applied to all Apple Stores worldwide, a process that has seen stores temporarily relocate or close.

Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls, but Apple has built several stand-alone "flagship" stores in high-profile locations. It has been granted design patents and received architectural awards for its stores' designs and construction, specifically for its use of glass staircases and cubes. The success of Apple Stores have had significant influence over other consumer electronics retailers, who have lost traffic, control and profits due to a perceived higher quality of service and products at Apple Stores. Apple's notable brand loyalty among consumers causes long lines of hundreds of people at new Apple Store openings or product releases. Due to the popularity of the brand, Apple receives a large number of job applications, many of which come from young workers. Although Apple Store employees receive above-average pay, are offered money toward education and health care, and receive product discounts, there are limited or no paths of career advancement. A May 2016 report with an anonymous retail employee highlighted a hostile work environment with harassment from customers, intense internal criticism, and a lack of significant bonuses for securing major business contracts.

Corporate affairs

Corporate culture

Apple is one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that bucked the traditional notions of corporate culture. Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple became a Fortune 500 company. By the time of the "1984" television advertisement, Apple's informal culture had become a key trait that differentiated it from its competitors. According to a 2011 report in this has resulted in a corporate culture more akin to a startup rather than a multinational corporation. In a 2017 interview, Wozniak credited watching and attending Star Trek conventions while in his youth as a source of inspiration for his co-founding Apple.

As the company has grown and been led by a series of differently opinionated chief executives, it has arguably lost some of its original character. Nonetheless, it has maintained a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that reliably attracts talented workers, particularly after Jobs returned to the company. Numerous Apple employees have stated that projects without Jobs's involvement often took longer than projects with it.

To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program which awards individuals who make extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to personal computing while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to individuals including Bill Atkinson, Steve Capps, Rod Holt, Alan Kay, Guy Kawasaki, Al Alcorn, Don Norman, Rich Page, Steve Wozniak, and Phil Schiller.

At Apple, employees are intended to be specialists who are not exposed to functions outside their area of expertise. Jobs saw this as a means of having "best-in-class" employees in every role. For instance, Ron Johnson-Senior Vice President of Retail Operations until November 1, 2011-was responsible for site selection, in-store service, and store layout, yet had no control of the inventory in his stores. This was done by Tim Cook, who had a background in supply-chain management. Apple is known for strictly enforcing accountability. Each project has a "directly responsible individual" or "DRI" in Apple jargon. As an example, when iOS senior vice president Scott Forstall refused to sign Apple's official apology for numerous errors in the redesigned Maps app, he was forced to resign. Unlike other major U.S. companies, Apple provides a relatively simple compensation policy for executives that does not include perks enjoyed by other CEOs like country club fees or private use of company aircraft. The company typically grants stock options to executives every other year.

Apple has a strong culture of corporate secrecy, and has an anti- leak Global Security team that recruits from the National Security Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Secret Service.

Lack of innovation

An editorial article in in September 2016 by technology journalist Thomas Ricker explored some of the public's perceived lack of innovation at Apple in recent years, specifically stating that Samsung has "matched and even surpassed Apple in terms of smartphone industrial design" and citing the belief that Apple is incapable of producing another breakthrough moment in technology with its products. He goes on to write that the criticism focuses on individual pieces of hardware rather than the ecosystem as a whole, stating "Yes, iteration is boring. But it's also how Apple does business. [...] It enters a new market and then refines and refines and continues refining until it yields a success". He acknowledges that people are wishing for the "excitement of revolution", but argues that people want "the comfort that comes with harmony". Furthermore, he writes that "a device is only the starting point of an experience that will ultimately be ruled by the ecosystem in which it was spawned", referring to how decent hardware products can still fail without a proper ecosystem (specifically mentioning that Walkman did not have an ecosystem to keep users from leaving once something better came along), but how Apple devices in different hardware segments are able to communicate and cooperate through the iCloud cloud service with features including Universal Clipboard (in which text copied on one device can be pasted on a different device) as well as inter-connected device functionality including Auto Unlock (in which an Apple Watch can unlock a Mac in close proximity). He argues that Apple's ecosystem is its greatest innovation.

The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2017 that Apple's increased reliance on Siri, its virtual personal assistant, has raised questions about how much Apple can actually accomplish in terms of functionality. Whereas Google and Amazon make use of big data and analyze customer information to personalize results, Apple has a strong pro-privacy stance, intentionally not retaining user data. "Siri is a textbook of leading on something in tech and then losing an edge despite having all the money and the talent and sitting in Silicon Valley", Holger Mueller, a technology analyst, told the Journal. The report further claims that development on Siri has suffered due to team members and executives leaving the company for competitors, a lack of ambitious goals, and shifting strategies. Though switching Siri's functions to machine learning and algorithms, which dramatically cut its error rate, the company reportedly still failed to anticipate the popularity of Amazon's Echo, which features the Alexa personal assistant. Improvements to Siri stalled, executives clashed, and there were disagreements over the restrictions imposed on third-party app interactions. While Apple acquired an England-based startup specializing in conversational assistants, Google's Assistant had already become capable of helping users select Wi-Fi networks by voice, and Siri was lagging in functionality.

In December 2017, two articles from The Verge and debated what had been a particularly devastating week for Apple's macOS and iOS software platforms. The former had experienced a severe security vulnerability, in which Macs running the then-latest macOS High Sierra software were vulnerable to a bug that let anyone gain administrator privileges by entering "root" as the username in system prompts, leaving the password field empty and twice clicking "unlock", gaining full access. The bug was publicly disclosed on Twitter, rather than through proper bug bounty programs. Apple released a security fix within a day and issued an apology, stating that "regrettably we stumbled" in regards to the security of the latest updates. After installing the security patch, however, file sharing was broken for users, with Apple releasing a support document with instructions to separately fix that issue. Though Apple publicly stated the promise of "auditing our development processes to help prevent this from happening again", users who installed the security update while running the older 10.13.0 version of the High Sierra operating system rather than the then-newest 10.13.1 release experienced that the "root" security vulnerability was re-introduced, and persisted even after fully updating their systems. On iOS, a date bug caused iOS devices that received local app notifications at 12:15am on December 2, 2017, to repeatedly restart. Users were recommended to turn off notifications for their apps. Apple quickly released an update, done during the nighttime in Cupertino, California time and outside of their usual software release window, with one of the headlining features of the update needing to be delayed for a few days. The combined problems of the week on both macOS and iOS caused The Verge's Tom Warren to call it a "nightmare" for Apple's software engineers and described it as a significant lapse in Apple's ability to protect its more than 1 billion devices. ZDNet's Adrian Kingsley-Hughes wrote that "it's hard to not come away from the last week with the feeling that Apple is slipping". Kingsley-Hughes also concluded his piece by referencing an earlier article, in which he wrote that "As much as I don't want to bring up the tired old 'Apple wouldn't have done this under Steve Jobs's watch' trope, a lot of what's happening at Apple lately is different from what they came to expect under Jobs. Not to say that things didn't go wrong under his watch, but product announcements and launches felt a lot tighter for sure, as did the overall quality of what Apple was releasing." He did, however, also acknowledge that such failures "may indeed have happened" with Jobs in charge, though returning to the previous praise for his demands of quality, stating "it's almost guaranteed that given his personality that heads would have rolled, which limits future failures".

Manufacturing and assembling

In May 2017, the company announced a $1 billion funding project for "advanced manufacturing" in the United States, and subsequently invested $200 million in Corning Inc., a manufacturer of toughened Gorilla Glass technology used in its iPhone devices. The following December, Apple's chief operating officer, Jeff Williams, told CNBC that the "$1 billion" amount was "absolutely not" the final limit on its spending, elaborating that "We're not thinking in terms of a fund limit... We're thinking about, where are the opportunities across the U.S. to help nurture companies that are making the advanced technology- and the advanced manufacturing that goes with that- that quite frankly is essential to our innovation."

As of 2021, Apple uses components from 43 countries. The majority of assembling is done by Taiwanese original design manufacturer firms Foxconn, Pegatron, Wistron and Compal Electronics with factories mostly located inside China, but also Brazil, and India.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., (TSMC) is a pure-play semiconductor manufacturing company. They make the majority of Apple's smartphone SoCs, with Samsung Semiconductor, playing a minority role. Apple, alone accounted for over 25% of TSMC's total income in 2021. Apple's Bionic lineup of smartphone SoCs, are currently made exclusively by TSMC from the A7 bionic onwards, previously manufacturing was shared with Samsung. The M series of Apple SoC for consumer computers and tablets is made by TSMC as well.

During the Mac's early history Apple generally refused to adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, instead creating their own. This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple's adoption of the PCI bus in the 7500/ 8500/ 9500 Power Macs. Apple has since joined the industry standards groups to influence the future direction of technology standards such as USB, AGP, HyperTransport, Wi-Fi, NVMe, PCIe and others in its products. FireWire is an Apple-originated standard that was widely adopted across the industry after it was standardized as IEEE 1394 and is a legally mandated port in all Cable TV boxes in the United States.

Apple has gradually expanded its efforts in getting its products into the Indian market. In July 2012, during a conference call with investors, CEO Tim Cook said that he "[loves] India", but that Apple saw larger opportunities outside the region. India's requirement that 30% of products sold be manufactured in the country was described as "really adds cost to getting product to market". In May 2016, Apple opened an iOS app development center in Bangalore and a maps development office for 4,000 staff in Hyderabad. In March, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple would begin manufacturing iPhone models in India "over the next two months", and in May, the Journal wrote that an Apple manufacturer had begun production of iPhone SE in the country, while Apple told that the manufacturing was for a "small number" of units. In April 2019, Apple initiated manufacturing of iPhone 7 at its Bengaluru facility, keeping in mind demand from local customers even as they seek more incentives from the government of India. At the beginning of 2020, Tim Cook announced that Apple schedules the opening of its first physical outlet in India for 2021, while an online store is to be launched by the end of the year.

Labor practices

The company advertised its products as being made in America until the late 1990s; however, as a result of outsourcing initiatives in the 2000s, almost all of its manufacturing is now handled abroad. According to a report by The New York Times, Apple insiders "believe the vast scale of overseas factories, as well as the flexibility, diligence and industrial skills of foreign workers, have so outpaced their American counterparts that " Made in the USA" is no longer a viable option for most Apple products".

In 2006, one complex of factories in Shenzhen, China that assembled the iPod and other items had over 200,000 workers living and working within it. Employees regularly worked more than 60 hours per week and made around $100 per month. A little over half of the workers' earnings was required to pay for rent and food from the company.

Apple immediately launched an investigation after the 2006 media report, and worked with their manufacturers to ensure acceptable working conditions. In 2007, Apple started yearly audits of all its suppliers regarding worker's rights, slowly raising standards and pruning suppliers that did not comply. Yearly progress reports have been published since 2008. In 2011, Apple admitted that its suppliers' child labor practices in China had worsened.

The Foxconn suicides occurred between January and November 2010, when 18 Foxconn (Chinese: 富士康) employees attempted suicide, resulting in 14 deaths-the company was the world's largest contract electronics manufacturer, for clients including Apple, at the time. The suicides drew media attention, and employment practices at Foxconn were investigated by Apple. Apple issued a public statement about the suicides, and company spokesperson Steven Dowling said:

[Apple is] saddened and upset by the recent suicides at Foxconn ... A team from Apple is independently evaluating the steps they are taking to address these tragic events and we will continue our ongoing inspections of the facilities where our products are made.

Also in 2010, workers in China planned to sue iPhone contractors over poisoning by a cleaner used to clean LCD screens. One worker claimed that he and his coworkers had not been informed of possible occupational illnesses. After a high suicide rate in a Foxconn facility in China making iPads and iPhones, albeit a lower rate than that of China as a whole, workers were forced to sign a legally binding document guaranteeing that they would not kill themselves. Workers in factories producing Apple products have also been exposed to hexane, a neurotoxin that is a cheaper alternative than alcohol for cleaning the products.

In 2019, there were reports stating that some of Foxconn's managers had used rejected parts to build iPhones and that Apple was investigating the issue.

Environmental practices and initiatives

Apple Energy

Apple Energy, LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Apple Inc. that sells solar energy. As of June 6, 2016, Apple's solar farms in California and Nevada have been declared to provide 217.9 megawatts of solar generation capacity. In addition to the company's solar energy production, Apple has received regulatory approval to construct a landfill gas energy plant in North Carolina. Apple will use the methane emissions to generate electricity. Apple's North Carolina data center is already powered entirely with energy from renewable sources.

Energy and resources

Following a Greenpeace protest, Apple released a statement on April 17, 2012, committing to ending its use of coal and shifting to 100% renewable clean energy. By 2013, Apple was using 100% renewable energy to power their data centers. Overall, 75% of the company's power came from clean renewable sources.

In May 2015, Greenpeace evaluated the state of the Green Internet and commended Apple on their environmental practices saying, "Apple's commitment to renewable energy has helped set a new bar for the industry, illustrating in very concrete terms that a 100% renewable Internet is within its reach, and providing several models of intervention for other companies that want to build a sustainable Internet."

As of 2016, Apple states that 100% of its U.S. operations run on renewable energy, 100% of Apple's data centers run on renewable energy and 93% of Apple's global operations run on renewable energy. However, the facilities are connected to the local grid which usually contains a mix of fossil and renewable sources, so Apple carbon offsets its electricity use. The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) allows consumers to see the effect a product has on the environment. Each product receives a Gold, Silver, or Bronze rank depending on its efficiency and sustainability. Every Apple tablet, notebook, desktop computer, and display that EPEAT ranks achieves a Gold rating, the highest possible. Although Apple's data centers recycle water 35 times, the increased activity in retail, corporate and data centers also increase the amount of water use to 573 million US gal (2.2 million m ³) in 2015.

During an event on March 21, 2016, Apple provided a status update on its environmental initiative to be 100% renewable in all of its worldwide operations. Lisa P. Jackson, Apple's vice president of Environment, Policy and Social Initiatives who reports directly to CEO, Tim Cook, announced that as of March 2016, 93% of Apple's worldwide operations are powered with renewable energy. Also featured was the company's efforts to use sustainable paper in their product packaging; 99% of all paper used by Apple in the product packaging comes from post-consumer recycled paper or sustainably managed forests, as the company continues its move to all paper packaging for all of its products. Apple working in partnership with Conservation Fund, have preserved 36,000 acres of working forests in Maine and North Carolina. Another partnership announced is with the World Wildlife Fund to preserve up to 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km ²) of forests in China. Featured was the company's installation of a 40 MW solar power plant in the Sichuan province of China that was tailor-made to coexist with the indigenous yaks that eat hay produced on the land, by raising the panels to be several feet off of the ground so the yaks and their feed would be unharmed grazing beneath the array. This installation alone compensates for more than all of the energy used in Apple's Stores and Offices in the whole of China, negating the company's energy carbon footprint in the country. In Singapore, Apple has worked with the Singaporean government to cover the rooftops of 800 buildings in the city-state with solar panels allowing Apple's Singapore operations to be run on 100% renewable energy. Liam was introduced to the world, an advanced robotic disassembler and sorter designed by Apple Engineers in California specifically for recycling outdated or broken iPhones. Reuses and recycles parts from traded in products.

Apple announced on August 16, 2016, that Lens Technology, one of its major suppliers in China, has committed to power all its glass production for Apple with 100 percent renewable energy by 2018. The commitment is a large step in Apple's efforts to help manufacturers lower their carbon footprint in China. Apple also announced that all 14 of its final assembly sites in China are now compliant with UL's Zero Waste to Landfill validation. The standard, which started in January 2015, certifies that all manufacturing waste is reused, recycled, composted, or converted into energy (when necessary). Since the program began, nearly, 140,000 metric tons of waste have been diverted from landfills.

In April 2021, Apple said that it had started a $200 million fund in order to combat climate change by removing 1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year.

Following further campaigns by Greenpeace, in 2008, Apple became the first electronics manufacturer to eliminate all polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in its complete product line. In June 2007, Apple began replacing the cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlit LCD displays in its computers with mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays and arsenic-free glass, starting with the upgraded MacBook Pro. Apple offers comprehensive and transparent information about the , emissions, materials, and electrical usage concerning every product they currently produce or have sold in the past (and which they have enough data needed to produce the report), in their portfolio on their homepage. Allowing consumers to make informed purchasing decisions on the products they offer for sale. In June 2009, Apple's iPhone 3GS was free of PVC, arsenic, and BFRs. All Apple products now have mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays, arsenic-free glass, and non-PVC cables. All Apple products have EPEAT Gold status and beat the latest Energy Star guidelines in each product's respective regulatory category.

In November 2011, Apple was featured in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics, which ranks electronics manufacturers on sustainability, climate and energy policy, and how "green" their products are. The company ranked fourth of fifteen electronics companies (moving up five places from the previous year) with a score of 4.6/10. Greenpeace praises Apple's sustainability, noting that the company exceeded its 70% global recycling goal in 2010. It continues to score well on the products rating with all Apple products now being free of PVC plastic and BFRs. However, the guide criticizes Apple on the Energy criteria for not seeking external verification of its greenhouse gas emissions data and for not setting out any targets to reduce emissions. In January 2012, Apple requested that its cable maker, Volex, begin producing halogen-free USB and power cables.

Green bonds

Racial Justice and Equality Initiatives

Apple is the world's largest technology company by revenue, the world's largest technology company by total assets, and the world's second-largest mobile phone manufacturer after Samsung.

In its fiscal year ending in September 2011, Apple Inc. reported a total of $108 billion in annual revenues-a significant increase from its 2010 revenues of $65 billion-and nearly $82 billion in cash reserves. On March 19, 2012, Apple announced plans for a $2.65-per-share dividend beginning in fourth quarter of 2012, per approval by their board of directors.

The company's worldwide annual revenue in 2013 totaled $170 billion. In May 2013, Apple entered the top ten of the Fortune 500 list of companies for the first time, rising 11 places above its 2012 ranking to take the sixth position. As of 2016, Apple has around US$234 billion of cash and marketable securities, of which 90% is located outside the United States for tax purposes.

On April 30, 2017, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple had cash reserves of $250 billion, officially confirmed by Apple as specifically $256.8 billion a few days later.

As of August 3, 2018, Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. On August 2, 2018, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company to reach a $1 trillion market value. Apple was ranked No. 4 on the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.

Tax practices

Apple has created subsidiaries in low-tax places such as Ireland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the British Virgin Islands to cut the taxes it pays around the world. According to The New York Times, in the 1980s Apple was among the first tech companies to designate overseas salespeople in high-tax countries in a manner that allowed the company to sell on behalf of low-tax subsidiaries on other continents, sidestepping income taxes. In the late 1980s, Apple was a pioneer of an accounting technique known as the " Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich," which reduces taxes by routing profits through Irish subsidiaries and the Netherlands and then to the Caribbean.

British Conservative Party Member of Parliament Charlie Elphicke published research on October 30, 2012, which showed that some multinational companies, including Apple Inc., were making billions of pounds of profit in the UK, but were paying an effective tax rate to the UK Treasury of only 3 percent, well below standard corporation tax. He followed this research by calling on the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to force these multinationals, which also included Google and The Coca-Cola Company, to state the effective rate of tax they pay on their UK revenues. Elphicke also said that government contracts should be withheld from multinationals who do not pay their fair share of UK tax.

Apple Inc. claims to be the single largest taxpayer to the Department of the Treasury of the United States of America with an effective tax rate of approximately of 26% as of the second quarter of the Apple fiscal year 2016. In an interview with the German newspaper FAZ in October 2017, Tim Cook stated, that Apple is the biggest taxpayer worldwide.

In 2015, Reuters reported that Apple had earnings abroad of $54.4 billion which were untaxed by the IRS of the United States. Under U.S. tax law governed by the IRC, corporations don't pay income tax on overseas profits unless the profits are repatriated into the United States and as such Apple argues that to benefit its shareholders it will leave it overseas until a repatriation holiday or comprehensive tax reform takes place in the United States.

On July 12, 2016, the Central Statistics Office of Ireland announced that 2015 Irish GDP had grown by 26.3%, and 2015 Irish GNP had grown by 18.7%. The figures attracted international scorn, and were labelled by Nobel-prize winning economist, Paul Krugman, as leprechaun economics. It was not until 2018 that Irish economists could definitively prove that the 2015 growth was due to Apple restructuring its controversial double Irish subsidiaries (Apple Sales International), which Apple converted into a new Irish capital allowances for intangible assets tax scheme (expires in January 2020). The affair required the Central Bank of Ireland to create a new measure of Irish economic growth, Modified GNI* to replace Irish GDP, given the distortion of Apple's tax schemes. Irish GDP is 143% of Irish Modified GNI*.

On August 30, 2016, after a two-year investigation, the EU Competition Commissioner concluded Apple received "illegal state aid" from Ireland. The EU ordered Apple to pay 13 billion euros ($14.5 billion), plus interest, in unpaid Irish taxes for 2004-2014. It is the largest tax fine in history. The Commission found that Apple had benefited from a private Irish Revenue Commissioners tax ruling regarding its double Irish tax structure, Apple Sales International (ASI). Instead of using two companies for its double Irish structure, Apple was given a ruling to split ASI into two internal "branches". The Chancellor of Austria, Christian Kern, put this decision into perspective by stating that "every Viennese cafe, every sausage stand pays more tax in Austria than a multinational corporation".

As of April 24, 2018, Apple agreed to start paying €13 billion in back taxes to the Irish government, the repayments will be held in an escrow account while Apple and the Irish government continue their appeals in EU courts.

On July 15, 2020, the EU General Court annuls the European Commission's decision in Apple State aid case: Apple will not have to repay €13 billion to Ireland.

In July 2022, Apple reported an 11% decline in Q3 profits compared to 2021. Its revenue in the same period rose 2% year-on-year to $83 billion, though this figure was also lower than in 2021, where the increase was at 36%. The general downturn is reportedly caused by the slowing global economy and supply chain disruptions in China.

Litigation

Apple has been a participant in various legal proceedings and claims since it began operation. In particular, Apple is known for and promotes itself as actively and aggressively enforcing its intellectual property interests. Some litigation examples include Apple v. Samsung, Apple v. Microsoft, Motorola Mobility v. Apple Inc., and Apple Corps v. Apple Computer. Apple has also had to defend itself against charges on numerous occasions of violating intellectual property rights. Most have been dismissed in the courts as shell companies known as patent trolls, with no evidence of actual use of patents in question. On December 21, 2016, Nokia announced that in the U.S. and Germany, it has filed a suit against Apple, claiming that the latter's products infringe on Nokia's patents. Most recently, in November 2017, the United States International Trade Commission announced an investigation into allegations of patent infringement in regards to Apple's remote desktop technology; Aqua Connect, a company that builds remote desktop software, has claimed that Apple infringed on two of its patents. In January 2022, Ericsson sued Apple over payment of royalty of 5G technology.

Privacy stance

Apple has a notable pro-privacy stance, actively making privacy-conscious features and settings part of its conferences, promotional campaigns, and public image. With its iOS 8 mobile operating system in 2014, the company started encrypting all contents of iOS devices through users' passcodes, making it impossible at the time for the company to provide customer data to law enforcement requests seeking such information. With the popularity rise of cloud storage solutions, Apple began a technique in 2016 to do deep learning scans for facial data in photos on the user's local device and encrypting the content before uploading it to Apple's iCloud storage system. It also introduced "differential privacy", a way to collect crowdsourced data from many users, while keeping individual users anonymous, in a system that described as "trying to learn as much as possible about a group while learning as little as possible about any individual in it". Users are explicitly asked if they want to participate, and can actively opt-in or opt-out.

With Apple's release of an update to iOS 14, Apple required all developers of iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch applications to directly ask iPhone users permission to track them. The feature, titled "App Tracking Transparency", received heavy criticism from Facebook, whose primary business model revolves around the tracking of users' data and sharing such data with advertisers so users can see more relevant ads, a technique commonly known as targeted advertising. Despite Facebook's measures, including purchasing full-page newspaper advertisements protesting App Tracking Transparency, Apple released the update in mid-spring 2021. A study by Verizon subsidiary Flurry Analytics reported only 4% of iOS users in the United States and 12% worldwide have opted into tracking.

However, Apple aids law enforcement in criminal investigations by providing iCloud backups of users' devices, and the company's commitment to privacy has been questioned by its efforts to promote biometric authentication technology in its newer iPhone models, which don't have the same level of constitutional privacy as a passcode in the United States.

Prior to the release of iOS 15, Apple announced new efforts at combating child sexual abuse material on iOS and Mac platforms. Parents of minor iMessage users can now be alerted if their child sends or receives nude photographs. Additionally, on-device hashing would take place on media destined for upload to iCloud, and hashes would be compared to a list of known abusive images provided by law enforcement; if enough matches were found, Apple would be alerted and authorities informed. The new features received praise from law enforcement and victims rights advocates, however privacy advocates, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, condemned the new features as invasive and highly prone to abuse by authoritarian governments.

Charitable causes

Apple is a partner of (PRODUCT)RED, a fundraising campaign for AIDS charity. In November 2014, Apple arranged for all App Store revenue in a two-week period to go to the fundraiser, generating more than US$20 million, and in March 2017, it released an iPhone 7 with a red color finish.

Apple contributes financially to fundraisers in times of natural disasters. In November 2012, it donated $2.5 million to the American Red Cross to aid relief efforts after Hurricane Sandy, and in 2017 it donated $5 million to relief efforts for both Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Harvey, as well as for the 2017 Central Mexico earthquake. The company has also used its iTunes platform to encourage donations in the wake of environmental disasters and humanitarian crises, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the 2011 Japan earthquake, Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in November 2013, and the 2015 European migrant crisis. Apple emphasizes that it does not incur any processing or other fees for iTunes donations, sending 100% of the payments directly to relief efforts, though it also acknowledges that the Red Cross does not receive any personal information on the users donating and that the payments may not be tax deductible.

On April 14, 2016, Apple and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) announced that they have engaged in a partnership to, "help protect life on our planet." Apple released a special page in the iTunes App Store, Apps for Earth. In the arrangement, Apple has committed that through April 24, WWF will receive 100% of the proceeds from the applications participating in the App Store via both the purchases of any paid apps and the In-App Purchases. Apple and WWF's Apps for Earth campaign raised more than $8 million in total proceeds to support WWF's conservation work. WWF announced the results at WWDC 2016 in San Francisco.

Leadership

Current Board of directors

Current Executive management

As of March 16, 2021 the management of Apple Inc. includes:

List of chief executives

List of chairmen

The role of chairman of the Board has not always been in use; notably, between 1981 and 1985, and 1997 to 2011.

1. Mike Markkula (1977-1981)

2. Steve Jobs (1985)

3. Mike Markkula (1985-1993); second term

4. John Sculley (1993)

5. Mike Markkula (1993-1997); third term

6. Steve Jobs (2011); second term

7. Arthur D. Levinson (2011-present)

Criticism and controversies

Apple has been criticized for alleged anti-competitive behavior, rash litigation, dubious tax tactics, the use of sweatshop labor, customer service issues involving allegedly misleading warranties and insufficient data security, and its products' environmental footprint. Apple has also received criticism for its willingness to work and conduct business with nations such as China and Russia, engaging in practices that have been criticized by human rights groups. Critics have claimed that Apple products combine stolen or purchased designs that Apple claims are its original creations. It has been criticized for its alleged collaboration with the U.S. surveillance program PRISM. The company denied any collaboration.

Products and services

Apple's issues regarding music over the years include those with the European Union regarding iTunes, trouble over updating the Spotify app on Apple devices and collusion with record labels.

In 2018-19, Apple faced criticism for its failure to approve Nvidia web drivers for GPUs installed on legacy Mac Pro machines (up to mid 2012 5,1 running macOS Mojave 10.14). Without access to Apple-approved Nvidia web drivers, Apple users faced replacing their Nvidia cards with graphic cards produced by supported brands (such as the AMD Radeon), from a list of recommendations provided by Apple to its consumers.

In July 2019, following a campaign by the " right to repair" movement, challenging Apple's tech repair restrictions on devices, the FTC held a workshop to establish the framework of a future nationwide Right to Repair rule. The movement argues Apple is preventing consumers from legitimately fixing their devices at local repair shops which is having a negative impact on consumers.

On September 8, 2022, Brazil announced the ban on the sale of iPhones without power adapters. It has also fined Apple 12.275million reais ($2.28 million). Apple announced it will appeal this decision.

In December 2019, a report found that the iPhone 11 Pro continues tracking location and collecting user data even after users have disabled location services. In response, an Apple engineer said the Location Services icon "appears for system services that do not have a switch in settings."

According to published reports by Bloomberg News on March 30, 2022, Apple turned over data such as phone numbers, physical addresses, and IP addresses to hackers posing as law enforcement officials using forged documents. The law enforcement requests sometimes included forged signatures of real or fictional officials. When asked about the allegations, an Apple representative referred the reporter to a section of the company policy for law enforcement guidelines, which stated, "We review every data request for legal sufficiency and use advanced systems and processes to validate law enforcement requests and detect abuse."

The United States Department of Justice also began a review of Big Tech firms to establish whether they could be unlawfully stifling competition in a broad antitrust probe in 2019.

On March 16, 2020, France fined Apple €1.1 billion for colluding with two wholesalers to stifle competition and keep prices high by handicapping independent resellers. The arrangement created aligned prices for Apple products such as iPads and personal computers for about half the French retail market. According to the French regulators, the abuses occurred between 2005 and 2017 but were first discovered after a complaint by an independent reseller, eBizcuss, in 2012.

On August 13, 2020, Epic Games, the maker of the popular game Fortnite, sued Apple and Google after its hugely popular video game was removed from Apple and Google's App Store. The suits come after both Apple and Google blocked the game after it introduced a direct payment system, effectively shutting out the tech titans from collecting fees. In September 2020 Epic Games founded the Coalition for App Fairness together with other thirteen companies, which aims for better conditions for the inclusion of apps in the app stores. Later in December 2020, Facebook agreed to assist Epic in their legal game against Apple, planning to support the company by providing materials and documents to Epic. Facebook had, however, stated that the company will not participate directly with the lawsuit, although did commit to helping with the discovery of evidence relating to the trial of 2021. In the months prior to their agreement, Facebook had been dealing with feuds against Apple relating to the prices of paid apps as well as privacy rule changes. Head of ad products for Facebook Dan Levy commented, saying that "this is not really about privacy for them, this is about an attack on personalized ads and the consequences it's going to have on small-business owners," commenting on the full-page ads placed by Facebook in various newspapers in December 2020.

In January 2020, US President Donald Trump and attorney general William P. Barr criticized Apple for refusing to unlock two iPhones of a Saudi national, Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani, who shot and killed three American sailors and injured eight others in the Naval Air Station Pensacola. The shooting was declared an "act of terrorism" by the FBI, but Apple denied the request to crack the phones to reveal possible terrorist information citing its data privacy policy.

In December 2021, The Information reported that CEO Tim Cook had negotiated in 2016 a five-year agreement with the Chinese government, motivated in part to allay regulatory issues that had harmed the company's business in China. The agreement entailed promised investments totaling $275 billion.

In September 2021, Apple removed an app from its App Store created by Alexei Navalny meant to coordinate protest voting during the 2021 Russian legislative election. The Russian government had threatened to arrest individual Apple employees working in the country unless Apple complied.

References

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Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company that specializes in consumer electronics, software and online services headquartered in Cupertino, California, United States. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue (totaling US$365.8 billion in 2021) and as of June 2022, is the world's biggest company by market capitalization, the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales and second-largest mobile phone manufacturer.

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This website shows facts about the staue of liberty you might not khow about.

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Liberty Island, formerly (until 1956) Bedloe's Island, island, off the southern tip of Manhattan Island, New York, New York, U.S., in Upper New York Bay. It has an area of about 12 acres (5 hectares) and is the site of French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi's "Liberty Enlightening the World" (the Statue of Liberty). The island and nearby Ellis Island constitute Statue of Liberty National Monument. Although the monument is within New Jersey waters, Liberty Island and a portion of Ellis Island are within the territorial jurisdiction of New York state.

Known to the Delaware Indians as Minnissais ("Lesser Island") and to early colonists as Great Oyster, the island was renamed for Isaac Bedloe (or Isaack Bedloo), a merchant who bought it in the 1660s. The city of New York acquired the island in 1758, and it was ceded to the state of New York in 1796 and to the federal government in 1800. Fort Wood was built there for the War of 1812, and the statue was erected within the fort in 1885-86. The statue was declared a national monument in 1924; in 1933 the National Park Service gained jurisdiction over the monument, acquiring the entire island when Fort Wood was decommissioned in 1937.

Letricia Dixon, Copy Editor.

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

...the World, colossal statue on Liberty Island in the Upper New York Bay, U.S., commemorating the friendship of the peoples of the United States and France. Standing 305 feet (93 metres) high including its pedestal, it represents a woman holding a torch in her raised right hand and a tablet...

Manhattan, borough of New York City, coextensive with New York county, in southeastern New York state, U.S. The borough, mainly on Manhattan Island, spills over into the Marble Hill section on the mainland and includes a number of islets in the East River. It is bounded by the Hudson River...

New York City, city and port located at the mouth of the Hudson River, southeastern New York state, northeastern U.S. It is the...

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Liberty Island | island, New York, United States

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Liberty Island, island, off the southern tip of Manhattan Island, New York, New York, U.S., in Upper New York Bay. It has an area of about 12 acres (5 hectares) and is the site of French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi's "Liberty Enlightening the World" (the Statue of Liberty). The island and

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This website is very bad because it doesn’t have any date , author nor anything except the facts.

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Apple was founded in the 1970's by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne when they built their first computer Apple I in 1976. The production initially started in the garage of Steve Jobs' dad. Wayne sold his share in the company for $500 after 12 days of founding the company.

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak worked together on the Atari arcade game 'Breakout'. They also attended the Homebrew Computer Club together. With Steve Jobs' vision and Steve Wozniak's engineering capabilities, their company became almost instantly successful in the world of computers.
Quick Facts: -

Apple II was released in 1979. It was a much better machine than Apple I.

An initial public offering of 4.6 million shares at $22 per share was conducted by the company in December 1980.

On January 22, 1984, Macintosh computer was introduced with its iconic super bowl ad.

Steve Jobs left the company in 1985 and started a new venture, NeXT Software. Tim Cook took his place.

After 11 years, in December 1996, the company bought NeXT Software. In the following year, Job joined as interim CEO.

39% of Apple's overall revenue is generated by iPhones.

The largest retail store of Apple is on Regent Street in London with an area of 25,000 square feet.

The company also made a game console called Pippin and launched it in 1995 but it was not very successful.

Initially, Apple I did not have a keyboard or a screen. It was just an assembled circuit board.

Apple today is reportedly worth a whopping $1 trillion. Today the most popular Apple products on the market are: Apple Watch, iPad, MacBooks, iPhones and Apple TV.

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Apple was founded in the 1970's by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne when they built their first computer Apple I in 1976. The production initially started in the garage of Steve Jobs' dad. Wayne sold his share in the company for $500 after 12 days of founding the company.

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https://www.nature.com/articles/136945c0

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Learn facts about the Statue of Liberty and how it was created. You can learn who made the design of the statue, where it was created and more.

This source is from 2014. It has a fun way for learning. Has accurate information. Has links to other learning videos.

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13 Facts about The Statue of Liberty - History and Facts for Kids | Educational Videos by Mocomi

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New york is a great place to visit and this shows you lots of places to visit if you are there.

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In this video there is all the places in The USA and it has very good information that can teach you.

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This is a video about facts of puppies, puppies are animals that u can have as a pet and they are fun because u can play with them, cuddle with them and run with them, this video tells u interesting facts about puppies and maybe convince you to buy a dog or also do things to train your dog if u have a dog already, HAVE A NICE DAY! BYE!!!!

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Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 - June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer, who was one of the most famous and successful musicians of all time. He was referred to as the "King of Pop", and was one of the most influential entertainers in the history of pop music. He was the best-selling music artist during the year of his death. His contributions to music, dance, and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.

Jackson started performing with his older brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon in The Jackson 5 in 1964. In 1971, he started a solo career while also being a member of The Jackson 5. He made the highest-selling album of all time, in 1982, with estimated sales of 66 million copies worldwide. The video for "Thriller" showed him dancing like a zombie and other dancers around him were zombies as well. "Thriller", which includes famous songs like "Beat It" and "Billie Jean" has sold 110 million copies worldwide. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jackson wrote other well-known songs such as "Bad", "Black or White", "Heal the World" and "Earth Song". Through music videos and live performances, he is known for popularizing dance moves such as the robot and the moonwalk. He won a lot of awards and broke many records. Guinness World Records says he is the most successful entertainer of all time. Jackson is also remembered for giving money to charities and pioneering efforts in charitable fundraising in the entertainment industry. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, the Guinness World Records recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer.

His other studio albums, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995) and Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix (1997) also rank among the world's best selling albums. He released his last studio album Invincible (2001).

Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy.

While preparing for his comeback concert series, , Jackson died on June 25, 2009 after having a cardiac arrest. Jackson's doctor, Conrad Murray, was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. On July 7, there was a memorial service for Jackson. It was on television and 2.5-3 billion people watched it. This made it the most watched funeral ever.

Life and career

1958-1975: Early life and The Jackson 5

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, in Gary, Indiana to a family of Jehovah's Witnesses. He was the eighth of Katherine and Joe Jackson's ten children. Jackson's father Joseph was a steel mill worker.

On January 1 1964 Jackson and his brother Marlon joined their older brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine's band, The Jackson Brothers, in the band's first public performance. Jackson was six years old.

When Jackson was 8 he started being the band's main singer with Jermaine. The group's name then changed to The Jackson 5. The group won an important talent show in 1966. In 1968 they were signed to a famous record label called Motown Records. Their first Motown single "I Want You Back" was No.1 in the US.

In 1971 Jackson released his first song singing on his own, "Got to Be There" from his album "Got to Be There". It reached No.4 in the Billboard 100. Three more singles were released from the album.

On August 4, 1972 his second album Ben was released. The single "Ben" was his first solo No.1.

In 1974 Jackson hosted the first American Music Awards with Donny Osmond, Rodney Allen Rippy, and Ricky Segall.

In 1975 The Jackson 5 left Motown. They were signed to CBS Records in June 1975. On CBS Records they changed their name to The Jacksons.

In 1976 The Jacksons got their own TV show on CBS. The show was cancelled in March 1977.

On October 24, 1978 a movie called The Wiz was released. The movie was a remake of The Wizard of Oz with all black actors. Jackson acted as Scarecrow.

On December 17 1978 The Jacksons' twelfth album was released. It was the first album they had produced. Jackson wrote the album's second single "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" with Randy Jackson. It reached No.7 in the US Hot 100.

In December 1978 Jackson started making his first solo album on Epic Records, Off the Wall with Quincy Jones. It was released on August 10, 1979. The album got good reviews and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance.

The Jacksons' thirteenth album Triumph was released 1980.

In 1982 Jackson sung "Somewhere in the Dark" for the E.T. soundtrack. It won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. That year Jackson won seven other Grammys for his album Thriller.

On October 18 1982 the first single from Thriller, "The Girl Is Mine", was released. It was sung with Paul McCartney. Some people thought that the album wasn't going to be very good because of the song.

Jackson's sixth solo album Thriller was released on November 30, 1982. Jackson didn't do a tour for the album. The album got good reviews.

In 1983 Jackson made three songs with Freddie Mercury.

"Somebody's Watching Me", a single by Rockwell with Jackson singing on the chorus, was released January 14, 1984. It reached number one in Spain and France.

On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial. Michael's hair caught on fire and he was rushed to hospital. Pepsi gave Jackson $1.5 million. He gave it to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California. In May 1984 "Farewell My Summer Love", a song that Jackson made it 1973, was released as a single. It reached number seven in the UK Singles Chart.

The Jacksons' album Victory was released on July 2, 1984. Between July and December 1984 Jackson toured with his brothers. He won eight awards at the 1984 American Music Awards, the most anyone has ever won at once. He also won Best International Solo Artist and Best International Album at the BRIT Awards.

Jermaine Jackson released his tenth album, Jermaine Jackson. Michael sang on a song from the album, "Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)". It was nominated for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1985 Grammy Awards.

In August 1985, Jackson bought music publisher ATV Music for $47.5 million. They owned the rights to The Beatles.

Jackson wrote " We Are the World" with Lionel Richie in 1985. The song was recorded by USA for Africa. It was released as a single around the world to make money to give to starving people in Africa. It sold over 20 million copies. It also won four Grammy Awards.

In August 1987 Bad was released. Jackson wanted it to sell 100 million copies. It has sold over 30 million copies. Five of the album's seven singles were No.1 in the US. They were "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana". Until Katy Perry's success with her 2010 album Teenage Dream, Jackson was the only musician to ever have had that many singles from one album be No.1. From September 1987 to January 1988 Jackson did the Bad world tour. This was the first tour that he did on his own. In 1988 Moonwalk, a book that Jackson wrote about his life, was published. It took Jackson four years to write. The book sold 200,000 copies. Jackson then released Moonwalker, a movie he made. In 1989 some video games about the movie were released by U.S. Gold.

In 1986 Disneyland and ETCOT started showing a short film called Captain EO that had Jackson in it.

Jackson sang "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for it.

The Jacksons released their last album 2300 Jackson Street in 1989. Michael sung on the album's second single 2300 Jackson Street with his brothers and two of their sisters, Janet and Rebbie. Michael was also in the music video for the song.

Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1989 for "Leave Me Alone".

Jackson's eighth studio album Dangerous was released November 26 1991. It was produced with Teddy Riley. It is a new jack swing album. It was Jackson's first album to have a rapper on it. Nine singles were released from the album. On June 27, 1992 Jackson started the Dangerous World Tour. All of the money Jackson made from the tour was given to charities. The tour was supposed to last until Christmas 1992. However, Jackson ended the tour on November 11, 1993 because he was ill and needed to go to hospital. Jackson performed at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII in January 1993.

HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I, Jackson's ninth studio album, was released July 16 1995. The album has two discs. The first disc is a collection of some of his greatest hits. The second disc is fifteen songs recorded in late 1994 and early 1995. Thirteen of the songs are new. Two of them are cover versions. In August 1995 the album's single "You Are Not Alone" became the first single ever to go straight to No.1 in the US. HIStory won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. The video for the single "Scream" went in the Guiness Book of World Records for being the most expensive short film ever made. Jackson released a short film called Ghosts in 1996. He wrote it with Stephen King.

In 1997 Blood on the Dance Floor was released. It is the best-selling remix album ever made. There were five new songs on the album. The album's first single was a new song called "Blood on the Dancefloor". The album and its first single were No.1 in the UK.

Jackson won Artist of the 1980s at the American Music Awards in 2000.

On October 30, 2001 Invincible, Jackson's last studio album, was released. The album got good and bad reviews. It was No.1 in 12 countries and sold 13 million copies around the world. But compared to Jackson's earlier albums, it was unsuccessful. The album's first single "You Rock My World" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century in 2002.

On November 17, 2003 an album called Number Ones was released. It is a collection of Jackson's hits. There is also a new song on the album called "One More Chance". It was released as a single. It reached number one in three countries. The album was released as a DVD too.

In 2006 Sony released twenty of Jackson's popular singles.

In March 2009 Jackson told the press that he was going to do a tour called This Is It. He said that he might stop making music after this. Jackson practised his singing and dancing for the tour in Los Angeles with Kenny Ortega.

Personal life

Jackson lived a well-publicized personal life even though he tried to stay private. He was often in celebrity and tabloid magazines. Later in his life he was in magazines because of his personal life more than for his music.

Marriages and children

He was married to Lisa Marie Presley, the daughter of Elvis Presley in 1994, before divorcing her in 1995 and marrying nurse Debbie Rowe in 1996. Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage she gave birth to a son, Michael Joseph Jackson Jr. The next year she gave birth to a daughter, Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson. The couple divorced on October 8, 1999. Prince Michael II was born on February 21, 2002. He is better known as Blanket.

Bubbles (born 1983) is a common chimpanzee, known for being the one-time pet of American recording artist Michael Jackson. Jackson bought the animal from a Texas research facility in the 1980s. The animal was a frequent travel companion to the singer. Their human-animal bond, as well as the entertainer's other alleged eccentricities, contributed to the media epithet "Wacko Jacko", a nickname Jackson would eventually come to despise. The media often focused on Bubbles, rather than on Jackson's music, and published many false stories regarding the animal. One such story was an allegation that Bubbles was not a single ape, but one of several.

Jackson died at age 50 on June 25, 2009 at 2:25pm at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center. It is thought that he went into cardiac arrest, which means his heart stopped. Jackson died just two months before his 51st birthday.

Memorial service

A memorial service was held at the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 2009. It began with a reading of a letter by Smokey Robinson of comments by Nelson Mandela, Diana Ross and other close friends of Michael Jackson who could not be at the memorial. Mariah Carey sang I'll Be There at the memorial service, followed by a speech given by Queen Latifah. Lionel Richie performed "Jesus is Love". Berry Gordy, Motown founder, spoke next, offering condolences. Kobe Bryant and Magic Johnson also spoke, with Magic describing the event as a "celebration of Jackson's life and works" rather than a funeral. Jennifer Hudson sung Will You Be There accompanied by a music video. Reverend Al Sharpton then gave a speech about how Jackson kept rising and "never stopped". John Mayer played the guitar as he did in Michael Jackson's song Human Nature. This was followed by Brooke Shields speaking. Jermaine Jackson, Jackson's older brother, then performed Smile, Michael's favorite song written by comic drama legend Charlie Chaplin. This was proceeded by speeches by Martin Luther King III and Bernice King. Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee was the next person who spoke at the memorial service saying that Jackson's humanitarian efforts need to be praised. Usher then sang "Gone Too Soon," followed by a montage of old videos of Jackson himself. Shahim sang next, with Kenny Ortega introducing him afterwards. Kenny Ortega explained that Michael Jackson saw the Staples Center as his home, a reason for the funeral service to be held there. This was followed by Kenny Ortega doing a tribute to him, including We Are the World and Heal the World. The service ended with speeches by members of his family, including Jermaine, Marlon and daughter Paris who broke into tears and said that "Daddy was the best father anyone could have" and also that "I will miss him" then she left the microphone and turned into Janet Jackson's arms. The memorial lasted over 2 hours.

At first, Michael Jackson's custom made quarter million dollar golden casket, nicknamed "The Promethean" was not expected to appear at the memorial service, however, due to a change in the family's plans the casket was taken to the memorial service.

Jackson won Entertainer of the Year at the 2009 Soul Train Awards. That year he also won five American Music Awards.

On October 26, 2009 a two disc album called Michael Jackson's This Is It was released. The album's only single "This Is It" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2011. On October 28, 2009 Michael Jackson's This Is It was released. It was a documentary movie. The movie showed recordings of Jackson's rehearsals for his This Is It tour. Jackson died before he could do the tour. It made $72,091,016 in the United States. It has made $261,183,588 around the world. It got good reviews from movie critics. On 26 January 2010 the movie was released on DVD. It sold over 1.5million copies in the US in the first week it was released. This was more than any other music DVD had sold in its first week.

Jackson won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010. His children, Prince and Paris collected the award for Jackson.

A video game called Michael Jackson: The Experience was released in November 2010 for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Wii.

Jackson was voted as the Greatest Singer of All Time by people who did a poll on NME.com.

Bad 25, a documentary movie about Jackson's album Bad, was released in August 2012.

In 2012 he sold almost 819,000 albums in the United States. He is thought to have sold 2.7 million albums around the world in 2012. His estate makes $145 million a year.

Jackson made more money than any other dead celebrity in 2013.

Jackson's earnings have increased following his death. According to a report by Forbes in 2016, he had been the top-earning dead celebrity each year since his death, with triple-digit millions per annum ($825 million in 2016).

A new compilation album, Scream, was released on September 29, 2017. In July 2018, Sony/ATV bought the Jackson estate's stake in EMI for $287.5 million.

Discography

Filmography

Bad (1987-1989)

Dangerous World Tour (1992-1993)

HIStory World Tour (1996-1997)

MJ & Friends (1999)

Related pages

Images for kids

Jackson's childhood home in Gary, Indiana, pictured in March 2010

The sequined jacket and white glove worn by Jackson at Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever. British Vogue called Jackson "a fashion pioneer [...] who gave new meaning to moonwalking, immortalised solitary, [and] sparkly gloves".

Jackson during the Dangerous World Tour in 1993. Dangerous has been recognized by writers as an influence on contemporary pop and R&B artists.

The Thriller platinum certified record on display at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood. As of 2017, it is certified 33× platinum.

In Spanish: Michael Jackson para niños

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El Sol de México | Noticias, Deportes, Gossip, Columnas

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Así fue como Michael Jackson cambió la historia del show del Super Bowl para siempre

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El domingo 31 de enero de 1993, la historia del Super Bowl cambió totalmente y no fue por el partido que los Cowboys disputaban contra los Bills de Buffalo, sino por el espectáculo del medio tiempo protagonizado por un hombre que cambió la historia de este espacio: Michael Jackson.

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Editorial Mediotiempo

El del Super Bowl es en uno de los eventos ligados al deporte más importantes, mueve millones de dólares y forma una profunda opinión pública en Estados Unidos, aunque no siempre fue así. Tuvo que aparecer uno de los más grandes, Michael Jackson, para rescatarlo de su intrascendencia y darle un impulso estelar.

Jackson, el apodado Rey del Pop, apareció en el Rose Bowl de Pasadena, California, en el año de 1993 para redefinir el evento con apenas una lista de cinco canciones que interpretó a lo largo de 12 minutos. Rating, toda la atención puesta y algo muy importante: espectáculo, algo que pocos entendieron tan bien como él y su equipo de trabajo.

Una a una, Michael interpretó extractos de "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White","We Are the World" y "Heal the World", acompañado de una parafernalia única que empezó a destacar apenas se marcó el inicio de su mini concierto. Un par de dobles aparecieron en las pantallas del inmueble y sin esperarlo, el cantante irrumpió en el centro del campo en medio de una lluvia de fuegos artificiales.

El Super Bowl se iba a pique

NFL y la cadena CBS recibieron un fuerte golpe en 1992, cuando la televisora Fox se decidió a meter una de sus comedias más importantes, "In Living Color", justo a la mitad del encuentro entre Buffalo Bills y Washington Redskins (24-37).

En el escenario instalado en el Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome de Minneapolis apareció un deslumbrante show dedicado al invierno que si bien tuvo una gran producción, resultó poco atractivo para el espectador. Ni el gancho de Gloria Estefan ayudó a salvarlo. Según los datos proporcionados, la audiencia cayó 10 por ciento.

Jackson lo quiso llamar "Thriller Bowl"

El Rey del Pop también resultó beneficiado con su intervención, porque si bien triunfaba alrededor del mundo con su gira "Dangerous", hacía diez años antes que alguna de sus producciones no sacudía a sus seguidores. Por ello cuando se acercó la NFL aceptó la propuesta, aunque con ciertas condiciones.

"Michael no estaba muy consciente del Super Bowl . No estaba muy consciente de lo grande que era esto. Simplemente dijo: '¿Por qué no lo llamamos Thriller Bowl?'", recordó Arlen Kantarian, el productor ejecutivo del programa, a la revista Rolling Stone. Por supuesto que no se le otorgó ese beneficio.

No obstante, el cantante logró ser coproductor del espectáculo, que la NFL dejara ingresar a 3,500 voluntarios que participaron en la última parte, además de que donó 100 mil dólares para la fundación "Heal the World". El esfuerzo bien valió la pena, pues desde entonces el show medio tiempo mejoró y atrajo cada vez a cantantes y grupos de mayor peso. Por cierto, el juego fue ganado por Dallas por una paliza de 52-17 sobre Buffalo.

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Michael Jackson. El Rey del Pop redefinió y rescató al Super Bowl

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Editorial Mediotiempo El del Super Bowl es en uno de los eventos ligados al deporte más importantes, mueve millones de dólares y forma una profunda opinión pública en Estados Unidos, aunque no siempre fue así. Tuvo que aparecer uno de los más grandes, Michael Jackson, para rescatarlo de su intrascendencia y darle un impulso estelar.

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Dogis are fun to play with because if u throw them a ball or a frisbee or a dog toy if they are educated they go and grab the toy and bring to you again for you to throw it again for them to run and have lots of fun by playing with toys, these video has good info about dogs and maybe convince you to have a dog!

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Dogs!  Learning about Dog Facts for Kids

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Because you can see this video and get much better it’s easy to learn strats

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ProGuides Fortnite Tips, Tricks and Guides

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5 GAME-WINNING Strategies That Will Win You More Fights! - Fortnite Battle Royale

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This is a page full of information and facts about the sun!

1. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/overview/

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The Sun is the star at the centre of our solar system. It is an almost perfect sphere of super-hot gases whose gravity holds the solar system together. The energy produced by the Sun is essential for life on Earth and is a driving force behind the Earth's weather.

Facts about the Sun

The Sun is all the colours mixed together, this appears white to our eyes.

The Sun is composed of hydrogen (70%) and Helium (28%).

The Sun is a main-sequence G2V star (or Yellow Dwarf).

The Sun is 109 times wider than the Earth and 330,000 times as massive.

The Sun's surface area is 11,990 times that of the Earth's.

The distance between the Earth and the Sun is an Astronomical Unit (AU)

One million Earths could fit inside the Sun.
A hollow Sun would fit around 960,000 spherical Earths. If squished inside with no wasted space, then around 1,300,000 would fit inside. The Sun's surface area is 11,990 times that of the Earth's.

The Sun contains 99.86% of the mass in the Solar System.
The mass of the Sun is approximately 330,000 times greater than that of Earth. It is almost three quarters Hydrogen, whilst most of the remaining mass is Helium.

The Sun is an almost perfect sphere.
There is a 10-kilometre difference between the Sun's polar and equatorial diameter. This means it is the closest thing to a perfect sphere that has been observed in nature.

The Sun will consume the Earth.
When the Sun has burned all its Hydrogen, it will continue to burn helium for 130 million more years. During this time, it will expand to the point that it will engulf Mercury, Venus, and the Earth. At this stage it will have become a red giant

The Sun will one day be about the size of Earth.
After its red giant phase, the Sun will collapse. It will keep its enormous mass with the approximate volume of our planet. When this happens, it will have become a white dwarf.

The temperature inside the Sun can reach 15 million degrees Celsius.
Energy is generated at the Sun's core, by nuclear fusion, as Hydrogen converts to Helium. Hot objects expand, the Sun would explode if it were not for its enormous gravitational force. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is closer to 5,600 degrees Celsius.

Light from the Sun takes eight minutes to reach Earth.
The Sun is an average distance of 150 million kilometres from the Earth. Light travels at 300,000 kilometres per second. Dividing one by the other gives us an approximate time of 500 seconds (or eight minutes and 20 seconds). Although this energy reaches Earth in a few minutes, it will already have taken millions of years to travel from the Sun's core to its surface.

The Sun travels at 220 kilometres per second.
The Sun is 24,000-26,000 light years from the galactic centre. It takes the Sun 225-250 million years to complete an orbit of the centre of the Milky Way.

The distance from the Sun to Earth changes throughout the year.
This is because the Earth travels on an elliptical orbit around the Sun. The distance between the two bodies varies from 147 to 152 million kilometres.

The Sun is middle-aged.
At around 4.6 billion years old, the Sun has already burned off about half of its store of Hydrogen. It has enough left to continue to burn Hydrogen for approximately 5 billion years. The Sun is currently a type of star known as a Yellow Dwarf.

The Sun has a very strong magnetic field.
Magnetic energy released by the Sun during magnetic storms causes solar flares. We see these as sunspots. In sunspots, the magnetic lines twist and they spin, much like a tornado would on Earth.

The Sun generates solar wind.
The wind is a stream of charged particles. This travels at approximately 450 kilometres per second through the solar system. Solar wind occurs when the magnetic field of the Sun extends into space.

Sol is the Latin for Sun
This is where the word "solar" comes from, which is used to describe things that are derived from, related to, or caused by the Sun

Size of the Sun

Sun size compared to Earth, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter

Sun Features

Sunspots

Sunspots are areas of the Sun's surface that appear darker than the surrounding areas, this is because they are cooler. They form in areas of strong magnetic activity that inhibit heat transfer.

Solar Flares

When the magnetic fields near sunspots cross, tangle or are reorganised, an explosion of energy can be released. Intense solar flares can interfere with radio communications on Earth.

Satellites

Sources: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/overview/, https://www.nasa.gov/sun,
First Published: June 2012
Last Updated: May 2020
Author: Chris Jones

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Sun Facts ☀ - Interesting Facts about the Sun

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The Sun is the star at the centre of our solar system. It is an almost perfect sphere of super-hot gases whose gravity holds the

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This book has a lot of information about the flag It is very short and you can so much about the flag.

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I have a french bulldog at my house it’s name is samba  she has 4 or 5 years she does anything literally anithing for almonds chese or meat or  any thing.  We got her since she had 2 weeks

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Fortnite is a peace of cake to learn look

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this boy is from um university is a player of Nfl and her team is um Miami university

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Gregory Rousseau FULL Pro Day Highlights

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doggies are animals that can be ur pet also there are so many breeds for you to choose of dogs, are playful and cudly and cute in my opinion and i have one!, i love him so much and also u need to walk them for them to go to the bathroom.. but yea, I love dogs, this video gives u time to know more of dogs and its not a waste of time! maybe this could convince you to buy a dog!.

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Top 100 Facts About Dogs And Puppies - Amazing Facts about Dogs

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Fortnite is free to play and here’s proof that it is free

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Fortnite is free to play and here’s proof that it is free

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How to DOWNLOAD FORTNITE ON PC (EASY METHOD)

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soccer is the best sport

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This is high quality info. Video made by professionals, Manta Rays flapping like the biggest birds of the sea!

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Hundreds of Manta Rays Leap into the Air

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This source provides excellent tips for beginners starting to run, and it was made very recently from a great author

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There are so many reasons why millions of people around the globe enjoy running. Whether you're training for a race or logging miles for fun, running is good for your body and mind, and it requires very little equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and the willingness to get started.

Running may seem so simple that preparing to start a running routine may sound silly. But by learning a few basics about the sport-such as the different types of running and various gear options-you can increase your enjoyment and make your training more effective.

From the benefits of running to the gear, nutrition, and proper form that will help you get started and keep running safely and injury-free, this beginner's guide to running will have you taking strides in no time.

Most people who run casually do it for the physical, social, and mental benefits it brings. Running is one of the most effective ways to build cardiovascular endurance. If you run outdoors, you benefit from exposure to nature, which can reduce stress, relieve anxiety, and boost your mood.

Running also has a low entry bar-you don't need fancy equipment, it's relatively inexpensive, and you can do it almost anywhere. It's also an activity that spans ages; it's never too late to start running. Many people who have taken up the sport do so in their 50s, 60s, and even 70s.

Running is a sport that can bring families together. For example, some families participate in charity fun runs or jog together to spend quality time enhancing healthy values. Kids participating in running programs may learn how to overcome obstacles and persevere.

Why People Run

While running seems like a reasonably straightforward sport, there are different types of running that you might want to explore. Most runners engage in one or more of the following types of running.

Road Running

One of the most popular types of running is called road running. It includes running on paved roads, paths, and sidewalks. It's the most convenient type of running that most runners participate in at some point in their training. It is also one of the easiest ways to start your running program-all you have to do is step out your door and get moving.

Treadmill Running

A great alternative to running outside is treadmill running. Running on a treadmill is a smart choice if the weather is bad. But this type of running is also (usually) easier than outdoor running and can be gentler on your joints.

Most treadmills allow runners to change their pace, incline, and resistance to simulate outdoor running and vary their workouts to prevent boredom.

Some runners enjoy the thrill and competition of participating in races. Racing events vary in distance from 5Ks to half or full marathons and even ultramarathons lasting 100 miles or more. The terrain for races varies from roads, trails, and tracks.

Most people enter races not to win (or even come close) but to set a personal goal and achieve it.

Trail Running

For those who love to enjoy scenery and peaceful surroundings while exercising, trail running is a great option. Trail running usually takes place on hiking trails of varying terrain, from deserts to mountains. Trail runners may be sidestepping roots, climbing over logs, running through streams, or traversing steep hills.

Track Running

Track events include shorter distance races such as the 50-yard dash, 100, 200, and 400-meter sprints, and hurdles. Training to run track often includes doing more targeted speed work and less endurance running outdoors.

You can also compete in races. Track races can be as short as 55 meters (indoor tracks) and as long as 25 laps on an outdoor track (10,000 meters)

Some road and trail runners like running on a track occasionally for safety and convenience. On a track, you don't have to worry about cars, cyclists, or animals, and it's easy to measure how far you're running.

The track is also great for runners training for races to work on targeted speed workouts once you're ready to pick up the pace. Try an interval session on your local community or high school track.

Getting Started

Whether you're new to running or getting back to it after a long break, it's crucial to start easy and gradually build up to avoid injury. Here are some tips to get you started on the right foot.

Get Medical Clearance

If you've been sedentary for over a year, check with your doctor before you start a running program. While your doctor will most likely support a new exercise habit, they may offer some advice and precautions.

Also, if you've had an injury, if you take medication, or if you manage a medical condition, ask if there are particular guidelines you should follow. For example, people with type 1 diabetes may want to carry a snack if their blood sugar drops. Those who take certain blood pressure medications may need a heart rate monitor to monitor intensity.

Invest in Shoes and Gear

Wear a pair of running shoes that fit comfortably and are the correct type of shoes for your foot and running style. Visit a specialty running store to get fitted for the best shoes for you.

While there, you might want to check out technical gear such as running shorts, tops, or tights made out of lightweight wicking fibers. While these garments aren't necessary for running, they help you to stay dry and comfortable when you work out.

Take measured steps to keep your body safe and free from injury. First, do a warm-up before you start running. Walk or do an easy jog for 5 to 10 minutes before increasing your intensity. You might also add warm-up exercises such as dynamic stretches or running drills.

Second, follow running safety advice, such as going against traffic when running on roads. You should also always remember to carry an ID when you head out for a run so that you can be identified quickly in the unlikely event of an accident.

Use the Run/Walk Method

You can start your running program by combining running with intervals of walking. For many new runners, this is the easiest way to build endurance with less joint stress and a manageable intensity level.

Start by alternating one-minute intervals of running with one minute of walking, and then try to increase the time spent running. As you become more comfortable, cut down the time spent walking.

Make It Manageable

Your running workouts might be challenging initially, but they shouldn't be so hard that you never want to run again. During each workout, keep a comfortable, conversational pace. If you can't speak in complete sentences, slow down.

Breathe through your nose and mouth so you can get the most oxygen. Try doing deep belly breathing to avoid side stitches or cramps.

After each run, cool down by doing some easy jogging or walking. Some gentle stretching after will help you avoid tight muscles.

Aim for consistency in your new running program rather than speed or distance. Establish a weekly running schedule to get into a regular running habit.

Proper Form

Running is a natural movement, but that doesn't mean you can't improve certain aspects of your running form to improve your experience. Proper running form can help you become a more efficient runner.

You can learn to conserve energy, improve your pace, run longer distances, and reduce your risk of injury by paying attention to and tweaking different elements of your running mechanics. There are a few basic form rules to follow.

Practice Good Posture

Keep your posture upright. Keep your head lifted, your back long and tall, and shoulders level but relaxed. Maintain a neutral pelvis. Make sure you're not leaning forward or back at your waist (which some runners do as they get tired).

As you run longer distances, be especially mindful of your shoulder placement. They may start to hunch over. Rounding the shoulders too far forward tends to tighten the chest and restrict breathing. It helps to look ahead. Focus your eyes on the ground about 10 to 20 feet in front of you.

Swing your arms naturally back and forth from the shoulder joint (rather than your elbow joint). There should be a 90-degree bend at the elbow. In the proper position, your hand will almost graze your hip as it moves back and forth.

Keep your hands as relaxed as possible. Gently cup your hands or let them relax; avoid clenching them into fists because it can lead to tension in your arms, shoulders, and neck.

Monitor Your Footstrike

There are different ways that your foot may approach the road. You might land on your heel, in the middle of your foot, or on the toes or forefoot (front of the foot). The way that your foot hits the pavement is called your footstrike.

You may notice that you are a toe runner or a heel-striker. If you land on your toes, you are a toe runner and may experience tight calves. You may also develop shin pain.

If you land on your heels, you are a heel striker. This can mean that you are overstriding-taking steps that are longer than they need to be. This can waste energy and may cause injury.

However, if you are naturally a toe runner or a heel striker, it may be best not to change your stride. Some research has indicated that forcing yourself to run with a mid- or forefoot strike does not improve running economy, eliminate an impact at the foot-ground contact, or reduce the risk of running-related injuries.

Nutrition and Hydration

You'll learn quickly that eating well and staying hydrated can influence your runs. Here is what you need to know about both.

Proper Hydration

You lose water through sweat, whether cold or hot, so you need to drink before, during, and after your runs. When running, you should pay attention to your thirst level and drink when you feel thirsty.

You may want to take in four to six ounces of fluid every 20 minutes during your runs. Runners running faster than eight-minute miles should drink six to eight ounces every 20 minutes.

If you don't have access to water on your running routes, you'll have to carry your fluids with you. Check out some fluid carriers you can use to hold your fluids while running. However, if you're running in a race, you shouldn't have to carry your fluids because there are likely water stops on the course.

During longer workouts (90 minutes or more), some of your fluid intakes should include a sports drink (like Gatorade) to replace lost sodium and other minerals (electrolytes). The carbohydrates and electrolytes in the sports drink also help you absorb the fluids faster.

Staying adequately hydrated is essential. In general, you can use the color of your urine as a guide. If your urine is dark yellow, you're likely dehydrated. Aim for urine that is a light yellow color, like lemonade.

Running Nutrition

Eating before, during, and after a run affects your performance and recovery. Before a run, it's best to eat something light and high in carbohydrates but low in fat, protein, and fiber. Aim to finish eating 90 to 120 minutes before you start running.

Some runners can eat 30 to 60 minutes before a run and finish the workout comfortably. Keep in mind, however, that every runner is different. It may take some time to work out the best routine for you.

If you're running longer than 90 minutes, you'll need to replace some of the energy you're burning. A general rule of thumb is to consume 100 calories after an hour and another 100 calories every 45 minutes. Good food sources that are easy to carry and eat on the run include energy gels and chews, sports bars, or candy.

Motivation

When you start your running program, you'll probably feel excited and energized about your new commitment. But, you're likely to experience challenges along the way, which will test your motivation.

There are a few common strategies that runners use to stay motivated. First, many runners join a group or find a running buddy. Different types of running groups appeal to different types of runners. Some groups run to train for a specific race, groups that focus on the social aspects of running, and even groups that run for charity or a common cause.

Another common strategy is to run with music. Listening to a great playlist can be a great way to stay energized, especially on long runs. However, keep in mind that using headphones during runs comes with a few pros and cons.

A significant drawback of running with headphones is that it limits your ability to hear noises around you and may put your safety at risk. It might be helpful to do some runs with headphones and some without.

You might also want to start a running journal. Keeping a training log helps you express your ups and downs during your running experience. It also becomes a great testimonial to the hard work that you've put in. On the days when you don't feel motivated, look at all that you've accomplished, and you might get the energy to exercise.

Lastly, fill your home, workspace, or social media feed with motivational running quotes. Simply surrounding yourself with talented runners' words can be uplifting and inspiring.

Cold Weather Running

While we can all wish for perfect, temperate running weather all year long, there will be plenty of times when the weather conditions will be less than ideal for running. Plan to do a few cold-weather runs if you run all year long. Here are some recommendations for staying safe in all weather conditions.

Dress in Layers

Start with a thin layer of synthetic material such as polypropylene, which wicks sweat from your body. Stay away from cotton because it holds the moisture and will keep you wet.

An outer, breathable layer of nylon or Gore-Tex will help protect you against wind and precipitation while letting out heat and moisture to prevent overheating and chilling. If it's really cold out, you'll need a middle layer, such as polar fleece, for added insulation.

Cover Your Head and Extremities

Wearing a hat will help prevent heat loss, so your circulatory system will have more heat to distribute to the rest of the body. Wear gloves or mittens on your hands and warm socks on your feet.

Don't Overdress

You're going to warm up once you get moving, so you should feel a little bit chilly when you start your run. If you're warm and comfortable when you first start, you will begin to sweat early in your run. A good rule of thumb is to dress as if it's 10 to 20 degrees warmer outside than it is.

Hot Weather Running

Many of your runs will likely take place in warm weather. Here are the best tips to stay safe in the heat.

Wear Light and Loose Gear

Light-colored, loose-fitting clothing will help your body cool itself down naturally. Tight dress restricts that process, and dark colors absorb the sun's light and heat.

Wear synthetic fabrics (not cotton) because they will wick moisture away from your skin so that cooling evaporation can occur. Wear a visor if you want to wear something on your head to block the sun. A hat may be too constrictive and tends to trap heat.

Use Water In and On Your Body

In addition to drinking water when thirsty, you can use water to cool yourself during runs. If you're overheating, splashing water on your head and body will cool you down quickly and have a lasting effect as the water evaporates from your skin. Your head, the back of your neck, and under your arms are good spots to splash cold water.

Don't Push Your Pace

Hot and humid conditions are not the time to push your pace. Especially on race day or during an intense workout, take the weather conditions into account.

Don't try to beat the heat. Slow down, take walking breaks, and save your strenuous efforts for cooler weather. If the conditions are brutal, do some treadmill running if that's an option.

Cross-Training

Believe it or not, your running program should include more than just running. It's a good idea to mix other activities into your training regimen.

Cycling, swimming, deep water running, skating, or using an elliptical trainer are all complimentary aerobic exercises to help you avoid getting burned out. Strength-training one to two times a week can also help with injury prevention.

Race Training

Once you've established your running program, you might become interested in participating in a running event. There are different types of running events.

Running races are timed events where you usually wear a bib number and a timing chip. The chip records the time you cross the starting and finish lines. Results are usually posted after the race, and top runners overall and in age categories often win a prize.

Fun runs are often charity runs or runs organized to celebrate a common cause. You might wear a bib number when participating in a fun run, but you don't generally wear a timing chip. These runs encourage participation but not necessarily competition. Fun runs usually are 5Ks or shorter.

There are different distances for running events. These are the most common.

A 5K race is five kilometers or 3.1 miles in length. While these races are shorter, they don't necessarily have to be easier. Many seasoned runners participate in these events and compete at a swift pace. But because the distance is shorter, this is also an excellent race for a beginner runner.

A 10K is 10 kilometers in length or 6.2 miles long. These mid-distance events offer the opportunity to challenge your ability to run fast and a little farther. Once you've run a 5K comfortably, a 10K is a reasonable next step.

Ten-mile races further challenge your ability to run longer distances and require you to manage your pace for an extended period of time. This type of event is challenging but do-able for runners who have conquered 5k and 10K events.

Half Marathon

A half-marathon requires substantial training and a smart, organized plan. At 13.1 miles, the half marathon is a slight bump up from a 10-mile race, but many runners find that small bump to be quite a challenge. Very few runners can complete a half marathon with little to no training, even if they include walking.

The marathon (26.2 miles) used to be the ultimate running experience, reserved solely for seasoned runners who could compete at a moderate or fast pace. However, nationwide marathons now welcome runners and walkers of varying abilities. If you are interested in participating in a marathon, check the time cut-off and qualification standards to ensure it fits your running level well.

Ultramarathon

Consider the ultramarathon if you've competed in races of varying distances and still need a greater challenge. These grueling races often cover 50 miles or more (sometimes up to 100 miles), and many take place in challenging heat and on varied terrains. These events require serious training and sometimes require support staff's help on race day.

A Word From Verywell

Running can be a great way to work out, get outside, or explore your neighborhood. Because it requires relatively little gear - just a good pair of running shoes - you can head out the door and on a run with just some motivation and preparation. Proper fueling, hydration, and recovery will help you maximize the benefits of your running routine, and you'll soon be enjoying the runner's high and fitness gains.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many miles should I run a day?

How many miles you should run each day depends on your current fitness level and goals, as well as what other training you are doing. However many miles you are currently running, try adding about 10% more distance each week.

The length of an easy run is based on your current average distance. For someone just starting out, even a 1 mile run may be very challenging. For experienced runners, somewhere between 3 and 5 miles at an easy pace should suffice.

How can I control my breathing while running?

The most effective way to control your breathing while running is to breathe through your mouth and nose. Breathing through your nose alone is unlikely to provide you with enough oxygen. You can also practice deep belly breathing to help with oxygen delivery and prevent stitches.

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Running for Beginners: How to Get Started

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There are so many reasons why millions of people around the globe enjoy running. Whether you're training for a race or logging miles for fun, running is good for your body and mind, and it requires very little equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and the willingness to get started.

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It gives info on a lot of things and it covers both running and jogging and it says where to get help

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Running helps build strong bones, strengthens muscles and helps maintain a healthy weight.

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Spotlight on the United States of America

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Spotlight on the United States of America

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This book is very long but very interesting it show things about the United States

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instant access to thousands of great kids books.

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Instantly access 40,000 high-quality books for kids

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The leading digital library for kids offering unlimited access to 40,000 of the best children's books of all time. Sign up for a free 30 day trial to instantly access high-quality online books for kids, ebooks, audio books, quizzes, videos, and more.

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EIFFEL TOWER

The tower Eiffel is really old and important, this video is unique, because it shows you the day the was created.

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A recap of all the historical events that occurred on March 31st is given to us by Russell Mitchell in this video clip from This Day In History. The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Oklahoma premiering on Broadway was one of the events. Others included the announcement made by President Lyndon B Johnson that he would not run for a second term in office. Also, the 232 day strike of Major League Baseball players was ended in an agreement. The Eiffel Tower, which was proposed by Gustave Eiffel to commemorate the French Revolution, was dedicated and opened on this day as well.

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This Day In History: 03/31/1889 - Eiffel Tower Opens

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A recap of all the historical events that occurred on March 31st is given to us by Russell Mitchell in this video clip from This Day In History. The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Oklahoma premiering on Broadway was one of the events.

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this is a site about MORE facts About the sun!

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Overview The Sun's gravity holds the solar system together, keeping everything - from the biggest planets to the smallest particles of debris - in its orbit. The connection and interactions between the Sun and Earth drive the seasons, ocean currents, weather, climate, radiation belts and auroras.

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2. FACTS OF EIFFEL TOWER

This video you are gonna watch about the facts of the Eiffel Tower, you need to watch it because its for KIDS! And know interesting facts.

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3. EIFFEL TOWER BUILDING

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This video talks about the ingredients in Nutella and how much they use. Also, there is a lot of good information.

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Nutella Is A Lot Worse For You Than You Think — What's Really Inside

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King penguin. These 2 sources are very good because its recent and it has lots of information.

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The king penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonicus) is the second largest species of penguin, smaller, but somewhat similar in appearance to the emperor penguin. There are two subspecies: A. p. patagonicus and A. p. halli; patagonicus is found in the South Atlantic and halli in the South Indian Ocean (at the Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Island, Prince Edward Islands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands) and at Macquarie Island.[2]

King penguins mainly eat lanternfish, squid and krill. On foraging trips, king penguins repeatedly dive to over 100 metres (300 ft), and have been recorded at depths greater than 300 metres (1,000 ft).[3] Predators of the king penguin include giant petrels, skuas, the snowy sheathbill, the leopard seal and the orca.

King penguins breed on the Subantarctic islands at the northern reaches of Antarctica, South Georgia, and other temperate islands of the region.

The king penguin stands at 70 to 100 cm (28 to 39 in) tall and weighs from 9.3 to 18 kg (21 to 40 lb).[4][5][6] Although female and male king penguins are monomorphic they can be separated by their calls.[7] Males are also slightly larger than females. The mean body mass of adults from Marion Island was 12.4 kg (27 lb) for 70 males and 11.1 kg (24 lb) for 71 females. Another study from Marion Island found that the mean mass of 33 adults feeding chicks was 13.1 kg (29 lb). The king penguin is approximately 25% shorter and weighs around 1/3rd less than the emperor penguin.[8][9]

At first glance, the king penguin appears very similar to the larger, closely related emperor penguin, with a broad cheek patch contrasting with surrounding dark feathers and yellow-orange plumage at the top of the chest. However, the cheek patch of the adult king penguin is a solid bright orange whereas that of the emperor penguin is yellow and white, and the upper chest tends to be more orange and less yellowish in the king species. Both have colourful markings along the side of their lower mandible, but these tend towards pink in emperor penguin and orange in king penguin. Emperor and king penguins typically do not inhabit the same areas in the wild, with the possible exception of vagrants at sea, but the two can readily be distinguished from one another by the king's longer, straighter bill and noticeably sleeker body. The juvenile king penguin with its heavy brown down is completely different in appearance from the mostly grey emperor chick. Once molted of its juvenile plumage, the king chick resembles the adult, but is somewhat less colourful.

King penguins often breed on the same large, circumpolar islands as at least half of all living penguins, but it is easily distinguished from other species by its much larger size and taller frame, distinctive colorful markings and grizzled sooty-greyish rather than blackish back.[4][10][11]

King penguins breed on subantarctic islands between 45 and 55°S, at the northern reaches of Antarctica, as well as Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and other temperate islands of the region. The total population is estimated to be 2.23 million pairs and is increasing.[4] The largest breeding populations are on the Crozet Islands, with around 455,000 pairs, 228,000 pairs on the Prince Edward Islands, 240,000-280,000 on the Kerguelen Islands and over 100,000 in the South Georgia archipelago. The King penguin population on South Georgia and the Falklands was nearly wiped out by the early 1920s by whalers on the islands who would eat the birds and their eggs, and burn the oily, blubber rich penguins as fuel. Macquarie Island has around 70,000 pairs. The non-breeding range is unknown due to many vagrant birds having been seen on the Antarctic peninsula as well as in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

King penguins appear to have suffered a massive population decline of nearly 90% on Île aux Cochons, or Pig Island in the Crozet Archipelago. Analysing new helicopter and satellite images from 2015 and 2017, the colony's numbers have dropped to 60,000 breeding pairs.[12] The cause of this decline may be due to changes in the ecosystem related to climate change as their primary source of food is moving farther away from places where the penguins can breed. This may result in population declines and shifts in the locations of the King penguin breeding grounds.[13]

The Nature Protection Society released several king penguins in Gjesvær in Finnmark, and Røst in Lofoten in northern Norway in August 1936. Penguins were seen in the area several times during the 1940s; though none have been officially recorded since 1949, there were a few unconfirmed sightings of penguins in the area during the early 1950s.[14]

American zoologist Gerry Kooyman revolutionized the study of penguin foraging behaviour in 1971 when he published his results from attaching automatic dive-recording devices to emperor penguins,[15] and recording a dive of 235 metres (771 ft) by a king penguin in 1982.[16] The current maximum dive recorded is 343 metres in the Falkland Islands region,[17] and a maximum time submerged of 552 seconds recorded at the Crozet Islands.[18] The king penguin dives to depths of 100-300 meters (350-1000 feet), spending around five minutes submerged, during daylight hours, and less than 30 metres (98 ft) at night.[19][20]

The majority (around 88% in one study) of dives undertaken by king penguins are flat-bottomed; that is, the penguin dives to a certain depth and remains there for a period of time hunting (roughly 50% of total dive time) before returning to the surface. They have been described as U-shaped or W-shaped, relating to the course of the dive. The remaining 12% of dives have a V-shaped or "spike" pattern, in which the bird dives at an angle through the water column, reaches a certain depth, and then returns to the surface. In contrast, other penguins dive in this latter foraging pattern.[19][21] Observations at Crozet Islands revealed most king penguins were seen within 30 km (19 mi) of the colony.[22] Using the average swimming speed, Kooyman estimated the distance travelled to foraging areas at 28 km (17 mi).[19]

The king penguin's average swimming speed is 6.5-10 km/h (4-6 mph). On shallower dives under 60 m (200 ft), it averages 2 km/h (1.2 mph) descending and ascending, while on deeper dives over 150 m (490 ft) deep, it averages 5 km/h (3.1 mph) in both directions.[20][23] King penguins also "porpoise", a swimming technique used to breathe while maintaining speed. On land, the king penguin alternates between walking with a wobbling gait and tobogganing-sliding over the ice on its belly, propelled by its feet and wing-like flippers. Like all penguins, it is flightless.[24]

King penguins eat various species of small fish, squid, and krill. Fish constitute roughly 80% of their diet, except in winter months of July and August, when they make up only around 30%.[20] Lanternfish are the main fish taken, principally the species Electrona carlsbergi and Krefftichthys anderssoni, as well as Protomyctophum tenisoni. Slender escolar ( Paradiplospinus gracilis) of the Gempylidae, and Champsocephalus gunneri, is also consumed. Cephalopods consumed include those of the genus Moroteuthis, the hooked squid or Kondakovia longimana, the sevenstar flying squid (Martialia hyadesii), young Gonatus antarcticus and Onychoteuthis species.[20]

The king penguin's predators include other seabirds and aquatic mammals:

Giant petrels take many chicks of all sizes and some eggs. They will also occasionally kill adult king penguins, but very likely mostly sick or injured birds. Giant petrels also scavenge adult king penguins and chicks which have died from other causes.[25][26]

Skua species (Stercorarius spp.) take smaller chicks and eggs. Some studies may have overstated the effect skua predation has on king penguin colonies, but large numbers of chicks and eggs are taken in areas where skua nest close to penguin colonies.[27][28][29]

The snowy sheathbill (Chionis alba) and kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) scavenge for dead chicks and unattended eggs.[30]

The leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) takes adult birds and fledglings at sea.[31]

Orcas also hunt king penguins.[32]

Male and especially pre-adult male Antarctic fur seals on Marion Island have also been observed chasing, killing and eating king penguins on the beach.[33][34]

The king penguin is able to breed at three years of age, although only a very small minority (5% recorded at Crozet Islands) actually do then; the average age of first breeding is around 5-6 years.[35] King penguins are serially monogamous. They have only one mate each year, and stay faithful to that mate. However, fidelity between years is less than 30%.[36] The unusually long breeding cycle probably contributes to this low rate.[37]

The king penguin has an extremely prolonged breeding cycle, taking around 14-16 months from laying to offspring fledging.[38] Although pairs will attempt to breed annually, they are generally only successful one year in two, or two years in three in a triennial pattern on South Georgia.[31] The reproductive cycle begins in September to November, as birds return to colonies for a prenuptial moult. Those that were unsuccessful in breeding the previous season will usually arrive earlier. They then return to the sea for around three weeks before coming ashore in November or December.[39]

The female penguin lays one pyriform (pear-shaped) white egg weighing 300 g (⅔ lb).[40] It is initially soft, but hardens and darkens to a pale greenish colour. It measures around 10 cm × 7 cm (3.9 in × 2.8 in).[40] The egg is incubated for around 55 days with both birds sharing incubation in shifts of 6-18 days each. Like the closely related emperor penguin, the king penguin balances the egg on its feet and incubates it in a "brood pouch".

Hatching may take up to 2-3 days to complete, and chicks are born semi-altricial and nidicolous. In other words, they have only a thin covering of down, and are entirely dependent on their parents for food and warmth.[41] The guard phase begins with the hatching of the chick. Similar to the emperor penguin, The young king penguin chick spends its time balanced on its parents' feet, sheltered in the brood pouch formed from the abdominal skin of the latter.[41] During this time, the parents alternate every 3-7 days, one guarding the chick while the other forages for food. The guard phase lasts for 30-40 days. By then the chick has grown much larger, and is better able to both keep warm and protect itself against most predators. King chicks are very curious and will wander to explore their surroundings. The chicks form a group, called a crèche and are watched over by only a few adult birds; most parents leave their chick in these crèches to forage for themselves and their chick. Other species of penguins also practice this method of communal care for offspring.

By April, the chicks are almost fully grown, but lose weight by fasting over the winter months, gaining it again during spring in September. Fledging then takes place in late spring/early summer.

King penguins form huge breeding colonies; for example, the colony on South Georgia Island at Salisbury Plain holds over 100,000 breeding pairs and the colony at St. Andrew's Bay over 100,000 birds. Because of the very long breeding cycle, colonies are continuously occupied year-round with both adult birds and chicks. During breeding, king penguins do not build nests, however they show strong territorial behaviour and keep a pecking distance to neighbouring penguins. Penguin positions in breeding colonies are highly stable over weeks and appear regularly spaced, but thus far no quantitative analysis of the structural order inside a colony has been performed.

The king penguin feeds its chicks by eating fish, digesting it slightly and regurgitating the food into the chick's mouth.

Because of their large size, king penguin chicks take 14-16 months before they are ready to go to sea. This is markedly different from smaller penguins, who rear their chicks through a single summer when food is plentiful. King penguins time their mating so the chicks will develop over the harshest season for fishing. In this way, by the time the young penguins are finally mature enough to leave their parents, it is summer when food is plentiful and conditions are more favorable for the young to survive alone at sea.

70% of king penguins are expected to abruptly disappear in less than eighty years.[42] Considered sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems, king penguins serve as a key species for understanding the effects of climate change on the marine biome, especially throughout the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic areas.[43]

King penguins primarily feed at the Antarctic Convergence, which provides 80% of their food biomass.[44] King penguins currently travel 300-500 km over a course of over a week to complete the journey. However, ocean warming could easily move these fronts further away from breeding grounds. Continuous ocean warming could cause the convergence zone to move polewards, away from king penguin breeding sites like the Falklands and the Crozet Islands. It has been suggested that if carbon emissions continue to rise at their current rate, king penguins will need to travel an additional 200 km in order to reach their feeding areas. Breeding grounds will also suffer with the rise of emissions. Nearly half of the total population will likely lose their breeding grounds by the year 2100.[42]

King penguins are also threatened by large-scale commercial fishing that could deplete their main source of food: myctophid fish. Over 200,000 tons of myctophid fish were commercially exploited by the beginning of the 1990s in the South Georgia region. Ongoing attempts to further develop this fishery for human consumption close to key penguin foraging areas are likely to have negative impacts on food provisioning.[45]

The Pew Charitable Trust recommends the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) implement "large-scale, fully protected marine reserves in the waters surrounding Antarctica." The Trust also recommends precautionary management of the Antarctic krill fishery in order to protect king penguins' main source of food. The CCAMLR is made up of 24 countries (plus the European Union), among those are the United States and China, that withhold the authority to enact such protective measures.[46] It has also been suggested that in conservation modeling, special attention be paid to the southernmost breeding locations, given the predicted rise in water temperature in the Southern Ocean, and that complete regular censuses of breeding populations be carried out to detect temporal trends and environmental changes.[45]

The species is classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species. Since 2004, the IUCN has reported that the population size is large and has increased its breeding rates. Adult king penguins have maintained high survival rates since the 1970s.[1] The steady population of king penguins is due largely to current conservation efforts to protect nesting habitats. Ecotourism and public access to all king penguin breeding sites are heavily restricted in order to prevent outbreaks of disease and general disturbance. All of the colonies in Crozet and Kerguelen Islands are protected under the oversight of the Reserve Naturelle Nationales des Terres australes et Antarctiques Françaises. Additionally, South Georgian penguins reside in a "special protected area within the Environmental Management Plan for South Georgia." And in the Falklands, all wildlife-including the king penguin-is protected under the Conservation of Wildlife and Nature Bill of 1999.[45]

Considered a flagship species, 176 individuals were counted in captivity in North American zoos and aquaria in 1999.[47] The species is exhibited at SeaWorld Orlando, Indianapolis Zoo,[48] Detroit Zoo, Saint Louis Zoo,[49] Kansas City Zoo, Newport Aquarium in Newport, Kentucky, Edinburgh Zoo and Birdland in the United Kingdom, Berlin Zoological Garden in Germany, Zurich Zoo in Switzerland, Diergaarde Blijdorp in the Netherlands, Antwerp Zoo in Belgium, 63 Seaworld in Seoul, South Korea, Melbourne Aquarium in Australia, Mar del Plata Aquarium in Argentina, Loro Parque in Spain and Ski Dubai in United Arab Emirates, Calgary Zoo in Canada, Odense Zoo in Denmark, Asahiyama Zoo in Hokkaido, Japan,[50] and many other collections.

Brigadier Sir Nils Olav, the Edinburgh-based mascot and colonel-in-chief of the Royal Norwegian Guard

Misha, a central character and metaphor in two novels by Ukrainian writer Andrey Kurkov

The king penguin is also the species of penguin represented by the popular character Pondus, an image found on various paraphernalia in many retail stores throughout Canada. Pondus originates in Danish children's books written and photographed by Ivar Myrhøj and published in 1997 by Lademann publisher in the late 1960s. These penguins appeared in the production of Batman Returns.

Lala the Penguin became a viral video star after an Animal Planet special featured him venturing to a nearby market in Japan to fetch a fish with a specially made backpack.[51] Lala had been accidentally caught by a fisherman. The fisherman and his family nursed Lala back to health, then adopted him as a pet.[52]

1. BirdLife International. (2016). Aptenodytes patagonicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697748A93636632.en

2. ^ "Aptenodytes patagonicus (King Penguin)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

3. ^ Culik, B. M; K. PÜTZ; R. P. Wilson; D. Allers; J. LAGE; C. A. BOST; Y. LE MAHO (January 1996). "Diving Energetics in King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 (4): 973-983. PMID 8788090.

4. ^ Shirihai, Hadoram (2002). A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife. Alula Press. ISBN 978-951-98947-0-6.

5. McGonigal, D., L. Woodworth. (2001). ^ Antarctica and the Arctic: The Complete Encyclopedia. Ontario: Firefly Books.

6. ^ Cherel, Y; Leloup, J; Le Maho, Y (1988). "Fasting in king penguin. II. Hormonal and metabolic changes during molt". The American Journal of Physiology. 254 (2 Pt 2): R178-84. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.2.R178. PMID 3278625.

7. ^ Kriesell, H.J.; Aubin, T.; Planas-Bielsa, V.; Benoiste, M.; Bonadonna, F.; Gachot-Neveu, H.; Le Maho, Y.; Schull, Q.; Vallas, B.; Zahn, S.; Le Bohec, C. (2018). "Sex identification in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus through morphological and acoustic cues". Ibis. 160 (4): 755-768. doi:10.1111/ibi.12577.

8. Dunning, John B. Jr. (ed.) (2008). ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Ed. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.

9. ^ Nolan, Paul M.; Stephen Dobson, F.; Nicolaus, Marion; Karels, Tim J.; McGraw, Kevin J.; Jouventin, Pierre (2010). "Mutual Mate Choice for Colorful Traits in King Penguins". Ethology. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01775.x. S2CID 18278748.

10. ^ Jouventin, Pierre; Nolan, Paul M.; Örnborg, Jonas; Dobson, F. Stephen (2005). "Ultraviolet Beak Spots in King and Emperor Penguins". The Condor. 107 (1): 144-150. doi:10.1650/7512. JSTOR 3247764. S2CID 85776106.

11. ^ "Enormous penguin population crashes by almost 90%". Nature. 560 (7717): 144. 2018-07-30. Bibcode:2018Natur.560R.144.. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05850-2. PMID 30087467. S2CID 51935405.

12. ^ Cristofari, Robin; Liu, Xiaoming; Bonadonna, Francesco; Cherel, Yves; Pistorius, Pierre; Le Maho, Yvon; Raybaud, Virginie; Stenseth, Nils Christian; Le Bohec, Céline (2018-02-26). "Climate-driven range shifts of the king penguin in a fragmented ecosystem". Nature Climate Change. 8 (3): 245-251. Bibcode:2018NatCC...8..245C. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0084-2. ISSN 1758-678X. S2CID 53793443.

13. ^ Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-589-50260-7.

14. ^ Kooyman GL, Drabek CM, Elsner R, Campbell WB (1971). "Diving behaviour of the Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri". Auk. 88 (4): 775-95. doi:10.2307/4083837. JSTOR 4083837.

15. ^ Kooyman GL, Davis RW, Croxall JP, Costa DP (1982). "Diving depths and energy requirements of the King Penguins". Science. 217 (4561): 726-27. Bibcode:1982Sci...217..726K. doi:10.1126/science.7100916. PMID 7100916.

16. ^ Pütz, K.; Cherel, Y. (2005). "The diving behaviour of brooding king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from the Falkland Islands: variation in dive profiles and synchronous underwater swimming provide new insights into their foraging strategies". Marine Biology. 147 (2): 281. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-1577-x. S2CID 85817196.

17. ^ Putz, K.; Wilson, R. P.; Charrassin, J.-B.; Raclot, T.; Lage, J.; Maho, Y. Le; Kierspel, M. A. M.; Culik, B. M.; Adelung, D. (1998). "Foraging strategy of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) during summer at the Crozet Islands". Ecology. 79 (6): 1905. doi:10.2307/176698. JSTOR 176698.

18. ^ Kooyman GL, Cherel Y, Le Maho Y, Croxall JP, Thorson PH, Ridoux V (1992). "Diving behaviour and energetics during foraging cycles in King Penguins". Ecological Monographs. 62 (1): 143-63. doi:10.2307/2937173. JSTOR 2937173.

19. ^ Williams, p. 147

20. ^ Ridoux V, Jouventin P, Stahl JC, Weimerskirch H (1988). "Écologie alimentaire comparée des manchots nicheurs aux Iles Crozet". Revue d'Écologie (in French). 43: 345-55.

21. ^ Le Bohec, Céline; Gauthier-Clerc, Michel; Gendner, Jean-Paul; Chatelain, Nicolas; Le Maho, Yvon (2003). "Nocturnal predation of king penguins by giant petrels on the Crozet Islands". Polar Biology. 26 (9): 587. doi:10.1007/s00300-003-0523-y. S2CID 44230195.

22. ^ Descamps, Sébastien; Gauthier-Clerc, Michel; Le Bohec, Céline; Gendner, Jean-Paul; Le Maho, Yvon (2004). "Impact of predation on king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus in Crozet Archipelago". Polar Biology. 28 (4): 303. doi:10.1007/s00300-004-0684-3. S2CID 23655862.

23. ^ Emslie, S. D.; Karnovsky, N. & Trivelpiece, W. (1995). "Avian predation at penguin colonies on King George Island, Antarctica" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 107 (2): 317-327. JSTOR 4163547.

24. Young, E. (2005). ^ Skua and penguin: predator and prey. Cambridge University Press.

25. Stonehouse, B (1960). "The King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus of South Georgia I. Breeding behaviour and development". Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Scientific Report. 23: 1-81.

26. ^ Walker, Matt (2010-01-21). "King penguins become fast food for Antarctic fur seals".

27. ^ Charbonnier, Yohan; Delord, Karine; Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste (2009). "King-size fast food for Antarctic fur seals". Polar Biology. 33 (5): 721. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0753-8. S2CID 36970042.

28. Williams, p. 150

29. Williams, p. 28

30. ^ Taylor, Matthew (2018-02-26). "Antarctica's king penguins 'could disappear' by the end of the century". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.

31. ^

32. ^

33. ^ "Protecting King Penguins Fact Sheet" (PDF). The PEW Charitable Trusts.

34. ^ Diebold EN, Branch S, Henry L (1999). "Management of penguin populations in North American zoos and aquariums" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 27: 171-76.

35. ^ "Penguin Feed/Chat". Indianapolis Zoo website. Indianapolis Zoo. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28.

36. ^

37. ^ "Stock Photo - King penguin in asahiyama zoo, asahikawa in hokkaido, japan". 123RF.

38. ^ "Lala Penguin Goes Shopping". Animal Planet. 2011.

39. ^ del Castillo, Inigo. "In Japan, a penguin with a backpack walks alone to the fish market". Lost At E Minor.

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The king penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonicus) is the second largest species of penguin, smaller, but somewhat similar in appearance to the emperor penguin. There are two subspecies: A. p. patagonicus and A. p.

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Proses of butterfly

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This is a video about 4 tricks you can learn with bmx Bikes.

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This is a video about 4 tricks you can learn with bmx Bikes.

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I recomend you to watch this video becasue these people are experts and they can teach you easy tricks.

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You can trust this website because when I shards there I went to other website that we can trust and everything was good

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Where does gold come from? - David Lunney

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this is some hack about garden 🪴
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5 Gardening Tips and Ideas that Actually Work

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Carnegie Mellon University Facts and Its history.

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Carnegie Mellon University Facts and Its history.

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Want to know facts of a college you may go to? Well this website is perfect. Its for kids, tells you information of the founders and much more.

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Founded in 1900 by Andrew Carnegie as the Carnegie Technical Schools, the university became the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1912 and began granting four-year degrees. In 1967, the Carnegie Institute of Technology merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to form Carnegie Mellon University.

The university's 140-acre (57 ha) main campus is 3 miles (4.8 km) from Downtown Pittsburgh. Carnegie Mellon has seven colleges and independent schools: the College of Engineering, College of Fine Arts, Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mellon College of Science, Tepper School of Business, H. John Heinz III College of Information Systems and Public Policy, and the School of Computer Science. The university also has campuses in Qatar and Silicon Valley, with degree-granting programs in six continents.

Carnegie Mellon consistently ranks in the top 25 in the national U.S. News & World Report rankings. It is home to the world's first degree-granting Robotics and Drama programs, as well as one of the first Computer Science departments. The university spent $242 million on research in 2015.

Carnegie Mellon counts 13,650 students from 114 countries, over 100,000 living alumni, and over 5,000 faculty and staff. Past and present faculty and alumni include 19 Nobel Prize Laureates, 19 Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 72 Members of the National Academies, 114 Emmy Award Winners, 43 Tony Award laureates, 7 Academy Award Winners, 12 Turing Award winners, 4 Rhodes Scholars, and one Schwarzman Scholar.

For the 2006 fiscal year, the University spent $315 million on research. The primary recipients of this funding were the School of Computer Science ($100.3 million), the Software Engineering Institute ($71.7 million), the College of Engineering ($48.5 million), and the Mellon College of Science ($47.7 million). The research money comes largely from federal sources, with federal investment of $277.6 million. The federal agencies that invest the most money are the National Science Foundation and the Department of Defense, which contribute 26% and 23.4% of the total university research budget respectively.

The recognition of Carnegie Mellon as one of the best research facilities in the nation has a long history, as early as the 1987 Federal budget CMU was ranked as third in the amount of research dollars with $41.5 million with only MIT and Johns Hopkins receiving more research funds from the Department of Defense.

The Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) is a joint effort between Carnegie Mellon University, University of Pittsburgh, and Westinghouse Electric Company. PSC was founded in 1986 by its two scientific directors, Dr. Ralph Roskies of the University of Pittsburgh and Dr. Michael Levine of Carnegie Mellon University. PSC is a leading partner in the TeraGrid, the National Science Foundation's cyberinfrastructure program.

The Robotics Institute (RI) is a division of the School of Computer Science and considered to be one of the leading centers of robotics research in the world. The Field Robotics Center (FRC) has developed a number of significant robots, including Sandstorm and H1ghlander, which finished second and third in the DARPA Grand Challenge, and Boss, which won the DARPA Urban Challenge. The Robotics Institute has partnered with a spinoff company, Astrobotic Technology, to land a CMU robot on the moon by 2016 in pursuit of the Google Lunar XPrize. The robot, known as Andy, is designed to explore lunar pits, which might include entrances to caves. The RI is primarily sited at Carnegie Mellon's main campus in Newell-Simon hall.

The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense and operated by Carnegie Mellon University, with offices in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Arlington, Virginia, and Frankfurt, Germany. The SEI publishes books on software engineering for industry, government and military applications and practices. The organization is known for its Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which identify essential elements of effective system and software engineering processes and can be used to rate the level of an organization's capability for producing quality systems. The SEI is also the home of CERT/CC, the federally funded computer security organization. The CERT Program's primary goals are to ensure that appropriate technology and systems management practices are used to resist attacks on networked systems and to limit damage and ensure continuity of critical services subsequent to attacks, accidents, or failures.

The Human-Computer Interaction Institute (HCII) is a division of the School of Computer Science and is considered one of the leading centers of human-computer interaction research, integrating computer science, design, social science, and learning science. Such interdisciplinary collaboration is the hallmark of research done throughout the university.

The Language Technologies Institute (LTI) is another unit of the School of Computer Science and is famous for being one of the leading research centers in the area of language technologies. Primary research focus of the institute is on machine translation, speech recognition, speech synthesis, information retrieval, parsing and information extraction. Until 1996, the institute existed as the Center for Machine Translation that was established in 1986. From 1996 onwards, it started awarding graduate degrees and the name was changed to Language Technologies Institute.

Carnegie Mellon is also home to the Carnegie School of management and economics. This intellectual school grew out of the Tepper School of Business in the 1950s and 1960s and focused on the intersection of behavioralism and management. Several management theories, most notably bounded rationality and the behavioral theory of the firm, were established by Carnegie School management scientists and economists.

Carnegie Mellon also develops cross-disciplinary and university-wide institutes and initiatives to take advantage of strengths in various colleges and departments and develop solutions in critical social and technical problems. To date, these have included the Cylab Security and Privacy Institute, the Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, the BrainHub, the Simon Initiative, and the Disruptive Healthcare Technology Institute.

Carnegie Mellon has made a concerted effort to attract corporate research labs, offices, and partnerships to the Pittsburgh campus. Apple Inc., Intel, Google, Microsoft, Disney, IBM, General Motors, Bombardier Inc., Yahoo!, Uber, Tata Consultancy Services, Ansys, Boeing, Robert Bosch GmbH, and the Rand Corporation have established a presence on or near campus. In collaboration with Intel, Carnegie Mellon has pioneered research into claytronics.

Images for kids

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Carnegie Mellon University Facts for Kids

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Founded in 1900 by Andrew Carnegie as the Carnegie Technical Schools, the university became the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1912 and began granting four-year degrees. In 1967, the Carnegie Institute of Technology merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to form Carnegie Mellon University.

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Although you won't be ejected from the average Japanese restaurant for mistreating your fish, knowing how to eat sushi the right way can greatly enhance the experience. You can turn your next sushi outing into a cultural lesson! Sushi isn't a cheap hobby, so why not have fun and learn something cultural along the way?

Serious sushi chefs study for decades to master making those tasty bites. Applying some basic sushi etiquette and appreciating their creations the proper way shows respect to generations of effort. What was once considered fast food has evolved into a culinary art form loved the world over.

Disclaimer: The following tips are applicable only for a real sushi experience in an authentic Japanese restaurant, not in any eatery that has pizza and General Tso's chicken elsewhere on the menu.

Interacting With the Chef

First, sitting at the counter is the place to be if you want to take the experience seriously. Go front and center. You should address your sushi chef only when necessary, but ask immediately what he recommends. He most likely hand picked fish from the market, knows what looked good that day, and will reward your trust in him with extra special care. Just snatching a menu and choosing randomly shows that you aren't interested in his opinion. Even if you don't go with his suggestions, your interest in what's going on behind the scenes will be appreciated.

That said, never distract the chef later with questions or small talk pertaining to the food, weather, or Japanese customs. The chefs are artists, and they wield sharp knives-let them work!

If the meal turns out to be an unforgettable experience, you can even offer to buy the chef a shot of sake. If he accepts, you should have one with him. Never attempt to hand money, even a tip, to the chef; they work with raw fish all day and should never touch money. Besides, tipping is rare in Japanese custom and needs to be done carefully.

Tip: The correct (Japanese) way to pronounce sake is not "sah-key," it's "sah-keh."

At formal sushi restaurants, you may be directed to speak with a concierge before the session begins. This ensures that in case the chef doesn't speak English, you get an opportunity to mention selections you wish to avoid or any allergies you may have. Ideally, your requests will be passed on to the chef by the assistant to avoid any potential loss of face for either party.

Preparing to Eat Sushi

The wet towel is for cleaning your hands before you eat, mostly because the traditional way to eat sushi (probably what you're used to seeing) is with the fingers. Use the towel to clean your fingers, then put it aside; don't use it on your face to freshen up!

Pour only a minuscule amount of soy sauce into the bowl. You can always add more later if needed. Wasting soy sauce is taboo in serious Japanese dining etiquette.Also, pouring out too much signifies that you suspect fish is old and needs a lot of "doctoring" before you even try it.

Follow basic etiquette for how to use chopsticks politely when eating sashimi -slices of raw fish with no rice. If you're eating only nigiri sushi, you won't even need the chopsticks.

Don't add wasabi to your little bowl of soy sauce! Although this is a common practice in the West, dipping your sushi into this muck is not the best way to enjoy it. If rice does end up in your soy sauce bowl, don't pick at it with your chopsticks, and definitely don't suck sauce off the ends of your sticks.

When not eating, your chopsticks should be put on the holder beside your plate, tidy and parallel to the table, rather than on the plate or your dipping bowl. Leaving your chopsticks anywhere else may indicate that you are finished eating! Sitting your chopsticks down between pieces of sashimi is polite and acceptable.

Using Wasabi and Ginger With Sushi

Believe it or not, no matter how much you enjoy the burn, turning your soy sauce into a cloudy mess by mixing in wasabi is not the proper way to eat sushi. The chef will have already added small amounts of wasabi to each piece, based on the type of fish, to bring out flavors.

Japanese restaurants do provide additional wasabi to accommodate people with spicy interests; however, adding too much wasabi in front of the chef not only hides the natural taste of the fish he painstakingly handpicked, it is offensive. Doing so is akin to dumping ketchup all over a top cut of beef in an expensive steakhouse, in front of the person who cooked it to perfection for you!

If you need to add wasabi, brush some onto the fish with either a chopstick or a piece of ginger. Don't leave the ginger on top of the sushi as an enhancement! Sucking the extra wasabi off of your chopsticks is also considered bad form. Treat chopsticks as you would a fork in the West: Sucking on your utensils or using them to point just isn't good.

Fresh ginger is provided to cleanse your palate between bites and should never be eaten at the same time as a piece of sushi. You can always ask for additional ginger should you need it.

How to Eat Sushi the Right Way

Fortunately, there are no pretentious guidelines as to which type of sushi you should eat first, and no strict order follows. The chef may have his own plan for which pieces should come in which order. If you particularly enjoy something the chef made, tell him, and ask for another piece.

Sashimi (slices of raw fish) is typically eaten with chopsticks, but the traditional way to eat sushi (items served on rice) is by lifting a piece between your thumb and middle finger. Picking up the sushi with the fingers allows you to feel the texture and helps to keep it together, rather than damaging it with wooden sticks. Regardless, you'll be forgiven for using chopsticks if you need to do so.

Nigiri is often the default type of sushi served. Turn the piece upside down by rotating it counterclockwise, then dip only the fish into your soy sauce-never the rice if you can avoid it. Not only will the rice absorb too much soy sauce and change the texture of the bite, leaving rice behind in your bowl is amateur. Preparing the vinegared rice properly is also part of the sushi art.

Sushi pieces such as unagi (eel) and those with sauce already on top should not be dipped.

To be a real sushi pro, pieces should be placed in the mouth upside down so that the fish is against your tongue. Allow your tongue to take in the complex flavors before gulping down the bite. Ideally, you'll be able to eat the entire piece in one bite. Trying to make a piece into two bites usually results in it falling apart. Sometimes pieces of nigiri are too big to eat in one go, another good reason to eat with the fingers so you can hold everything together.

The last and most important rule of how to eat sushi properly is that you enjoy every single bite-more than likely it will be the bill and not the wasabi that causes a little heartburn later!

Exiting tip: Remember to give a deep, respectful bow to the chef as you leave the establishment.

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Although you won't be ejected from the average Japanese restaurant for mistreating your fish, knowing how to eat sushi the right way can greatly enhance the experience. You can turn your next sushi outing into a cultural lesson! Sushi isn't a cheap hobby, so why not have fun and learn something cultural along the way?

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This article Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the is missing information about the two genres of BMX, summarizing the articles Freestyle BMX and BMX racing.. talk page.

BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross or bike motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general on- or off-road recreation. BMX began when young cyclists appropriated motocross tracks for recreational purposes and stunting, eventually evolving into specialized BMX bikes and competitions.

BMX began during the early 1970s in the United States when children began racing their bicycles on dirt tracks in southern California, inspired by the motocross stars of the time. The size and availability of the Schwinn Sting-Ray and other wheelie bikes made them the natural bike of choice for these races, since they were easily customized for better handling and performance. BMX racing was a phenomenon by the mid-1970s. Children were racing standard road bikes off-road, around purpose-built tracks in California. The 1972 motorcycle racing documentary On Any Sunday is generally credited with inspiring the movement nationally in the United States; its opening scene shows kids riding their Sting-Rays off-road. By the middle of that decade, the sport achieved critical mass, and manufacturers began creating bicycles designed especially for the sport.

US timeline

George E. Esser founded the National Bicycle League as a non-profit bicycle motocross sanctioning organization in 1974. Before they set up the NBL, Esser and his wife, Mary, sanctioned motorcycle races with the American Motocross Association (AMA). Their two sons, Greg and Brian, raced motorcycles, but also enjoyed riding and racing BMX with their friends. It was their sons' interest, and the lack of BMX organizations in the East, which prompted Esser to start the NBL in Florida.

By 1977, the American Bicycle Association (ABA) was organized as a national sanctioning body for the growing sport.

Freestyle BMX is now one of the staple events at the annual Summer X Games Extreme Sports competition and the Etnies Backyard Jam, held primarily on the East and West coasts of the United States. The popularity of the sport has increased due to its relative ease and availability of places to ride and do tricks.

UK BMX explosion

In the UK, BMX was a craze which took off in the early 1980s, specifically 1982/3, when it became the "must have" bicycle for children and teenagers. Previously a small niche area, BMX exploded at this time into the dominant bicycle for the younger rider, with older teenagers and even adults becoming known names through publications like BMX Bi weekly, featuring big names like Tim March and Andy Ruffell. The shift to freestyle from racing came in 1985 with popular styling moving from chrome frames and contrasting components in black blue or red being the norm, to brightly coloured bikes in one colour only, including their mag wheels and even matching tyres. Because BMX exploded into Britain's streets so suddenly, it was perhaps inevitable that it would implode with similar speed, when the children who rode the bikes left school and went to work. This was indeed the case, as by 1986/7 sales in the UK had dropped off dramatically, with the new ATB or "mountain bike" taking off and soon to become the generic adult bicycle, again from California where it had begun in the mid 1970s. Nevertheless, the first BMX track in the UK was founded in Landseer Park, Ipswich in 1980 by the Ipswich BMX Club which still provides coaching and races on a regular basis.

International development

In April 1981, the International BMX Federation was founded, and the first world championships were held in 1982. Since January 1993, BMX has been integrated into the Union Cycliste Internationale.

In 2003, the International Olympic Committee made BMX a full medal Olympic sport for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China, and Māris Štrombergs (male, for Latvia) and Anne-Caroline Chausson (female, for France) became the first Olympic champions.

Many talented BMX riders go on to other cycling sports like downhill, including Australian Olympian Jared Graves, Eric Carter and youth BMX racer Aaron Gwin. Multiple world and Olympic champion track sprinter Chris Hoy also began as a BMX rider.

References

External links

Media related to BMX at Wikimedia Commons

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This article Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the is missing information about the two genres of BMX, summarizing the articles Freestyle BMX and BMX racing.. talk page.

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There are a ton of sushi ingredients and condiments on the market that you could have in your home kitchen. But you only need a few basic sushi ingredients to get started making good sushi. Outlined below are the basic items you need to get started. Keep reading on!

Sushi Ingredients

Sushi Rice (Sushi-Meshi)

Without any doubt, Sushi rice plays the most important role in making good Sushi. It also has one of the most pleasing textures in the world. Sushi rice is made by cooking a super premium grade short or medium Japanese white rice and then mixing it with rice vinegar, salt and sugar mixture while fanning it to cool it off. This combinations of ingredients and activities together make the sushi rice fluffy, but still firm, and with a shiny sheen to it. Sushi is sticky, gooey and chewy - in the best possible way. And the sweetness from the sugar and the bright pop of vinegar added to sushi rice don't hurt anything either.

Learn how to prepare the perfect sushi rice at home, and you will be able to make your great sushi rolls at any time you want. Cooking the sushi rice at home might look complicated, but as you go along with it, you might notice that it's just like making your ordinary rice, only with some ingredients added to it, and a bit of Japanese methodology.
Recommended Sushi Rice: Kokuho Rice Sushi
Japanese rice vinegar (Komezu)

Rice vinegar is another important ingredient of sushi. For those who don't know, sushi gets its name from vinegar, SU meaning vinegar and SHI meaning the skill of hand. Rice vinegar is a type of vinegar made from fermented rice in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam. Japanese sushi vinegar is around 5% acidity and is rather mild and slightly sweet in taste. The ready-to-use Japanese sushi vinegar is easy to use and of very high quality. The right taste is obtained by adding salt and sugar into the sushi vinegar. Rice vinegar is used in combination with salt and sugar to form the seasoning for your sushi rice giving it that sweet and tart flavor that we all recognize in good sushi rice.

Although Japanese rice vinegar can be made at home, it can also be readily bought in any local Japanese grocery store. Rice vinegar is not only used to cooked rice to be used in making sushi, but it is also used to make sunomono (vinegar dishes), tsukemono (pickles), nimono (simmered dishes) as well as used in salad dressing varieties popular in the west, such as sesame dressing or ginger.
Recommended Japanese rice vinegar: Marukan Seasoned Rice Vinegar
Kombu (This is meant for flavoring, not eating)

Kombu is technically an edible kelp from the brown algae family known as Laminariaceae. It is widely eaten in most East Asian countries such as China, Korea, Japan. The majority of the available Kombu is cultivated in the seas of Korea and Japan. Over 90% of the Japanese variety is harvested from around Hokkaido, which is the second largest island of Japan.

In Japan, Kombu is a sort of sea-weed used in many Japanese foods. Kombu is usually sold in thick, dried, nearly black strips. It may be pickled with sweet and sour flavoring, cut into strips about 2 cm wide and 5 cm length. These are often eaten with green tea. It can be used to make pickled or added to the sushi rice during cooking. It may also be eaten fresh in sashimi.

But perhaps it is a dried seaweed mainly used in dashi, a soup stock used in Japan similar to the way that we use chicken stock here in the United States. Dashi is made by putting dried kombu in cold water and heating it to near-boiling.
How to use Kombu in sushi?
Although its most notable use is in making Dashi, it is also one of the "required" sushi ingredients for making the perfect sushi rice. This is not used as the actual wrapping but instead is for flavoring the sushi rice. When cooking the sushi rice, just before you turn on the rice cooker, throw in a few small pieces of Kombu (5x5cm per 3 cups of rice). It is helpful to make slits in one or more sides of the Kombu to help release its flavors. Kombu typically gives the sushi rice a hint of dashi flavor.

Kombu can be found at your local Asian food store or Japanese market. It can also be found online here.
Recommended Kombu: Wel-pac Dashi Kombu
Nori (seaweed)

Nori is the Japanese name for edible seaweed species of the red algae (though it looks green) genus Pyropia, including P. tenera and P. yezoensis. Nori is gotten from the sea, washed with water and then passed through a shredding machine to make it smaller. These small pieces are mixed with fresh water, passed through rectangular or square frames, drained and then dried on a heated surface. The results are dried edible seaweed sheets that are immediately packed and sealed to keep them from absorbing moisture.

Sushi Nori, which you use for rolling the sushi ingredients in, is very important. Not any type of Nori can be used for making sushi. To get the good sushi, you need to use high-quality nori. The taste and quality of the Nori is a function of location, water temperature and mineral content of the sea. This might explain why the best Nori is usually produced on the Ariake Bay, Kyushu Island of Southern Japan. The finest Nori for sushi is the one which is uniformly thick and very dark in color (like black). The dark Nori is rich in protein, vitamin A, calcium, and iron.

Nori is used in most kinds of sushi. Its mild, salty and unique seaweed flavor makes a perfect pairing with sushi rice, fish and the other ingredients of sushi. A fresh nori should come very dry. But it will become sticky once it interacts with the moist sushi rice. Thus, it acts as a firm yet sticky skin for the sushi when wrapping the rice. So to make the most of the nori, it must be kept in a dry environment before used or it will not stick well and the sushi will fall apart soon.

As in most sushi ingredients, you can get Nori in most Asians stores or Japanese markets. There are many suppliers at different costs and values. In order to get the good sushi rolls, it's important to find good Nori.
Recommended Nori: Daechun Sushi Nori, Product of Korea
Fish

For culinary, and sanitary reasons, the freshness and the quality of raw fish must be superior to that of cooked fish. Sushi chefs are trained to recognize important attributes, including firmness, color, smell, and freedom from parasites that may go undetected in the commercial inspection.

If you want to use raw fish in your sushi, be careful where you buy it. Not any raw fish can be used for sushi - Look for sushi- or sashimi-grade fish. Regular fishes are not handled with the intention of raw preparation as they are likely to contain parasites and bacteria. You may want to ask at a local sushi bar or check out Asian markets.

Here're some popular fish types that you can use to make sushi:

Bluefin Tuna (Maguro)

Bluefin tuna is one of the prized fish in Japan - so much so that only 20% of the Pacific and Atlantic bluefin tunas are consumed outside of the country. Bluefin tuna is also one of the most popular fish found in sushi. It has a firm yet tender texture and fresh, mild flavor.

The Japanese have been using tuna for making sushi since the mid 19th century when a chef marinated some pieces with soy sauce and called it nigirizushi.

These days, sushi chefs prepare three different cuts of this fish: akami, chu-toro, and o-toro. Akami is the red meat that is at the top of the back of the tuna. Chu-toro is the milky-pink marbled meat which is located in the belly of the tuna. It has a rich buttery texture. O-toro is the fatty part of the tuna which is found at the fattiest portion of the belly. Toro is considered the most prized and expensive part of the bluefin tuna. It has a richer texture and flavor.

Salmon (Sake)

Along with bluefin tuna, Salmon is one of the easiest fish for sushi novices to enjoy. It is the fish of choice for making nigiri sushi. It has a soft texture and a pleasing, mild flavor and its flesh could appear as peachy orange or deep red. Many sushi lovers insist on salmon even when they are presented with many other options. So salmon can be found in almost every sushi restaurant. The fatty part of the salmon, called "Beni toro" in Japanese, is considered the most prized part of the salmon. In addition to its tasteful freshness, salmon also contains nourishing protein and two types of omega-3 fatty acids: DHA and EPA, which the body cannot produce by itself.

Japanese amberjack or yellowtail (Hamachi)

This fish is a seasonal favorite in the cold months because of its high content. Prepared either cooked in a roll or raw as nigiri, Japanese amberjack has a buttery texture with a bold tangy flavor. In Japan, about 120,000 tonnes of Japanese amberjack are sold every year. While the fish reach 3 kilograms are sold which is called hamachi, others left to grow bigger till they attain a weight of 5 kilograms is called buri. American sushi chefs believe that Japanese amberjack is better for sashimi or nigiri since the marbled fat give a versatile flavor profile that can make a dish which is rich, salty and spicy.

Mackerel

Mackerel is generally more attractive to the Japanese than to us sushi-rookie Westerners. In fact, many non-native Japanese avoid eating mackerel at sushi restaurants. The fish gets a bad rap for being "fishy", with a tendency for the potent flavor to linger on one's palate (or hands) for extended periods of time.

On contrary, Mackerel is quite popular in Japan and it is commonly served as sushi. It is especially healthy that is packed with omega-3's, DHA, and EPA. Mackerel is a shiny fish that has a potent fishy flavor and aroma. There are four types of mackerel most commonly served in sushi restaurants.

Saba - is cured for hours with vinegar and salt before being served as sushi. This mackerel is known to be a fall-season fish.

Spanish mackerel (sawara) - a large variety with a whiter color. The fish's best season is spring and it is very popular from spring to early summer.

Horse mackerel (aji) - This fish is smaller than other types of mackerel and has a lighter flavor. Its best season is summer.

Mackerel pike (sanma) - This fish actually belong to another family. Sanma was not commonly served as sushi in Japan until recently. The best season is from late summer to fall.

Fun fact: While tuna doesn't have "mackerel" in its name, it also belongs to the mackerel family.

Albacore tuna (Bontoro)

Albacore tuna, the bluefin tuna's smaller cousin, became a popular sushi fish in recent times. Since albacore lives in the warmer parts of the sea, it has a more delicate flesh and smoother texture compared to bluefin tuna. Sushi chefs use a method called tataki in order to further concentrate the albacore's flavor. They grill it quickly, cook the outside and then drunk it on ice water to tighten up the flesh. Albacores are one of the most affordable fishes, so in Japan, you will find them in kaiten-sushi (belt-conveyor sushi chains). At sushi restaurants in the U.S, this type of tuna will often run a bit cheaper than all other types of tuna.

Vegetables

There are some vegetables that show up in sushi more than others such as cucumbers, avocado, carrots, spring onions and steamed Asparagus. You should find out which types of sushi you want to make and then get needed vegetable(s) depending on your favorite type. If you don't know what types of the sushi are, then visit our types of sushi page to learn more.

Sushi Condiments

Wasabi

Japanese horseradish also called "wasabi", is a Japanese spice root and has a potent, hot flavor, but not in the same way as capsaicin in hot peppers produces heat. It generates vapors that are felt more in the nasal passages than on the tongue. Wasabi will add a spicy punch to your favorite sushi roll. Start with a tiny dot of it the first time you try it.

For most people, wasabi is an important member of sushi table. Some like to swipe wasabi onto the sushi rice when making sushi, and some prefer to add it to the soy sauce bowl for dipping.

Wasabi products for sushi can be found in your local Japanese grocery or Asian food stores in either paste or powder form.
Recommended Wasabi: Wasabi Paste, Japan
Soy sauce

Nothing is as good as dipping your sushi roll in soy sauce combined with some wasabi and taking a juicy bite. So how could anybody eat sushi without it?

Soy sauce, also known as shoyu, is a dark, salty sauce. It is traditionally used in many Asian cuisines, including Japanese sushi. It helps enhance the umami flavors of the sushi ingredients. It may be served in a small bowl (per person) for dipping. It is made using the paste of soybeans that have been boiled and mixed with grain (rice, wheat, or barley), Aspergillus sojae and brine. You can choose between low-salted soy sauce or the sweet sashimi-shoyu.
Recommended Soy sauce: Kikkoman Japan Made Soy Sauce
Sushi ginger (Gari)

Wasabi's pink (or yellow) companion is thin-sliced pickled ginger, also called gari. Gari is a sharp, fragrant and slightly sweet condiment. It is there to be eaten between pieces of sushi roll (or with it if you prefer) as well as before and after a sushi meal in order to cleanse the palate. It is made by salting slices of ginger, then pickling them in a solution of sugar and rice vinegar.

It is a common item that you can find in Asian markets in various sizes. Not much of this condiment needed for one meal of sushi, so the smaller jars are commonly the ones taken.
Recommended Sushi Ginger: Sliced Pickled Ginger, Japan
These are some ingredients and condiments which are considered "classics" due to the traditions and tastes if Japanese cuisine. However, If you're making you sushi at home, you 're free to put whatever you want in your sushi.

Other Tools You will Need for Making Sushi
Bamboo paddle, spreader, and mat Hangiri Chopsticks Sushi: Taste and Technique

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Sushi Ingredients - What Items Do You Need to Get Started?

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There are a ton of sushi ingredients on the market that you could have in your home kitchen. But you only need a few basic sushi ingredients to get started making good sushi. Outlined below are the basic items you need to get started. Keep reading on!

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How to make Simple Sushi at home | step-by-step SUSHI recipe

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Carnegie Mellon Main Founder Information.

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Answer (1 of 9): Okay.. so it's a tough call, but I think I have enough common sense to answer this question. UFC fighters will dominate. Reason behind this is simple. Pro wrestlers are not even trained in proper wrestling. WWE guys are performers and entertainers. They don't even punch each o...

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WWE belts and who have the m

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WWE is an American professional wrestling promotion based out of Stamford, Connecticut. Title reigns are either determined by professional wrestling matches or are awarded to a wrestler, as a result of the culmination of various scripted storylines.

WWE divides its roster between five brands, where wrestlers exclusively compete, albeit with some exceptions. The three primary brands that WWE promotes are Raw, SmackDown, and NXT. Specialty brands include 205 Live, which is for male wrestlers 205 lbs. and under (designated by WWE as cruiserweights), and NXT UK, which is for wrestlers based in the United Kingdom -both of these specialty brands are considered as being part of NXT.

Raw, SmackDown, NXT, and NXT UK each have a primary and secondary championship for male wrestlers, a singles championship for female wrestlers, and a tag team championship for male wrestlers. There are two tag team championships for female wrestlers-one shared by Raw and SmackDown, and the other is defended on NXT. There is one championship for the cruiserweight wrestlers that is shared between NXT, NXT UK, and 205 Live. There is also one tertiary championship, which is accessible to anyone, regardless of gender or WWE employment status.

There are currently 20 championships in WWE. Among the five current brands, 25 wrestlers hold the championships (including one interim champion, and a tag team championship vacancy) as of April 7, 2021. The list includes the number of times the wrestler has held the title, the date and location of the win, and a description of the winning bout.

Men's singles

At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy for male wrestlers are the WWE Championship on Raw, the Universal Championship on SmackDown, and the NXT Championship on NXT. The WWE Championship is held by first-time champion Bobby Lashley, who defeated The Miz in a Lumberjack match on the March 1, 2021 episode of . The Universal Championship is held by Roman Reigns, who is in his second reign. He won the title by defeating previous champion "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt and Braun Strowman, who Reigns pinned, in a No Holds Barred Triple Threat match at Payback on August 30, 2020. The NXT Championship is held by Finn Bálor, who is in his record-tying second reign. He won the vacant title by defeating Adam Cole at NXT Super Tuesday II on September 8, 2020; previous champion Karrion Kross relinquished the title due to injury.

Secondary titles for male wrestlers include the United States Championship on Raw, the Intercontinental Championship on SmackDown, and the North American Championship on NXT. The United States Championship is held by Riddle, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating former champion Bobby Lashley and John Morrison, who Riddle pinned, in a triple threat match at Elimination Chamber on February 21, 2021. The Intercontinental Championship is held by two-time champion Big E, who defeated Sami Zayn in a Lumberjack match during the December 22, 2020 tapings of ( aired December 25). The North American Championship is held by record three-time champion Johnny Gargano, who defeated previous champion Leon Ruff and Damian Priest in a triple threat match at TakeOver: WarGames on December 6, 2020.

Men's tag team

Raw, SmackDown, and NXT each has a tag team championship for male wrestlers. The Raw Tag Team Championship is held by The New Day ( Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods), who are in their record-tying fourth reign as a team (individually, this is the fourth reign for Woods and the record-tying sixth for Kingston). They defeated The Hurt Business ( Cedric Alexander and Shelton Benjamin) on the March 15, 2021 episode of . The SmackDown Tag Team Championship is held by Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode, who are in their first reign. They defeated The Street Profits ( Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) on the January 8, 2021 episode of . The NXT Tag Team Championship is currently vacant, as previous champions Oney Lorcan and Danny Burch vacated the titles due to Burch separating his shoulder on the March 17, 2021 episode of . The next champions will be determined at TakeOver: Stand & Deliver.

The WWE 24/7 Championship is a tertiary championship shared across all five brands and is open to anyone regardless of gender (including non-WWE personnel). It can be defended anytime, anywhere, as long as a WWE referee is present. The title is held by record 51-time champion R-Truth. He won the title by pinning Old Spice representative Joseph Average (portrayed by NXT and WWE Performance Center trainee Rik Bugez), which took place backstage during an Old Spice advertisement at Fastlane on March 21, 2021.

The NXT Cruiserweight Championship is the only championship of the 205 Live brand and is also defended on NXT and NXT UK. It is for wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under (referred to as cruiserweights); the only championship in WWE with a weight limit. At present, there are two titleholders recognized as champion. The first is Jordan Devlin from NXT UK, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating former champion Angel Garza, Travis Banks, and Isaiah "Swerve" Scott, who Devlin pinned, in a fatal four-way match at Worlds Collide on January 25, 2020. Due to a travel ban as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Devlin was unable to defend the title in the U.S., thus a separate title holder was crowned to serve as interim champion in the U.S. Santos Escobar from NXT is the U.S.-based interim champion in his first reign. He won the title (under the persona of El Hijo del Fantasma) by defeating Drake Maverick in the interim championship tournament final during the May 27, 2020 taping of ( aired June 3). Devlin defended the title on NXT UK while Escobar defended it on NXT. After the travel ban was lifted in March 2021, Devlin made his return to the U.S. on the March 17, 2021 episode of NXT and confronted Escobar over who the real champion was, and a match was scheduled for TakeOver: Stand & Deliver to determine the undisputed champion.

At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy for female wrestlers are the Raw Women's Championship, the SmackDown Women's Championship, and the NXT Women's Championship. The Raw Women's Championship is held by Asuka, who is in her second reign. She defeated Sasha Banks by submission at SummerSlam on August 23, 2020. The SmackDown Women's Championship is held by Sasha Banks, who is in her first reign. She won the title by defeating Bayley in a Hell in a Cell match at the Hell in a Cell pay-per-view on October 25, 2020. The NXT Women's Championship is held by Io Shirai, who is in her first reign. She won the title by defeating previous champion Charlotte Flair and Rhea Ripley, who Shirai pinned, in a triple threat match at TakeOver: In Your House on June 7, 2020.

There are two tag team championships for female wrestlers - the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, which is shared by Raw and SmackDown, and the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship, which is defended on NXT. The WWE Women's Tag Team Championship is held by Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler from Raw, who are in their record-tying second reign, both as a team and individually. They won the title by defeating Asuka and Charlotte Flair during the Royal Rumble Kickoff pre-show on January 31, 2021. The NXT Women's Tag Team Championship is held by first-time champions Ember Moon and Shotzi Blackheart, who defeated Dakota Kai and Raquel González (themselves having just been named the inaugural champions) on the March 10, 2021 episode of .

The top title of NXT UK is the NXT United Kingdom Championship. It is held by Walter, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Pete Dunne at TakeOver: New York on April 5, 2019, ending Dunne's reign at 685 days. The secondary championship of NXT UK is the NXT UK Heritage Cup, which has a special stipulation in which all matches are contested under " British Rounds Rules". It is held by A-Kid, who defeated Trent Seven in the tournament final to determine the inaugural champion on the November 26, 2020 episode of (the actual date the match took place is unknown). The NXT UK Women's Championship is held by first-time title holder Kay Lee Ray, who won the title by defeating Toni Storm at TakeOver: Cardiff on August 31, 2019. The NXT UK Tag Team Championship is held by Pretty Deadly (Lewis Howley and Sam Stoker), who are in their first reign. They defeated Gallus ( Mark Coffey and Wolfgang) on the February 25, 2021 episode of (the actual date the match took place is unknown).

Current champions

Tables with a "Days recog." column means that WWE officially recognizes a different number of days that a wrestler has held a title due to an event airing on tape delay. In some cases, particularly recent NXT UK events, the actual date an event took place is unknown.

The NXT Cruiserweight Championship is shared between NXT, NXT UK, and 205 Live.

The 24/7 Championship is shared between all five brands

The WWE Women's Tag Team Championship is shared by Raw and SmackDown.

The colors indicate the home brand of the champions.

Championship

Current champion(s)

Reign

Date won

Days
held

Days
recog.

Location

Notes

Santos Escobar

1

May 27, 2020

315

308

Winter Park, Florida

Due to a travel ban as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Jordan Devlin was unable to defend the title in the U.S., thus a separate title holder was crowned to serve as interim champion in the U.S.

Escobar, who was competing under his previous persona El Hijo del Fantasma (pictured), defeated Drake Maverick in the interim championship tournament final on NXT to determine the interim champion.
Aired on tape delay on June 3, 2020.

Devlin returned to the U.S. on March 17, 2021, appearing on NXT to confront Escobar with a match scheduled for TakeOver: Stand & Deliver to determine the undisputed champion.

WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler

2

January 31, 2021

66

66

St. Petersburg, Florida

Defeated Asuka and Charlotte Flair during the Royal Rumble Kickoff pre-show.

References

External links

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List of current champions in WWE - Wikipedia

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WWE is an American professional wrestling promotion based out of Stamford, Connecticut. Title reigns are either determined by professional wrestling matches or are awarded to a wrestler, as a result of the culmination of various scripted storylines. WWE divides its roster between five brands, where wrestlers exclusively compete, albeit with some exceptions.

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