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Aim : To separate photosynthetic pigments by chromatography.
Caption : The chromatography paper separated the concentrated pigment solution into different colour. This is because each pigment such as Chlorophyll a and Carotene have different solubility in organic solvent (acetone). Low soluble pigments will move slower than more soluble pigments as the organic solvent diffuse through the chromatography paper.

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Aim: To separate photosynthetic pigments by chromatography.
Caption : The apparatus and material needed in this experiment

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1. What is the roles of photosynthetic pigments?

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1. What is the roles of photosynthetic pigments?

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Photosynthetic pigments will absorb certain type of light depends on the wavelength of the light. The lights absorbed is used for photosynthesis reaction. One of the photosynthetic pigment is Chlorophyll "a" which appears green in colour because Chlorophyll "a" absorbs red colour(short wavelength) and blue colour (long wavelength) but Chlorophyll a reflect green light. That is why majority of plants have green colour

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Grind the Solenostemon (ati-ati) leaves with acetone until it becomes fine mesh. 

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Grind the Solenostemon (ati-ati) leaves with acetone until it becomes fine mesh. 

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Repeat it with Artocarpus odoratissimus (Terap leaves)

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Repeat it with Artocarpus odoratissimus (Terap leaves)

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Drop the pigment solution at the center of the pencil line. Let the spot dry, then place a second small drop on the first. Repeat this process 3 times.

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Question

1. What are the roles of the photosynthetic pigments?
- Photosynthetic pigments absorbs different wavelengths of visible light to carry out photosynthesis

2.

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Chromatographing like pros 🔥

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Conclusion: chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a travel the least distance from the solvent front because chlorophyll b and a are more polar pigments than the other pigments found in the leaf extract. Therefore, it is more strongly attracted to the polar surface of paper than to the non-polar solvent. Xanthophyll moves the farthest because it is the most non-polar of the pigments and it is more attracted to the acetone than the paper.

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What is the function of organic solvent?

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What is the function of organic solvent?

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Organic solvent (acetone) is used in this experiment because of 2 reasons :
1. Acetone is a non-polar organic solvent. They will break down the cell membrane because the lipid components in cell membrane will dissolve in acetone. And..how would you determining the pigments if the pigments is still inside the tough cellulose cell wall without alcohol??

2. Second use of organic solvent is to helps us differentiate the different pigments. As we all know, the solvent need to travel up in the chromatography paper to allow separation of pigments. But water can dissolve polar solvent, but water cannot dissolve polar solvent completely.Polar solvents such as water move slowly and that results the low resolution of pigments (we cannot differentiate whether that colour is yellow, yellowish green, greenish yellow, green etc). But organic solvent such as alcohol is a non polar solvent and can dissolve the pigments effectively. Organic solvent also can move faster in chromatography paper and allow higher resolution of the pigments

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The Rf values indicate how soluble the particular pigment is in the solvent by how high the pigment moves  on the paper . Two pigments with the same Rf value  are likely to be identical molecules . Small Rf values tend to indicate larger , less  soluble pigments while the highly soluble pigments have an Rf value near to one .

Green = 2 cm +_ 0.05
yellow = 4.5 cm +_  0.05 cm
solvent  = 6.8 cm +_ 0.05 cm

Rf green
= 2 / 6.8
= 0.29412 cm
with uncertainty
= 0.29 +_ 0.01

Rf yellow
=4.5 / 6.8
=0.66176 cm
with uncertainty
= 0.66 +_

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Hereby we include our chromatography paper . Only one of it is reliable because the other two had errors . On one of it was because the paper was too big it touched the inner of the measuring cylinder. The sensitivity of the chromatography paper is disturbed . Another error was because , we touched the paper using our bare hands and the oil from it disturbed the sensitivity of the paper .

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1) Justify the separation

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What is the role of photosynthetic pigments?

Contains chlorophyll  which enable the process of photosynthesis in the leaves in the presence of sunlight. Chlorophyll a absorbs blue and red light and reflects green light, it also has porphyrin ring which absorbs light. Chlorophyll b absorbs a wider wavelength of light energy.

What is the function of organic solvent?

It also dissolves chlorophyll. The presence of acetone is to create a amphipathic properties which in turn allows for the non polar to dissolve.

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What are the Rf values?

Rf values determines the solubility of the pigment.

A high Rf value would refer to a substance that is very non polar.

A low Rf value would refer to a substance that is very polar.

Acetone is the best in dissolving non polar substance

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Everyone was observing carefully how the leaves were grinded into fine mesh.

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The grinded leaves

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The filtered leaves were dropped on the paper by using a dropper.

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1) Justify the separation of the bands.
bands that travel the greatest distance are more soluble in the solvent than those that traveled less distance.

2)what composes visible white light?
Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves human can see. We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength. When all the wavelength are seen together, they make white light. when white light shines through a prism, the white light is broken apart into the colors of the visible light spectrum.

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To separate photosynthetic pigments by chromatography