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Empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery.

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Reformed banking system and created the federal reserve board which oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts each with its own central bank and had the power to issue paper money.

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Moral diplomacy is the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.

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The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

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Taft sought to address international problems by extending American investment overseas, believing that such activity would both benefit the US economy and promote stability abroad.

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A Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions.

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A program by Theodore Roosevelt that reflected three basic goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

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The prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal.

Significance -  Because of the eighteenth amendment lots of illegal activities made to sell alcohol illegally. Many people did not like this amendment.

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The most successful political action group that forced the prohibition issue into the forefront of state and local elections and pioneered the strategy of the single-issue pressure group.

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Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point, they sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance.

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Jane Addams was middle class woman. The Hull House is a settlement house that she installed in a ghetto of Chicago.

Significance
The house inspired many other like settlements across the country, while Addams spent her lifetime battling for garbage removal, playgrounds, better street lighting, and police protection.

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A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor.

Significance - Ministers, especially ones belonging to the Protestant branch of Christianity, began to tie salvation and good works together. They argued that people must emulate the life of Jesus Christ.

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In “The Gospel of Wealth,” Carnegie argued that extremely wealthy Americans like himself had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

Significance -  Its a significant break with the individualist narrative that we are often given. It spoke to issues of contribution, legacy, and community as important values. Bill Gates and Warren Buffet and their movement to give money back has been influenced by Carnegie.

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A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights.

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Fought for immediate implementation of African American rights. Opponent of Booker T Washington, he helped to found Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP.

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African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores

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Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public.

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muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

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An industrial disaster in NYC that caused the death of 146 garment workers who died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth the the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer conditions.

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Apart of the Labor Department, they focused on problems growing out of the war: the increase in employment of married women, the finding of day care for children of working mothers, and the growth of both child labor and delinquency.

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The Act forbade combination in restraint of trade without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts. The law proved ineffective because it contained legal loopholes and it made all large trusts suffer, not just bad ones.

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Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Significance - Women were fighting for a long time to vote, and now there hard work has payed off in a big way.

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National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

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National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

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An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. NAWSA argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process. During World War I, NAWSA supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

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The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.

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Three powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office.

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The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

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Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.

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In the election of 1896, unlimited silver coinage vs. the gold standard brought out the same kind of emotions as gun control, abortion, or immigration today.

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Populist party formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country.

Significance - Wrote a platform for the 1892 election in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. The part was split between South and West.

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Organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.

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National Grange Of The Patrons Of Husbandry

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National Grange Of The Patrons Of Husbandry

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A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. It served as the vehicle through which the Granger movement operated.

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Early 20th century reform movement, seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life.

Significance - The Progressive Movement covered social reform issues relating to female suffrage, education, working conditions, unionization, the problems of urbanization, industrialization and child labor.

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Mail-Order Catalouges And Department Stores

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Mail-Order Catalouges And Department Stores

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Chain stores hard to reach rural areas but kept customers through this process. It changed isolated people's lives b/c it introduced new trends of fashion &home decor &new tools, machinery, &technology for home available to them.

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Alice Paul And The National Women's Party

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Alice Paul And The National Women's Party

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The founder of the National Women's party, she took a more militant approach to gaining the right to vote. She led women in mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt of women's suffrage.

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The personification of a feminine ideal as portrayed in the satirical pen-and-ink-illustrated stories created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson during a 20-year period spanning the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the United States.

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A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating closed-shop agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members.

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The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law.

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It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts.

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A speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago that occurred in 1896. Bryan supported bimetallism, or free silver, which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He vehemently opposed the gold standard, and famously said, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold". The speech helped put him on as the Democratic presidential nomination. The nation since 1873 was bitterly divided on the monetary standard.

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This riot was a direct result of the extreme tensions between laborers and the wealthy business owners. The McCormick Reaper Company was on strike, 4 people had just been killed, tensions were high, and anarchists showed up and began speaking at the rally attended mainly by immigrant workers in May 1886 at Haymarket Square.

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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 17, 1877, in Martinsburg, West Virginia. Workers for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad went on strike, because the company had reduced workers' wages twice over the previous year.

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Is an international labor union that was founded in 1905 in Chicago, Illinois in the United States of America.

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Led by Samuel Gompers; an alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; concentrated on brea-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

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Founded in 1869 as a secret society of garnet workers in Philadelphia, but emerged as a national movement by 1878. They believed that fraternity was harnessed to labor reform, and intended to set up factories and shops that would lead to a cooperative commonwealth.

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He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

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An American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, and philanthropist. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, and the richest person in modern history.

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An American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.

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A person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices (originally with reference to prominent US businessmen in the late 19th century).

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The war of the currents was a series of events surrounding the introduction of competing electric power transmission systems in the late 1880's and early 1890's.

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Monopolies, Trust, And Holding Companies

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Monopolies, Trust, And Holding Companies

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Tactics used by people like Rockefeller , Andrew Carnegie, and other rich business owners during the gilded age.

Significance - These tactics helped the rich get even more rich during the gilded age, and the government did not stop these.

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Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Vertical integration is practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products.

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The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Significance -  It justified imperialism, racism, and laissez-faire, social and economic policies.

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Allowed workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action, maximizing output. It became the production method of choice by the 1930's.

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A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it.

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A vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

Significance - Reformers use it to call for a modernization of society and attitudes, to integrate more fully with the United States, and reject the economy and traditions of the old south and the slavery-based plantation system of the antebellum period.

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The belief that economies and businesses function best when there is no interference by the government.

Significance -  The government could not stop businesses from having monopolies.

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Outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years and explicitly denied naturalization rights to Chinese in the U.S. (not allowed to become U.S. citizens)

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A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption.

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Tammany Hall, William "Boss" Tweed, and George W. Plunkitt

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Tammany Hall, William "Boss" Tweed, and George W. Plunkitt

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Gilded age corrupt political figures who were rich.

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movement designed to assimilate people of wide ranging cultures into the dominate culture.

Significance - This social movement was sponsored by the government and concerned citizens. Schools and voluntary associations taught immigrants skills need for citizenship, such as English literacy and American history and government.

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An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration.

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Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890) is an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880's.

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Neighborhoods in which the majority of people are of the same ethnicity.

Significance - It keeps the race's culture around as if they were at country.

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These were places where immigrants came into America. Ellis Island was an immigrant reception center off of the New Jersey coast a mile south of Manhattan and next to the statue of liberty in New York. Angle island was the main immigration processing station in the west coast in San Francisco, mainly Chinese immigrants.

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A new wave of immigrants, from eastern and southern Europe, frightened Americans because of the emigrant's customs, different faiths, illiteracy, and poverty.They were a new group of immigrants coming into the United States that consisted of Italians, Slavs, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians.

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Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression and rumors of the re institution of slavery.

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Panic of 1819. The first major American depression, the Panic of 1819 was rooted to some extent in economic problems reaching back to the war of 1812. It was triggered by a collapse in cotton prices.

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After Reconstruction, the South became extremely Democratic. Once they gained control, the Democrats cut back expenses, wiped out social programs, lowered taxes, and limited the rights of tenants and sharecroppers. These white southerners remained a major force in national politics well into the 20th century.

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A person who remains aloof or independent, especially from party politics.

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a United States federal law, enacted in 1883, which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.

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Half breeds were a fraction of the republican party that were led by James G Blaine; favored reform; against patronage. Stalwarts were also a fraction of the republican party that were led by Roscoe Conkling; favored machine politics; support patronage.

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The 1875 act of Congress in which the government was to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and begin in 1879 to redeem all paper currency in gold.

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This was a time period of corruption, it lasted from 1870 to 1900.

Significance
Many of the richest people ever are from this time period, business like oil, steel and railroad all came from this time period.

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The federal government began sending American Indians to off-reservation boarding schools in the 1870's, when the United States was still at war with Indians. An Army officer, Richard Pratt, founded the first of these schools. He based it on an education program he had developed in an Indian prison

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Adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians

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Declared that no Indian nation or tribe would be recognized “as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty.

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The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west.

Significance
Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

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The collective name for the various armed conflicts fought by European governments and colonists, and later American governments or their settlers, against the native peoples of North America.

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The religion prophesied the peaceful end of the westward expansion of whites and a return of the land to the Native Americans.

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African American soldiers after the Civil War, nicknamed for the resemblance between their hair and the buffaloes. They were  members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on September 21, 1866, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

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Towns with a lot of miners in search of gold and silver. When town ran out of gold, it became a ghost town which is a deserted town with few or no remaining inhabitants.

Significance
Many people during the western expansion ran into these type of towns and took gold from them.

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Created by Samuel Morse was a device for communication at a distance by coded signals or process for communication at a distance by electric transmission over wire

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The First Transcontinental Railroad was a 1,912-mile continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs

Significance
It linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. The Transcontinental Railroad made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper. It took land away from Native Americans and many were killed in the early stages.

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A argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process.