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Brinton, L. J., & Brinton, D. (2010). ‘The internal structure of words and processes of word formation’, Chapter 4 in The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 79-112.

Available at

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xww&AN=333441&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_79

McCabe, A. (2011). ‘Language and Mind’, Chapter 4 in An Introduction to Linguistics and Language Studies. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd. pp. 169-231.

Available at

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=547849&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_169

Tokar, A. (2012). ‘Basic concepts’, Chapter 1 in Introduction to English Morphology. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang AG. pp. 1-24.

Available at

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=488085&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_1

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Grammar semantics and morphology allow an English professor to renovate, innovate, and master his/her TEFL methodologies as communication skills in terms of profundization and effective linguistics process.

An English professional has the opportunity to discover new vocabulary, new structural clauses and make appropiate exercises according to the rules given.

Locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts become together in the central purpose and references in any given English language class.

Topicalization and higlighted elements can make the difference in a normal English session, lesson plan and daily practices.

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BASIC SEMANTICS RELATIONSHIPS

PARAPHASE-It can be defined as a repetition or recapitulation of a text in a different way to simplify its meaning. Paraphrasing can be done with singular sentences or completed paragraphs.
E.g.

Normal sentence: There is a dog in the yard.

Paraphrasing: A dog in the yard.

Normal sentence-Any trip to Chile must include a visit to Colchagua Valley to taste their excellent wines.

Paraphrasing- Be sure to make a wine-experience in Colchagua Valley when you stay in Chile.

ENTAILMENT-It also well-known as strict implication. A second sentence (or result) can be inferred from a first given sentence. It means, the veracity of the second sentence is directly provided by the first one.
E.g. The King was crowned. -The king was ascended.

INCLUSION-A sequence sentence circumscribe logically other one.

E.g. I like creative writing. Lyric poetry, prose, verses are such amazing.

CONTRADICTION- It refers on a  sentence sequence with logical incompatibility.
E.g. She was casualty sick.

ANOMALY-It is a semantic phenomenon in which meanings are not compatible with the words.
E.g

The rock giggles.

He swallowed a dream.

LEXICAL AMBIGUITY-Words can acquire different meanings according to the context.
E.g. He lost his dead. (Fatal death or metaphorical elucidation)

DENOTATION/CONNOTATION

DENOTATION-It is the exact definition of a word. (Literal meaning)
E.g A rose in the garden. (A plant, a flower)

CONNOTATION-It consists on the assertive and the adverse association that one word carries. (Emotional meaning)
E.g. A rose in the garden. (A beautiful woman in that place)

POLYSEMY-It is considered the multiple meaning association, it means, a word or expression can possess various meanings.
E.g.

Bank

Please be careful when you sitting on the bank of the river.

They were not donating their blood to the blood bank.

Look! That was a dangerous sharp bank. Who is the pilot?

HOMONYMY-It consists in two words or expression with the same spelling but different meanings.
E.g.

The restaurant has moved to a different address.

My e-mail address is acontact25@gmail.com

President Juan Manuel Santos made an address to the nation.

MERONYMY-It regards on a word or expression which represents itself a part of something extend (a part-whole relation)
E.g.

Head, bone, organ are to body

Day, week, morning, afternoon are to month

PRESUPPOSITION-It can be defined as all the possible assumptions considered by the orator (speaker) to be already known by the addresse.
E.g.

Our new boss is very strict.

Our new boss is strict, isn’t he?

Well, people say our new boss is strict.

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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

NUMBER: It is as grammatical category which relates to pronouns, nouns, verbs, and adjectives and it is generally used to make count distinctions.

E.g.

Book (1), books (+1) – nouns

She is painting the wall. ( A person)

They are painting the wall. (More people)- verbs and pronouns.

Number can be defined and divided into two forms (also well-known as "values"):

Singular (only one)
E.g. The cat is drinking some milk.

From this example we can say:

There is only one cat (quantity)

The word "cat" is a singular noun.

It is unmarked.

Number concord: A singular noun requieres a singular verb.

Plural (more than one).
E.g. The cats are drinking some milk.

From this example we can say:

There are two, three, four or more cats (a higher quantity)

The word "cats" is a plural noun.

It is marked with the inflection “s”.

Number concord: A plural noun requieres a plural verb.

However, there are some exceptions:

E.g

Person-People

Man-Men

Mouse-Mice

Fish-Fish

In addition, there are two types of nouns:

Countable nouns: Are composed by individual people, objects, animals, ideas, activities, that we can easily count.
E.g.

Charles has ten  candles on his birthday cake.

There are four markets in your pocket.

Look!  There is a man on the roof!

Uncountable nouns: Anything that cannot be counted.
E.g.

There is too much sugar in the coffee.

Are you sure you want to go there? The water is deep.

Get rid of the garbage, please.

GENDER: It is mainly considered as a pronoun property (a noun class system) to differentiate sexes.

Gender can be: Feminine, masculine, and neuter.

Feminine: It denotes females.
E.g. The woman drives her car.

We can say:

“Woman” is a feminine noun.

“Her” is relates to a feminine possessive adjective.

Other words for feminine gender:  girl, woman, goddess, lady, mother, waitress, etc.

Masculine: It denotes males.
E.g. The gorilla goes out to hunt.

We can say:

“Gorilla” is a masculine noun.

A: George is really upset.
B: Why?

A: He lost his wallet.

We can say:

“George” is a proper name for men.

“His” is relates to a masculine possessive adjective.

Other words for masculine gender: boy, he, tiger, god, actor, prince, etc.

Neuter: It is used to everything else.
E.g. Intelligence, childhood, gold, silver, etc.

PERSON: This grammar category shows how the subject and the verbs (action verbs) interact each other into a clause and how the person (also often called personal pronouns) works as a first, second, and third person.

First person (The subject speaks about itself. In other words, the speaker)

E.g.
·         Singular form-(I ) – I do not speak Japanese. / Am I your boss?

·         Plural form- (We)- We enjoy living near the beach.  /We are not forced to park here. Aren’t we?

Second person (subject is being spoken. In other words, the addressee.)

E.g.
·         Singular form- (You)- You and your cat get away from here!

·         Plural form- (You)- You are not my best students. You are always late!

Third person (subject is being spoken. In other words, a different individual subject or party)

E.g.
·         Singular form- He, she, it -He is my grandfather. His name is Michael. /She travels to Perú at midnoon. / It is a golden fish.

·         Plural form-They- They did not pay the bills yesterday.

CASE: It is defined as a grammar category which pertains to nouns and pronouns. In addition, this is a grammar category that makes explicit the semantic roles in a sentence.

There are different types of case in English:

Nominative case: (Nouns or pronouns work as subject of the sentence)
E.g.

Amanda cooked the cake (She cooked the cake)

Carlos teaches English. He teaches English.

Genitive case: (Adjective possessives are used to indicate ownership or possession)
E.g.

Corin’s daughter signs like her.  Her daughter signs like her.

Objective case: Nouns and pronouns function either the direct or indirect object in the sentence.
E.g.

Sorry, I forgot to call Claudia.  Sorry, I forgot to call her.

Vocative case: In this case, generally a person is being addressed directly.
E.g.

Claudia, are these you sunglasses?

A: You
B: Me?

A: Yes, you! Get out of here!

DEGREE: Also called degrees of comparison, is considered a grammar category when some expressions work as gradable modifiers of any other one. Degrees are used before adverbs and adjectives.

Degrees can be subdivided in three terms:

Positives: Often express a quality.
E.g.

The black panter is a dangerous animal.

Apple is a powerful company.

Catherine Zeta-Jones is a beautiful actress.

Comparatives: Express a similar or equal measure, gradation or extension between two things.
E.g.

This mansion is bigger than that one.

Diana is taller than her father.

Superlatives: Express a high measure, gradation or extension in one of the things compared.
E.g.

This mansion is the biggest one on the O street.

Diana is the tallest girl in the classroom.

DEFINITENESS: This grammar category indicates the identifiability proper of the subject in the sentence. There are two subdivisions for definiteness.

Indefinite articles: For singular nouns, we use “a” (if it starts with a consonant sound) and “an” (if it begins with a vowel sound)

E.g.

A bicycle, a ring, a miracle, a computer. (Singular nouns-consonant sound)

An umbrella, an aircraft, an enterprise, an onion. /Singular nouns-vowel sound)

For plural we use the expression “some”

E.g.

Some trees

Some women

Some boxes

Some watches

Some money

Definite articles: To define something we use the expression “The”. It can be joined with singular, plural, and non-countable nouns.
E.g.

The strange case of Dr. Splitz

Let’s open The Chardonnay that her gave us!

It was a shame. We did not visit The Sistine Chapel.

TENSE: This grammar category make basically emphasis in action’s time event.

Events can be:

·         Simple present tense  -She plays tennis every Sunday.

·         Simple past tense – She played tennis yesterday morning.

·         Simple future tense- She will play tennis next month.

·         Future in the past-She would played tennis with her sisters.

·         Present perfect tense- She has played tennis in the park.

·         Past perfect tense-She had played tennis before.

·         Future perfect tense-By this Monday, she will have played tennis with her sisters.

·         Present  continuous tense- She is playing tennis in the park.

·         Past continuous tense-She was playing tennis with her sisters.

·         Future continuous tense-She will be playing tennis.

ASPECT- Aspect regards on a verb form which indicates the time of any action. It can be expressed using verb phrases and particles. Aspects are used to indicate if an action is completed or not.

There are four types of aspects:

Indefinite aspect: E.g. He cooked fish. (Simple action)

Complete aspect: E.g. He had cooked fish. (Completed action)

Progressive aspect E.g. He was cooking fish. (On going action)

Perfect progressive aspect. E.g. He had been cooking fish before grandma came. (On going action but afterwards it is completed)

MOOD: It is an indication of the speaker’s attitude towards what is he or she talking about (sentence’s description). Moods is expressed through sentence’s verbs.

There are three types of mood:

Indicative: It is the mood of factual statements.
E.g.

Carmen paints every day.

The water is clear today.

That soup was very tasty. I loved it.

Imperative: It is used for direct commands, orders, and requests.
E.g.

Close the door right now!

Please, do not forget to make your bed before leaving.

Tell us a story, daddy.

Subjunctive: It shows doubts, wishes, dreams, etc. In this mood modal verb are used as auxiliaries.
E.g. It might be difficult to go there.

VOICE: It is a grammar category in which the subject role is expressed in terms of active or passive semantic functions.

Types of voice:

Active voice- The subject is an actor or doer of the action.
E.g.

Juana wrote a beautiful poem.

John Pemberton created the world-famous drink “Coca-Cola” in 1886

Passive voice-The subject receives the action effect denoted by the verb.
E.g.

A beautiful poem was written by Juana.

The world-famous drink “Coca-Cola” was created by John Pemberton in 1886.

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MORPHOLOGY & DEFINITIONS

1.MORPHOLOGY

It was name by August Schleicher in 1859 and it can be defined as the linguistic subfield which primarily studies the word origins, formation (inflection, derivation, compounding, categorization, clipping, conversion, reduplication, etc.), as well as their internal structures, identification, representation and the different ways how words systematically correlated with each other in the language.

2.MORPHEME

It refers on the smallest unit of meaning in language grammar. It can be a word or just a part of a word that cannot be subdivided into smaller components.

3. TYPES OF MORPHEMES

Free: A free  morpheme (also called unbound) stands isolated with a precise and explicit meaning.
E.g. Dog, duck, house, date.

Bound: On the contrary, a bound morpheme cannot stand alone. It includes affixes (prefixes and suffixes) .
E.g. misunderstanding, prehistoric, constructivism.

Root: It is a morpheme which other word expand and augment through the condensation of affixes (prefixes and suffixes) Root words can present different meanings.
E.g.

-bio- (G)- Biology, biodegradable (life)

-phon- (G)-Telephone, microphone (sound)

Stem: It regards to the form of a single word before an affixed joined. In other words, it just the root of a word, which can be intelligible or not.

E.g. reduce, deduce. Both words  can be analyzed into two parts, -duce,

Prefixes (“re” and “de” )

Derivational morpheme: It is an affix added to a word to produce a new one and it changes its grammatical category.

E.g.
Beauty (noun)  - beautiful (affix added-suffix) (it becomes an adjective)

Play (verb)- playful (affix added-suffix) (it becomes an adjective)

Inflectional morpheme: It is a suffix added to a word to charge a particular grammatical attribute to that word.

E.g. -s (or -es); 's (or s'); -ed; -en; -er; -est; and -ing.

4.AFFIXES (PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES)

A prefix is a type of affix which goes before a Word (root or steem) to generate a new word (new sense and connotation)

E.g
Determine – pre determine -pre determined.
Spell-spelled-mis spelled.

A suffix is a type of affix which goes after a word (root or steem) to produce a new word (new sense and connotation)

E.g Wonder-wonderful-wonderful ly

Comprehend-comprenhen sion-comprehens ible

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INDIVIDUAL STAGE.................................................................. 3
COLLABORATIVE STAGE......................................................... 4
REFERENCES ........................................................................... 5

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UNIT 1 TASK 3:
DIGGING INTO ENGLISH FORM ISSUES

INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY

CLAUDIA PATRICIA SUMOZA ALFARO
ID Code: 128.053.315

PRESENTED TO:

DIANA CONSTANZA CRUZ

Tutor

LANGUAGE FORMS AND FUNCTIONS

Group: 551019_1

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA-UNAD

TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROGRAM (LILE)
CCAV-ROBERTO DE JESÚS SALAZAR RAMOS

CARTAGENA DE INDIAS, D.T. Y C.
OCTOBER 18 TH, 2017